OB Exam

Organizations - Social inventions for accomplishing common goals through group effort.
Human resources management - Programs, practices, and systems to acquire, develop, motivate, and
retain employees in organizations.
Evidence-based management- Translating principles based on the best scientific evidence into
organizational practices.
Classical viewpoint-An early prescription on management that advocated a high specialization of labour,
intensive coordination and centralized decision making.
Hawthorne studies - how psychological and social processes affect productivity and work adjustment.
Contingency approach - An approach to management that recognizes that there is no one best way to
manage, and that an appropriate management style depends on the demands of the situation.
Managerial roles- interpersonal roles- Figurehead role , Leadership role , liasion role
Informational role - monitor role , disseminator role , spokesperson role
Decisional role - Entrepreneur role , disturbance handler role , resource allocation role , negotiator role
Workplace Spirutuality - A workplace that provides employees with meaning, purpose, a sense of
community, and a connection to others.
Positive organizational behaviour -The study and application of positively oriented human resource
strengths and psychological capacities that can be measured, developed, and effectively managed for
performance improvement in today’s workplace.
Psychological capital - Refers to an individual’s positive psychological state of development that is

characterized by self-effi cacy, optimism, hope and resilience.
work engagement - It is a positive work-related state of mind that is characterized by vigour, dedication,
and absorption
Corporate social responsibility - It refers to an organization’s taking responsibility for the impact of its
decisions and actions on its stakeholders
Personality - It is the relatively stable set of psychological characteristics that infl uences the
way an individual interacts with his or her environment and how he or she feels, thinks and behaves.
Dispositional Approach - individuals possess stable traits or characteristics that infl uence their attitudes
and behaviours.
Situational Approach - Characteristics of the organizational setting influence people’s attitudes and
behaviour.
Interactionist Approach - Individuals’ attitudes and behaviour are a function of both dispositions and the
situation.
Trait activation theory - Personality traits lead to certain behaviours only when the situation makes the
need for that trait salient.
Locus of control- A set of beliefs about whether one’s behaviour is controlled mainly by internal or
external forces.
Self-monitoring- The extent to which people observe and regulate how they appear and behave in social
settings and relationships.
Positive affectivity- Propensity to view the world, including oneself and other people, in a positive light.
Negative affectivity- Propensity to view the world, including oneself and other people, in a negative
light.
General self-efficacy -It is a general trait that refers to an individual’s belief in his or her
ability to perform successfully in a variety of challenging situations.GSE is considered to
be a motivational trait rather than an aff ective trait, because it refl ects an individual’s belief that
he or she can succeed at a variety of tasks rather than how an individual feels about him- or
herself.
Learning - A relatively permanent change in behaviour potential that occurs due to practice or
experience.
Extinction- The gradual dissipation of behaviour following the termination of reinforcement.
Punishment- The application of an aversive stimulus following some behaviour designed to decrease the
probability of that behaviour.
social cognitive theory - Emphasizes the role of cognitive processes in regulating people’s behaviour.
Perception - It is the process of interpreting the messages of our senses to provide order and meaning to
the environment
Social identity theory- A theory that states that people form perceptions of themselves based on their
personal characteristics and memberships in social categories.
Power distance- The extent to which an unequal distribution of power is accepted by society members.
Uncertainty avoidance - It refers to the extent to which people are uncomfortable with uncertain and
ambiguous situations.
cultural intelligence - The capability to function and manage well in culturally diverse environments.
Primacy effect- The tendency for a perceiver to rely on early cues or first impressions.
Recency effect- The tendency for a perceiver to rely on recent cues or last impressions.
Implicit personality theories - Personal theories that people have about which personality characteristics
go together.
Stereotyping- The tendency to generalize about people in a certain social category and ignore variations
among them.
Three aspects of stereoptying are :
We distinguish some category of people.
We assume that the individuals in this category have certain traits.
We perceive that everyone in this category possesses these traits.
Attribution. The process by
which causes or motives are
assigned to explain people’s
behaviour.
Dispositional attributions.
Explanations for behaviour
based on an actor’s
personality or intellect.
Situational attributions.
Explanations for behaviour

based on an actor’s external
situation or environment.
Consistency cues.
Values - A broad tendency to prefer certain states of affairs over others.

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Organizations - Social inventions for accomplishing common goals through group effort.

Informational role - monitor role , disseminator role , spokesperson role

Psychological capital - Refers to an individual’s positive psychological state of development that is

Extinction- The gradual dissipation of behaviour following the termination of reinforcement.

Three aspects of stereoptying are :

We distinguish some category of people.

We assume that the individuals in this category have certain traits.

We perceive that everyone in this category possesses these traits.

Attribution. The process by

which causes or motives are

assigned to explain people’s

Explanations for behaviour

Explanations for behaviour

Values - A broad tendency to prefer certain states of affairs over others.

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