WELCOME

MEENU TOMY
Mathematicians

 Aryabhatta
 Bhaskara
 Brahmagupta
 Pythagoras
 Euclid
 ARYABHATTA
(476–550CE)
Aryabhata mentions in the Aryabhatiya that it was
composed 3,600 years into the Kali Yuga, when he was
23 years old. This corresponds to 499 CE, and implies
that he was born in 476.

Aryabhata called himself a native of Kusumapura or

Pataliputra (present day Patna, Bihar).
 It is fairly certain that, at some point, he went to
Kusumapura for advanced studies.

A verse mentions that Aryabhata was the head of an

institution (kulapa) at Kusumapura, and, because the
university of Nalanda was in Pataliputra at the time
and had an astronomical observatory, it is speculated
that Aryabhata might have been the head of the
Nalanda university as well.

Aryabhata is also reputed to have set up an observatory

at the Sun temple in Taregana, Bihar.
 His major work, Aryabhatiya, a compendium of mathematics
and astronomy. The mathematical part of the Aryabhatiya
covers arithmetic, algebra, plane trigonometry, and spherical
trigonometry,continued fractions, quadratic equations, sums-
of-power series, and a table of sines.

 The Arya-siddhanta, a lost work on astronomical

computations, is known through the writings of Aryabhata's
contemporary, Varahamihira. This work appears to be based
on the older Surya Siddhanta.

 A third text, which may have survived in the Arabic

translation, is Al ntf or Al-nanf. It claims that it is a
translation by Aryabhata, it is mentioned by the Persian
scholar and chronicler of India, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūn.
Place value system and zero
The place-value system, first seen in the 3rd-century Bakhshali
Manuscript, was clearly in place in his work. While he did not
use a symbol for zero, the French mathematician Georges Ifrah
argues that knowledge of zero was implicit in Aryabhata's place-
value system as a place holder for the powers of ten with null
coefficients.
Algebra

In Aryabhatiya, Aryabhata provided elegant results

for the summation of series of squares and cubes.
Approximation of π

Aryabhata worked on the approximation for pi ( ∏ ), and may

have come to the conclusion that is irrational. In the second
part of the Aryabhatiyam (gaṇitapāda 10), he writes:
"Add four to 100, multiply by eight, and then add 62,000. By
this rule the circumference of a circle with a diameter of
20,000 can be approached.“
((4 + 100) × 8 + 62000)/20000 = 62832/20000 = 3.1416, which is
accurate to five significant figures.
Trigonometry

In Ganitapada 6, Aryabhata gives the area of a

triangle
that translates to: "for a triangle, the result of a
perpendicular with the half-side is the area.“
Aryabhata discussed the concept of sine in his work
by the name of ardha-jya, which literally means
"half-chord“ .
Later writers substituted it with jaib, meaning
"pocket" or "fold.
Later in the 12th century, when Gherardo of
Cremona translated Arabic jaib with its Latin
counterpart, sinus, which means "cove" or "bay";
hence comes the English word sine.
Indeterminate equations
Find integer solutions to Diophantine equations that have
the form ax + by = c.
Find the number which gives 5 as the remainder when
divided by 8, 4 as the remainder when divided by 9, and 1 as
the remainder when divided by 7.That is, find N = 8x+5 =
9y+4 = 7z+1. It turns out that the smallest value for N is
85.
 BHASKARA
(1114-1185CE)
Bhāskara gives his date of birth, and date of composition of
his major work, in a verse in the Āryā metre:
rasa-guṇa-pūrṇa-mahīsama
śhaka-nṛpa samaye 'bhavat mamotpattiḥ /
rasa-guṇa-varṣeṇa mayā
siddhānta-śiromaṇī racitaḥ //
This reveals that he was born in 1036 of the Śhaka era (1114
CE), and that he composed the Siddhānta Śiromaṇī when he
was 36 years old. He also wrote another work called the
Karaṇa-kutūhala when he was 69 (in 1183). . He was born in
Bijapur in Karnataka.
 His main work Siddhānta Shiromani, (Sanskrit for "Crown
of Treatises") is divided into four parts called Lilāvatī,
Bījagaṇita, Grahagaṇita and Golādhyāya, which are also
sometimes considered four independent works. These four
sections deal with arithmetic, algebra, mathematics of the
planets, and spheres respectively.

 He also wrote another treatise named Karaṇa Kautūhala.

 Bhāskara's work on calculus predates Newton and Leibniz

by over half a millennium.
The Siddhanta-Shiromani
Lilavati
The first section Līlāvatī (also known as pāṭīgaṇita or
aṅkagaṇita) it is the name of his daughter. consists of 277
verses. It covers calculations, progressions, measurement,
permutations, and other topics.
Bijaganita
The second section Bījagaṇita has 213 verses. It discusses zero,
infinity, positive and negative numbers, and indeterminate
equations including (the now called) Pell's equation, solving it
using a kuṭṭaka method.
Grahaganita
In the third section Grahagaṇita, while treating the motion of
planets, he considered their instantaneous speeds. He arrived
at the approximation d/dy sin y=cosy.
•A proof of the Pythagorean theorem by calculating the
same area in two different ways and then canceling out
terms to get a2 + b2 = c2.
•In Lilavati, solutions of quadratic, cubic and quartic
indeterminate equations are explained.
•Solutions of indeterminate quadratic equations (of the
type ax2 + b = y2).
•Integer solutions of linear and quadratic indeterminate
equations (Kuṭṭaka). The rules he gives are (in effect) the
same as those given by the Renaissance European
mathematicians of the 17th century.
 Algebra
 It was the first text to recognize that a positive
number has two square roots.

 Solutions of indeterminate equations of the second,

third and fourth degree.
 Quadratic equations with more than one unknown.
 Operations with products of several unknowns.
 Bhaskara derived a cyclic, chakravala method for solving
indeterminate quadratic equations of the form ax2 + bx + c =
y.
 Bhaskara's method for finding the solutions of the problem
Nx2 + 1 = y2 (the so-called "Pell's equation") is of
considerable importance.
 Arithmetic
 The topics of, arithmetical terms, interest computation,
arithmetical and geometrical progressions, plane geometry,
solid geometry,
 Properties of zero (including division, and rules of
operations with zero).

 Further extensive numerical work, including use of negative

numbers and surds
 Arithmetical terms, methods of multiplication, and
squaring.
 Inverse rule of three, and rules of 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11.
 Problems involving interest and interest
computation.
 Estimation of π.
Trigonometry

The sine table and relationships between different

trigonometric functions. He also developed spherical
trigonometry, along with other interesting trigonometrical
results. computation of sines of angles of 180 and 360 degrees.

Calculus
 Preliminary concepts of infinitesimal calculus and
mathematical analysis, along with a number of results in
trigonometry, differential calculus and integral calculus
 some ideas of differential calculus.
 There is evidence of an early form of Rolle's theorem in his
work
 Bhaskara uses this result to work out the position
angle of the ecliptic.

 He was aware that when a variable attains the

maximum value, its differential vanishes.
BRAHMAGUPTA
(598-665)
 Brahmagupta was born in 598 CE according to his own
statement. He lived in Bhillamala (modern Bhinmal)
during the reign of the Chapa dynasty ruler,
Vyagrahamukha. He was the son of Jishnugupta and
was a Shaivite by religion.
 Prithudaka Svamin, a later commentator, called him
Bhillamalacharya, the teacher from Bhillamala. Sociologist
G. S. Ghurye believed that he might have been from the
Multan or Abu region.[
 In the year 628, at an age of 30, he composed the
Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta (the improved treatise of Brahma)
which is believed to be a revised version of the received
siddhanta of the Brahmapaksha school.
 The book consists of 24 chapters with 1008 verses in the
ārya metre.
 At the age of 67, he composed his next well known work
Khanda-khādyaka, a practical manual of Indian astronomy
in the karana category meant to be used by students.
 Brahmagupta provides a formula useful for generating
pythagorian triples.

 If a right-angled triangle has a base of length a = mx and

altitude of length b = m + d, then the length, c, of its
hypotenuse is given by c = m(1 + x) − d. And, a2 + b2 = c2
whenever d has the value stated. Also, if m and x are
rational, so are d, a, b and c. A Pythagorean triple can be
obtained from a, b and c by multiplying each of them by the
least common multiple of their denominators.
Interpolation formula
 In 665 Brahmagupta devised and used a special
case of the Newton–Stirling interpolation formula
of the second-order to interpolate new values of the
sine function from other values already tabulated.
Geometry
 Given the lengths of the sides of any cyclic
quadrilateral.
 Arithmetic
 The four fundamental operations (addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division) current system is first
appeared in Brahmasphutasiddhanta.

 In Brahmasphutasiddhanta, multiplication was named

Gomutrika.
 Brahmagupta details operations on fractions.
 He gives rules for dealing with five types of combinations of
fractions: a/c + b/c; a/c × b/d; a/1 + b/d; a/c + b/d × a/c =
a(d + b)/cd; and a/c − b/d × a/c = a(d − b)/cd.
Zero
 Brahmaguptais the first that mentions zero as a number
 He gave rules that Zero plus a positive number is the
positive number and negative number plus zero is a negative
number.
 The sum of two positives is positives, two negatives
negative; a positive and a negative is their difference; if they
are equal it is zero. The sum of a negative and zero is
negative, a positive and zero positive, two zeros zero.
 The product of a negative and a positive is negative, two
negatives positive, and positives positive; zero and a
negative, zero and a positive, two zeros is zero.
 A positive divided by a positive or a negative divided by a
negative is positive; a zero divided by a zero is zero; a
positive divided by a negative is negative; a negative divided
by a positive negative.
Algebra
Brahmagupta gave the solution of the general linear equation,
The difference between rupas, when inverted and divided by
the difference of the unknowns, is the unknown in the
equation. The rupas are that from which the
which is a solution for the equation bx + c = dx + e equivalent
to x = e − c/b − d, where rupas refers to the constants c and e.
He further gave two equivalent solutions to the general
quadratic equation.
Series
Brahmagupta goes on to give the sum of the squares and
cubes of the first n integers.
He gives the sum of the squares of the first n natural numbers
as n(n + 1)(2n + 1)/6 and the sum of the cubes of the first n
natural numbers as (n(n + 1)/2)².
 PYTHAGORAS
(570–495 BC)
 Herodotus, Isocrates, and other early writers agree that
Pythagoras was the son of Mnesarchus and born on the
Greek island of Samos, situated in the eastern Aegean. His
father is said to have been a gem-engraver or a wealthy
merchant,
 A late source gives his mother's name as Pythais.
 As to the date of his birth, Aristoxenus stated that
Pythagoras left Samos in the reign of Polycrates, at the age
of 40, which would give a date of birth around 570 BC.
 Apollo was his father, Pythagoras gleamed with a
supernatural brightness, Pythagoras had a golden
thigh, Abaris once flew to him on a golden arrow, and
Pythagoras was seen in different places at the same
time.
 According to Sir William Smith, with the exception of a
few remarks by Xenophanes, Heraclitus, Herodotus,
Plato, Aristotle, and Isocrates, we are mainly dependent
on Diogenes Laërtius, Porphyry, and Iamblichus for
biographical details.
 Much of what we know about Pythagoras's life comes from
Neoplatonist writers.
 According to some accounts, Pythagoras married Theano, a
lady of Croton. Theano was also a philosopher, and said to
have first been Pythagoras' pupil.
 Their children are variously stated to have included a son,
Telauges, and three daughters, Damo, Arignote, and Myia
(who married to a famous wrestler, Milo of Croton). Milo was
said to be an associate of Pythagoras.
 The Pythagorean theorem
The sum of the areas of the two squares on the legs (a and b)
equals the area of the square on the hypotenuse (c).
 Pythagorean numbers implies that they knew that the
principle was generally applicable, and knew some kind of
proof, which has not yet been found in the cuneiform
sources.
Musical theories and investigations

 Pythagoras discovered that musical notes could be

translated into mathematical equations .
 He went to the blacksmiths to learn how the sounds were
produced by looking at their tools.
 He discovered that it was because the hammers were
"simple ratios of each other, one was half the size of the first,
another was 2/3 the size, and so on".

 This legend has since proven to be false by virtue of the fact

that these ratios are only relevant to string length (such as the
string of a monochord), and not to hammer weight.
Pythagoras was indeed responsible for discovering the
properties of string length.
Tetractys

 Pythagoras was also credited with devising the tetractys, the

triangular figure of four rows which add up to the perfect
number, ten. As a mystical symbol, it was very important to
the worship of the Pythagoreans who would swear oaths by it.
 Pythagoras called Deity a Tetrad or Tetractys, meaning the
'four sacred letters.'
EUCLID
 The date, place and circumstances of both his birth and
death are unknown and may only be estimated roughly
relative to other people mentioned with him. He is rarely
mentioned by name by other Greek mathematicians from
Archimedes onward, and is usually referred to as "the
author of Elements“.
 Arabian authors, mentioning, a birth town of Tyre.
 The few historical references to Euclid were written
centuries after he lived by Proclus 450 AD and Pappus of
Alexandria 320 AD.
 Euclid sometimes called Euclid of Alexandria to
distinguish him from Euclides of Megara, was a Greek
mathematician, often referred to as the "father of
geometry". He was active in Alexandria during the reign of
Ptolemy I (323–283 BC).
 According to Proclus, Euclid belonged to Plato's
"persuasion" and brought together the Elements, drawing
on prior work by several pupils of Plato (particularly
Eudoxus of Cnidus, Theaetetus and Philip of Opus)
 His “Elements” is one of the most influential works in
the history of mathematics, serving as the main textbook
for teaching mathematics (especially geometry) from the
time of its publication until the late 19th or early 20th
century.
 In the Elements, Euclid deduced the principles of what
is now called Euclidean geometry from a small set of
axioms.
 Euclid also wrote works on perspective, conic sections,
spherical geometry, number theory, and rigor.
Euclid is the anglicized version of the Greek name which
means "renowned, glorious“.
 In addition to the Elements, at least five works of
Euclid have survived to the present day.
 Data
 Catoptics
 Phaenomena
 On Divisions of Figures
 Optics
 The Elements also includes number theory. It considers
the connection between perfect numbers and Mersenne
primes (known as the Euclid–Euler theorem), the
infinitude of prime numbers, Euclid's lemma on
factorization (which leads to the fundamental theorem
of arithmetic on uniqueness of prime factorizations),
and the Euclidean algorithm for finding the greatest
common divisor of two numbers.
 Data deals with the nature and implications of "given"
information in geometrical problems.
 On Divisions of Figures, which survives only partially
in Arabic translation, concerns the division of
geometrical figures into two or more equal parts or
into parts in given ratios.
 Catoptrics, which concerns the mathematical theory of
mirrors, particularly the images formed in plane and
spherical concave mirrors.
 Phaenomena, a treatise on spherical astronomy,
survives in Greek; it is quite similar to On the Moving
Sphere by Autolycus of Pitane.
 Optics is the earliest surviving Greek treatise on
perspective. Euclid relates the apparent size of an
object to its distance from the eye and investigates the
apparent shapes of cylinders and cones when viewed
from different angles.
 A point is that which has no parts.
 The ends of a line are points.
 The edges of a surface are lines.
 A surface is which has length and breadth only.
THANK YOU