Mathematics

Project
Topic– History of mathematics with special
reference to the contribution of Indian
mathematicians.

Name -- Anam Ali

Class -- 12
Sec -- L \
Roll number -- 11
Session -- 2019-2020
CONTENT
 Aryabhatta
 Brahmagupta
 Bhaskaracharya
 Ramanujan
 Shakuntala Devi
 C. R. Rao
 Harish Chandra
 D.R.Kaprekar
A r ya bh a tta
Aryabhatta was born in 476 A.D. Kusumpur,
India.He was the first in the line of great
mathematicians from the classical age of Indian
Mathematics and Astronomy. His famous work
are the “Aryabhatiya” and
the”Arya‐siddhanta”.The Mathematical part of
the Aryabhatiya covers arithmetic. algebra,
plane and spherical trigonometry.The
Arya‐siddhanta, a lot work on astronomical
computation.
Approximation of Pi: Aryabhata work on the
approximation for pi (π) and may have come
to the conclusion that π is an irrational
number.In the 2nd part of Aryabhatiya, he
writes the ratio of circumference to diameter
is 3.1416.
Aryabhata given the formula for area of a
triangle .He also discussed the concept of
sine in his work by the name of ardhajya. If
we use Aryabhata’s table & calculate the
value of sin300 which is 1719/3438=0.5.,the
value is correct. His alphabetic code is
commonly known as the Aryabhata cipher.
 He was first person to say that Earth is
spherical and it revolves around the sun.
He gave the formula (a+b)2 =a2 + b2 + 2ab.
(7) He taught the method of solving the
following problems: 1+2+3+…………+n =
n(n+1)/2 12 + 22 + 32 +………+ n2 =
n(n+1)(2n+1)/6 13 + 23 + 33 +…………..+
n3 = (n(n+1)/2)2

Brahmagupta(598‐66AD)
Brahmagupta was born in 598 A.D.in Bhinmal
city in the state of Rajasthan. He was a
mathematician and astronomer, who wrote
many important works on mathematics and
astronomy. His best known work is the
“Brahmasphuta‐siddhanta”, written in 628 AD in
Bhinmal.
 He was the first to use zero as a number.
He gave rules to compute with zero. 2
 He gave four methods of multiplication.
 He gave following formulae, used in G.P.
series a+ar+ar2 +ar3 +……….+arn‐1 =a(rn
‐1)/( r‐1)
 He gave the following
formulae(Brahmagupta’s formula): Area of a
cyclic quadrilateral with side a,b,c,d
=9(s‐a)(s‐b)(s‐c)(s‐d), where 2s= a+b+c+d.

Bhaskaracharya (1114‐1185 AD)

He was born in Bijapur in modern Karnataka.
He & his work represent a significant
contribution to mathematical & astronomical
knowledge in the 12th century.His main work
“Siddhanta Shiromani” is divided into four parts
called Lilawati, Bijaganit, Grahaganita and
Goladhyaya. These four sections deal with
arithmetic, algebra, mathematics of planets and
spheres respectively.
He was the first to give that any number
divided by zero gives infinity.He was written a
lot about zero, surds, permutation and
combination.
He wrote,” The hundredth part of the
circumference of a circle seems to be straight.
Our earth is a big sphere and that’s why it
appears to be flat.”
He gave the formulae like:
sin(A±B)=sinAcosB ± cosA sinB.
He calculated derivatives of Trigonometric
functions and formulae.
He explained solution of quadratic, cubic and
quartic indeterminate equations.
He developed a proof of Pythagoras Theorem
by calculating the same area in two different
ways & these cancel out terms to get a2 + b2
= c 2.
 He gave first general method for finding the
solution of the problem x 2 – ny2 = 1 (so
called Pell’s equation ).
 He gave solution of Diophantine equations of
second order such as 61x2 + 1 = y 2..
Ramanujan(1887‐1920)
Ramanujan was born on 22nd of December
1887 in Erode, Madras Presidency. He made
extraordinary contributions to mathematical
analysis, number theory, infinite series, and
continued fractions. 3 He demonstrated unusual
mathematical skill at school,winning accolades
and awards. By 17,he had conducted his own
mathematical research on Bernoulli numbers
and the Euler‐Mascheroni constant.
He discovered theorems of his own and
rediscovered Euler's identity independently.
He independently compiled nearly 3900
results (mostly identities and
equations).Nearly all his claims have now
been proved correct.
 Ramanujan Showed that any big number can
be written as sum of not more than four prime
numbers. He showed that how to divide the
number into two or more squares or cubes.
 Ramanujan's Number:When Mr.G.H. Hardy
came to see Ramanujan in taxi number
1729,Ramanujan said that 1729 is the
smallest number which can be written in the
form of sum of cubes of two numbers in two
ways,i.e.1729=93 +103 =13 +123 since than
 the number 1729 is called Ramanujan’s
number.
 In 1918, Ramanujan and Hardy studied the
partition function P(n) extensively and gave a
non‐convergent asymptotic series that permits
exact computation of the number of partition
of an integer.
Shakuntala Devi
She was born in 1939.She is an Indian
calculating prodigy. By age 6,She
demonstrated her calculation and
memorization abilities at university of Mysore.
At the age of 8,she had successes at
Annamalai University by doing the same.
On June 18, 1980,She demonstrated the
multiplication of two 13‐digit numbers
7,686,369,774,870X2,465,099.745,779
picked at random by the Computer
Department of Imperial College, London. She
answered the question in 28 seconds.
However,the time is more likely the time for
dictating the answer (a 26‐digit number) than
the time for mental calculation(the time of 28
seconds was quoted on her
 website).Heranswer was
18,947,668,177,995,426,773,730.This event
is mentioned on page 26 of the 1995
Guinness Book of Records.
 In Dallas, she competed with a computer to
see who give the cube of 188138517 faster,
she won. At University of USA she was asked
to give the 23rd root of
916748676920039158098660927585380162
483106680144308622407126516427934657
040867096593279205767480806790022783
0163549248523803357453169351119035
965775473400756881868830562082101612
9132845564895780158806771. She
answered in 50 seconds. The answer is
546372891.It took a UNIVAC 1108 computer,
full one minute (10 seconds more) to confirm
that she was right after it was fed with 13000
instructions.
\ Now she is known to be Human Computer.

C. R. Rao
.
Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao, FRS known
as C R Rao (born 10 September 1920) is an
Indian-American mathematician and statistician.
He is currently professor emeritus at
Pennsylvania State University and Research
Professor at the University at Buffalo. Rao has
been honoured by numerous colloquia,
honorary degrees, and festschrifts and was
awarded the US National Medal of Science in
2002. C. R. Rao w as the eighth of the ten
children born to a Telugu family[5] in Hadagali,
Bellary, Karnataka, India.
Areas of research contributions
 Estimation theory
 Statistical inference and linear models
 Multivariate analysis
 Combinatorial design
 Orthogonal arrays
 Biometry
 Statistical genetics
 Generalized matrix inverses
 Functional equations
Ha r i s h - Ch a n d r a

Harish-Chandra was born on 11 October, 1923

in Kanpur, an industrial town near Prayagraj
(Allahabad) in Uttar Pradesh, India. He became
one of the leading mathematicians of the
twentieth century. Harish-Chandra died on 16
October, 1983, in Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
Harish Chandra formulated a fundamental
theory of representations of Lie groups and Lie
algebras. He even extended the concept of a
characteristic representation of finite-
dimensional of semisimple Lie groups to
infinite-dimensional representations of a case
and formulated a Weyl’s character formula
analogue. Some of his other contributions are:
the specific determination of the Plancherel
measure for semisimple groups, the evaluation
of the representations of discrete series, based
on the results of Eisenstein series and in the
concept of automorphic forms, his “philosophy
of cusp forms”, including the real Lie groups,
but also p-adic groups or groups over adele
rings. While working at the Institute of
Advanced Study at Princeton from 1963, he
was appointed IBM-von Neumann Professor in
1968.
D.R. Kaprekar
Dattaray Ramachandra Kaprekar, was a school
teacher in Devlali near Nashik, Maharashtra.
He never received a masters degree and was
laughed at by his contemporary mathematicians
for his work being too trivial and unimportant.
But today he is hailed as a great recreational
mathematicians of India. Fond of numbers,
Kaprekar is well known for “Kaprekar Constant”
6174. Take any four digit number in which all
digits are not alike. Arrange its digits in
descending order and subtract from it the
number formed by arranging the digits in
ascending order. If this process is repeated with
reminders, ultimately number 6174 is obtained,
which then generates itself. Working largely
alone, Kaprekar discovered a number of results
in number theory and described various
properties of numbers.[3] In addition to
the Kaprekar constantand the Kaprekar
numbers which were named after him, he also
described self numbers or Devlali numbers,
the Harshad numbers and Demlo numbers. He
also constructed certain types of magic squares
related to the Copernicus magic
square.[4] Initially his ideas were not taken
seriously by Indian mathematicians, and his
results were published largely in low-level
mathematics journals or privately published, but
international fame arrived when Martin
Gardner wrote about Kaprekar in his March
1975 column of Mathematical
Games for Scientific American. Today his name
is well-known and many other mathematicians
have pursued the study of the properties he
discovered.[1]

Bibliography
 www.famousmathematic
ians.com
 www.learnpick.in
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.slideshare.net
 www.britanicca.com
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks
of gratitude to my teacher MR. N. Paul as
well as our principal MS. J Chaudhuri
who gave me the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project on the topic-
HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE
CONTRIBUTION OF INDIAN
MATHEMATICIANS, which also helped
me in doing a lot of Research and I came
to know about so many new things. I am
really thankful to them. Secondly I would
also like to thank my parents and friends
who helped me a lot in finalizing this
project within the limited time frame.