Contrasting and categorization of emotions

The contrasting and categorization of em otions describes how emotions are thought to relate to each other. Sev eral proposals hav e been made for organizing them into groups.

Contents
Lists of emotions
Basic emotions
Contrasting basic emotions
HUMAINE's proposal for EARL
Parrott's emotions by groups
Plutchik's wheel of emotions
Six emotion axes
The Hourglass of Emotions
The Book of Human Emotions
Mapping facial expressions
Emotional equations
Atlas of Emotions
Emotion and Stress
See also
References
External links

Lists of emotions
Humans experience emotion, with ev idence used that they influence action, thoughts and behav ior. Emotions are categorized into v arious affects, which correspond to the current situation. [1 ] An affect is the range of feeling
experienced. [2 ] Both positiv e and negativ e emotions are needed in our daily liv es. [3 ]

Many theories of emotion hav e been proposed, [4 ] with contrasting v iews. [5 ]

Basic emotions
William James in 1890 proposed four basic emotions: fear, grief, love, and rage, based on bodily involvement.[6]
Paul Ekman identified six basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise.[7] Wallace V. Friesen and Phoebe C. Ellsworth worked with him on the same basic structure.[8] The emotions can be linked to facial expressions.
In the 1990s, Ekman proposed an expanded list of basic emotions, including a range of positive and negative emotions that are not all encoded in facial muscles.[9] The newly included emotions are: Amusement, Contempt, Contentment,
Embarrassment, Excitement, Guilt, Pride in achievement, Relief, Satisfaction, Sensory pleasure, and Shame.[9]
Richard and Bernice Lazarus in 1996 expanded the list to 15 emotions: aesthetic experience, anger, anxiety, compassion, depression, envy, fright, gratitude, guilt, happiness, hope, jealousy, love, pride, relief, sadness, and shame, in the book
Passion and Reason.[10][11]
Researchers at University of California, Berkeley identified 34 categories of emotion: admiration, adoration, aesthetic appreciation, amusement, anger, anxiety, awe, awkwardness, boredom, calmness, confusion, contempt, craving, disgust,
empathic pain, entrancement, excitement, fear, horror, interest, joy, nostalgia, relief, romance, sadness, satisfaction, sexual desire and surprise.[12] This was based on 2185 short videos intended to elicit a certain emotion. These were then
modeled onto a "map" of emotions.[13]
Contrasting basic emotions
A 2009 rev iew[1 4 ] of theories of emotion identifies and contrasts fundamental emotions according to three key criteria for mental experiences that:

1. have a strongly motivating subjective quality like pleasure or pain;

2. are a response to some event or object that is either real or imagined;
3. motivate particular kinds of behavior.
The combination of these attributes distinguishes emotions from sensations, feelings and moods.

Kind of emotion Positive emotions Negative emotions

Interest, curiosity, enthusiasm Indifference, habituation, boredom

Related to object properties Attraction, desire, admiration Aversion, disgust, revulsion

Surprise, amusement Alarm, panic

Future appraisal Hope, excitement Fear, anxiety, dread

Gratitude, thankfulness Anger, rage

Joy, elation, triumph, jubilation Sorrow, grief

Event-related
Patience Frustration, restlessness

Contentment Discontentment, disappointment

Self-appraisal Humility, modesty Pride, arrogance

Charity Avarice, greed, miserliness, envy, jealousy

Social
Sympathy Cruelty

Cathected Love Hate

HUMAINE's proposal for EARL

The emotion annotation and representation language (EARL) proposed by the Human-Machine Interaction Network on Emotion (HUMAINE) classifies 48 emotions. [1 5 ]

Negative and forceful Negative thoughts Agitation Caring Quiet positive

Anger Pride Stress Affection Calmness
Annoyance Doubt Shock Empathy Contentment
Contempt Envy Tension Friendliness Relaxation
Disgust Frustration Positive and lively Love Relief
Irritation Guilt Amusement Positive thoughts Serenity
Negative and not in control Shame Delight Courage Reactive
Anxiety Negative and passive Elation Hope Interest
Embarrassment Boredom Excitement Humility Politeness
Fear Despair Happiness Satisfaction Surprise
Helplessness Disappointment Joy Trust
Powerlessness Hurt Pleasure
Worry Sadness
Parrott's emotions by groups
A tree-structured list of emotions was described in Shav er et al. (1987 ), [1 6 ] and also featured in Parrott (2001). [1 7 ]

Primary emotion Secondary emotion Tertiary emotion

Affection Adoration · Fondness · Lik ing · Attraction · Caring · Tenderness · Compassion · Sentimentality

Love Lust/Sexual desire Desire · Passion · Infatuation

Longing Longing

Cheerfulness Amusement · Bliss · Gaiety · Glee · Jolliness · Joviality · Joy · Delight · Enjoyment · Gladness · Happiness · Jubilation · Elation · Satisfaction · Ecstasy · Euphoria

Zest Enthusiasm · Zeal · Excitement · Thrill · Exhilaration

Contentment Pleasure

Joy Pride Triumph

Optimism Eagerness · Hope

Enthrallment Enthrallment · Rapture

Relief Relief

Surprise Surprise Amazement · Astonishment

Irritability Aggravation · Agitation · Annoyance · Grouchy · Grumpy · Crosspatch

Exasperation Frustration

Rage Anger · Outrage · Fury · Wrath · Hostility · Ferocity · Bitterness · Hatred · Scorn · Spite · Vengefulness · Dislik e · Resentment
Anger
Disgust Revulsion · Contempt · Loathing

Envy Jealousy

Torment Torment

Suffering Agony · Anguish · Hurt

Sadness Depression · Despair · Gloom · Glumness · Unhappiness · Grief · Sorrow · Woe · Misery · Melancholy

Disappointment Dismay · Displeasure

Sadness
Shame Guilt · Regret · Remorse

Neglect Alienation · Defeatism · Dejection · Embarrassment · Homesick ness · Humiliation · Insecurity · Insult · Isolation · Loneliness · Rejection

Sympathy Pity · Mono no aware · Sympathy

Horror Alarm · Shock · Fear · Fright · Horror · Terror · Panic · Hysteria · Mortification
Fear
Nervousness Anxiety · Suspense · Uneasiness · Apprehension (fear) · Worry · Distress · Dread

Plutchik's wheel of emotions

In 1980, Robert Plutchik diagrammed a wheel of eight emotions: joy , trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger and anticipation, inspired by his Ten Postulates. [1 8 ][1 9 ] Plutchik also theorized twenty -four "Primary ", "Secondary ", and
"Tertiary " dy ads (feelings composed of two emotions). [2 0 ][2 1 ][2 2 ][2 3 ][2 4 ][2 5 ][2 6 ] The wheel emotions can be paired in four groups:

Primary dyad = one petal apart = Love = Joy + Trust

 Secondary dyad = two petals apart = Envy = Sadness + Anger
Tertiary dyad = three petals apart = Shame = Fear + Disgust

Opposite emotions = four petals apart = Anticipation ∉ Surprise

There are also triads, emotions formed from 3 primary emotions. [2 7 ] This leads to a combination of 24 dy ads and 32 triads, making 56 emotions at 1 intensity lev el. [2 8 ] Emotions can be
mild or intense;[2 9 ] for example, distraction is a mild form of surprise, and rage is an intense form of anger. The kinds of relation between each pair of emotions are:

Emotions and opposites

Mild emotion Mild opposite Basic emotion Basic opposite Intense emotion Intense opposite

Pensiveness Joy Sadness Ecstasy Grief

Serenity Anticipation
Gloominess Cheerfulness Dejection Elation Sorrow
Joy
Acceptance Boredom Disgust Admiration Loathing
Trust Trust
Tolerance Dislik e Aversion Adoration Revulsion

Apprehension Annoyance Fear Anger Terror Rage Fear

Dismay Irritation Fright Hostility Panic Fury Surprise
Distraction Interest Anticipation Amazement Sadness
Surprise Vigilance
Uncertainty Attentiveness Expectancy Astonishment Disgust
Anger

The primary, secondary and tertiary dyads

 Dyads (Combinations)

Human feelings Emotions Opposite feelings Emotions

Optimism Disapproval
Anticipation + Joy Surprise + Sadness
Courage Disappointment

Hope Unbelief
Anticipation + Trust Surprise + Disgust
Fatalism Shock

Anxiety Outrage
Anticipation + Fear Surprise + Anger
Dread Hate

Love Remorse
Joy + Trust Sadness + Disgust
Friendliness Misery

Guilt Envy
Joy + Fear Sadness + Anger
Excitement Sullenness

Delight
Joy + Surprise Pessimism Sadness + Anticipation
Doom

Submission Contempt
Trust + Fear Disgust + Anger
Modesty Scorn

Curiosity Trust + Surprise Cynicism Disgust + Anticipation

Sentimentality Morbidness
Trust + Sadness Disgust + Joy
Resignation Derisiveness

Awe Aggressiveness
Fear + Surprise Anger + Anticipation
Alarm Vengeance

Pride
Despair Fear + Sadness Anger + Joy
Victorious

Shame
Fear + Disgust Dominance Anger + Trust
Prudishness

Opposite combinations[30]

Human feelings Emotions

Conflict
Joy + Sadness
Bittersweetness

Conflict
Trust + Disgust
Ambivalence

Conflict
Fear + Anger
Frozenness

Conflict
Surprise + Anticipation
Confusion

Similar emotions in the wheel are adjacent to each other. [3 1 ]

Six emotion axes

Some people list six emotion axes with different opposite emotions, and different emotions coming from ranges. [3 2 ]
 Emotional flow

Axis -1.0 -0.5 0 0 +0.5 +1.0

Anxiety – Confidence Anxiety Worry Discomfort Comfort Hopeful Confident

Boredom – Fascination Ennui Boredom Indifference Interest Curiosity Intrigue

Frustration – Euphoria Frustration Puzzlement Confusion Insight Enlightenment Epiphany

Dispirited – Encouraged Dispirited Disappointed Dissatisfied Satisfied Thrilled Enthusiastic

Terror – Enchantment Terror Dread Apprehension Calm Anticipatory Excited

Humiliation – Pride Humiliated Embarrassed Self-conscious Pleased Satisfied Proud

They also made a model labeling phases of learning emotions. [3 2 ]

Negative Affect Positive Affect

Disappointment Awe
Constructive Learning Puzzlement Satisfaction
Confusion Curiosity

Frustration
Hopefulness
Un-learning Discard
Fresh research
Misconceptions

The Hourglass of Emotions

The 2012 book T he Hourglass of Em otions was based on Robert Plutchik's model, but categorised the emotions into four sentic dimensions. It contrasted anger, anticipation, joy , and trust as positiv e emotions, and fear, surprise,
sadness and disgust as negativ e. [3 3 ][3 4 ]

Emotional flow

Dimension +3 +2 +1 -1 -2 -3

Sensitivity Rage Anger Annoyance Apprehension Fear Terror

Attention Vigilance Anticipation Interest Distraction Surprise Amazement

Pleasantness Ecstasy Joy Serenity Pensiveness Sadness Grief

Aptitude Admiration Trust Acceptance Boredom Disgust Loathing

Advanced emotions

Dimensions High Sensitivity Low Sensitivity High Pleasantness Low Pleasantness

High Attention Aggressiveness Anxiety Optimism Frustration

Low Attention Rejection Awe Frivolity Disapproval

High Aptitude Rivalry Submission Love Envy

Low Aptitude Contempt Coercion Gloat Remorse

The Book of Human Emotions
Tiffany Watt Smith listed 154 different worldwide emotions and feelings. [3 5 ]

A D H M R W
Abhiman Delight Han Malu Rage Wanderlust
Acedia Dépaysement Happiness Man Regret Warm glow
Amae Desire Hatred Matutolypea Relief Wonder
Ambiguphobia Despair Heebie-Jeebies, the Mehameha Reluctance Worry
Anger Disappear, the desire to Hiraeth Melancholy Remorse Z
Anticipation Disappointment Hoard, the urge to Miffed, a bit Reproachfulness Żal
Anxiety Disgruntlement Homefulness Mono no aware Resentment
Apathy Disgust Homesickness Morbid curiosity Ringxiety
L’appel du vide Dismay Hopefulness Miffed Rivalry
Awumbuk Dolce far niente Huff, in a N Road rage
B Dread Humble, feeling Nak hes Ruinenlust
Bafflement E Humiliation Nginyiwarrarringu S
Basorexia Ecstasy Hunger Nostalgia Sadness
Befuddlement Embarrassment Hwyl O Satisfaction
Bewilderment Empathy I Oime Saudade
Boredom Envy Ijirashi Overwhelmed, feeling Schadenfreude
Brabant Euphoria Ilinx P Self-pity
Broodiness Exasperation Impatience Panic Shame
C Excitement Indignation Paranoia Shock
Calm F Inhabitiveness Perversity Smugness
Carefree Fear Insulted, feeling Peur des espaces Song
Cheerfulness Feeling good (about yourself) Irritation Philoprogenitiveness Surprise
Cheesed (off) Formal feeling, a J Pique, a fit of Suspicion
Claustrophobia Fraud, feeling like a Jealousy Pity T
Collywobbles, the Frustration Joy Postal, going Technostress
Comfort G K Pride Terror
Compassion Gezelligheid Kauk ok aipuu Pronoia Torschlusspanik
Compersion Gladsomeness L Tosk a
Confidence Glee Liget[36] Triumph
Contempt Gratitude Litost V
Contentment Greng jai Loneliness Vengefulness
Courage Grief Love Vergüenza ajena
Curiosity Guilt Viraha
Cyberchondria Vulnerability

Mapping facial expressions

Scientists map twenty -one different facial emotions[3 7 ][3 8 ] expanded from Paul Ekman's six basic emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise:
 Happy Sad Fearful Angry Surprised Disgusted

Happily Happily
Surprised Disgusted

Sadly Sadly Sadly Sadly

Fearful Angry Surprised Disgusted

Fearfully Fearfully Fearfully

Appalled
Angry Surprised Disgusted

Angrily Angrily
Awed
Surprised Disgusted

Disgustedly
Hatred
Surprised

Emotional equations
A book written by Chip Conley showed how emotions and feelings are organised using mathematical terms. [3 9 ]

Despair = Suffering - Meaning

Disappointment = Expectations - Reality

Regret = Disappointment + Responsibility

Jealousy =

Envy =

Anxiety = Uncertainty x Powerlessness

Calling =

Workaholism =

Flow =

Curiosity = Wonder + Awe

Authenticity = Self-Awareness x Courage

Narcissism = (Self-Esteem)2 x Entitlement

Integrity = Authenticity x Invisibility x Reliability

Happiness = Love - Fear

Thriving =

Faith =

Wisdom = √ Experience
Atlas of Emotions
The Dalai Lama made a website based on the emotions of enjoy ment, disgust, anger, fear and sadness with the help of Paul Ekman. [4 0 ][4 1 ] The emotions were similar to the ones found in Inside Out, a film that Paul Ekman adv ised. [4 2 ]

Emotion and Stress

Emotions and stress are connected, so stressful situations produce emotion. Env ironments that make stress also make emotions. [4 3 ]

See also
Affect (psychology)
Basic emotions
Emotion and memory
Emotion classification
Emotional mood
List of virtues

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External links
A table of basic emotions according to a variety of authors (http://www.personalityresearch.org/basicemotions.html)
An organized list of over 800 English emotion words (http://www.derose.net/steve/resources/emotionwords/ewords.html), maintained by Steven DeRose

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