Dams and its types

A dam is a hydraulic structure of fairly impervious material built across a river to create a reservoir
on its upstream side for impounding water for various purposes. These purposes may be Irrigation,
Hydro-power, Water-supply, Flood Control, Navigation, Fishing and Recreation. Dams may be built
to meet the one of the above purposes or they may be constructed fulfilling more than one. As such,
it can be classified as: Single-purpose and Multipurpose Dam.

Different parts & terminologies of Dams:

 Crest: The top of the dam structure. These may in some cases be used for providing a roadway or
walkway over the dam.
 Parapet walls: Low Protective walls on either side of the roadway or walkway on the crest.
 Heel: Portion of structure in contact with ground or river-bed at upstream side.
 Toe: Portion of structure in contact with ground or river-bed at downstream side.
 Spillway: It is the arrangement made (kind of passage) near the top of structure for the passage of
surplus/ excessive water from the reservoir.
 Abutments: The valley slopes on either side of the dam wall to which the left & right end of dam
are fixed to.
 Gallery: Level or gently sloping tunnel like passage (small room like space) at transverse or
longitudinal within the dam with drain on floor for seepage water. These are generally provided
for having space for drilling grout holes and drainage holes. These may also be used to
accommodate the instrumentation for studying the performance of dam.
 Sluice way: Opening in the structure near the base, provided to clear the silt accumulation in the
reservoir.
 Illustration of dam-parts in a typical cross section
 Free board: The space between the highest level of water in the reservoir and the top of the
structure.
 Dead Storage level: Level of permanent storage below which the water will not be withdrawn.
 Diversion Tunnel: Tunnel constructed to divert or change the direction of water to bypass the
dam construction site. The hydraulic structures are built while the river flows through the
diversion tunnel.
CLASSIFICATION OF DAMS
Dams can be classified in number of ways. But most usual ways of classification i.e. types of dams
are mentioned below:
Based on the functions of dams, it can be classified as follows:
1. Storage dams: They are constructed to store water during the rainy season when there is a large
flow in the river. Many small dams impound the spring runoff for later use in dry summers.
Storage dams may also provide a water supply, or improved habitat for fish and wildlife. They
may store water for hydroelectric power generation, irrigation or for a flood control project.
Storage dams are the most common type of dams and in general the dam means a storage dam
unless qualified otherwise.
1. Diversion dams: A diversion dam is constructed for the purpose of diverting water of the river
into an off-taking canal (or a conduit). They provide sufficient pressure for pushing water into
ditches, canals, or other conveyance systems. Such shorter dams are used for irrigation, and for
diversion from a stream to a distant storage reservoir. It is usually of low height and has a small
storage reservoir on its upstream. The diversion dam is a sort of storage weir which also diverts
water and has a small storage. Sometimes, the terms weirs and diversion dams are used
synonymously.
2. Detention dams: Detention dams are constructed for flood control. A detention dam retards the
flow in the river on its downstream during floods by storing some flood water. Thus the effect of
 sudden floods is reduced to some extent. The water retained in the reservoir is later released
gradually at a controlled rate according to the carrying capacity of the channel downstream of the
detention dam. Thus the area downstream of the dam is protected against flood.
3. Debris dams: A debris dam is constructed to retain debris such as sand, gravel, and drift wood
flowing in the river with water. The water after passing over a debris dam is relatively clear.
4. Coffer dams: It is an enclosure constructed around the construction site to exclude water so that
the construction can be done in dry. A coffer dam is thus a temporary dam constructed for
facilitating construction. These structure are usually constructed on the upstream of the main dam
to divert water into a diversion tunnel (or channel) during the construction of the dam. When the
flow in the river during construction of hydraulic structures is not much, the site is usually
enclosed by the coffer dam and pumped dry. Sometimes a coffer dam on the downstream of the
dam is also required.
Based on structure and design, dams can be classified as follows:
1. Gravity Dams: A gravity dam is a massive sized dam fabricated from concrete or stone masonry.
They are designed to hold back large volumes of water. By using concrete, the weight of the dam
is actually able to resist the horizontal thrust of water pushing against it. This is why it is called a
gravity dam. Gravity essentially holds the dam down to the ground, stopping water from toppling

it over.
Gravity dams are well suited forblocking rivers in wide valleys or narrow gorge ways. Since gravity
dams must rely on their own weight to hold back water, it is necessary that they are built on a solid
foundation ofbedrock.
Examples of Gravity dam: Grand Coulee Dam (USA), Nagarjuna Sagar (India) and Itaipu Dam (It
lies Between Brazil and Paraguay and is the largest in the world).

 Earth Dams: An earth dam is made of earth (or soil) built up by compacting successive layersof
earth, using the most impervious materials to form a core and placing more permeable substances
on the upstream and downstream sides. A facing of crushed stone prevents erosion by wind or
rain, and an ample spillway, usually of concrete, protects against catastrophic washout should the
water overtop the dam. Earth dam resists the forces exerted upon it mainly due to shear strength of
the soil. Although the weight of the this structure also helps in resisting the forces, the structural
behavior of an earth dam is entirely different from that of a gravity dam. The earth dams are
usually built in wide valleys having flat slopes at flanks (abutments).The foundation requirements
are less stringent than those of gravity dams, and hence they can be built at the sites where the
foundations are less strong. They can be built on all types of foundations. However, the height of
the dam will depend upon the strength of the foundation material.
Examples of earthfill dam: Rongunsky dam (Russia) and New Cornelia Dam (USA).
 Rockfill Dams: A rockfill dam is built of rock fragments and boulders of large size. An
impervious membrane is placed on the rockfill on the upstream side to reduce the seepage through
the dam. The membrane is usually made of cement concrete or asphaltic concrete.

In early rockfill dams, steel and timber membrane were also used, but now they are obsolete. A
dry rubble cushion is placed between the rockfill and the membrane for the distribution of water
load and for providing a support to the membrane. Sometimes, the rockfill dams have an
impervious earth core in the middle to check the seepage instead of an impervious upstream
membrane. The earth core is placed against a dumped rockfill. It is necessary to provide adequate
filters between the earth core and the rockfill on the upstream and downstream sides of the core so
that the soil particles are not carried by water and piping does not occur. The side slopes of
rockfill are usually kept equal to the angle of repose of rock, which is usually taken as 1.4:1 (or
1.3:1). Rockfill dams require foundation stronger than those for earth dams.
Examples of rockfill dam: Mica Dam (Canada) and Chicoasen Dam (Mexico).
 Arch Dams: An arch dam is curved in plan, with its convexity towards the upstream side. They
transfers the water pressure and other forces mainly to the abutments by arch action.

An arch dam is quite suitable for narrow canyons

with strong flanks which are capable of resisting the thrust produced by the arch action.The
section of an arch dam is approximately triangular like a gravity dam but the section is
comparatively thinner. The arch dam may have a single curvature or double curvature in the
vertical plane. Generally, the arch dams of double curvature are more economical and are used in
practice.
Examples of Arch dam: Hoover Dam (USA) and Idukki Dam (India).

 Buttress Dams: Buttress dams are of three types : (i) Deck type, (ii) Multiple-arch type, and (iii)
Massive-head type. A deck type buttress dam consists of a sloping deck supported by buttresses.
Buttresses are triangular concrete walls which transmit the water pressure from the deck slab to
the foundation. Buttresses are compression members. Buttresses are typically spaced across the
dam site every 6 to 30 metre, depending upon the size and design of the dam. Buttress dams are
sometimes called hollow dams because the buttresses do not form a solid wall stretching across a
river valley.The deck is usually a reinforced concrete slab supported between the buttresses,

which are usually equally spaced.

 In a multiple-arch type buttress dam the deck slab is replaced by horizontal arches supported by
buttresses. The arches are usually of small span and made of concrete. In a massive-head type
buttress dam, there is no deck slab. Instead of the deck, the upstream edges of the buttresses are
flared to form massive heads which span the distance between the buttresses. The buttress dams
 require less concrete than gravity dams. But they are not necessarily cheaper than the gravity dams
because of extra cost of form work, reinforcement and more skilled labor. The foundation
requirements of a buttress are usually less stringent than those in a gravity dam.
Examples of Buttress type: Bartlett dam (USA) and The Daniel-Johnson Dam (Canada).
 Steel Dams: Dams: A steel dam consists of a steel framework, with a steel skin plate on its
upstream face. Steel dams are generally of two types: (i) Direct-strutted, and (ii) Cantilever type .
In direct strutted steel dams, the water pressure is transmitted directly to the foundation through
inclined struts. In a cantilever type steel dam, there is a bent supporting the upper part of the deck,
which is formed into a cantilever truss. This arrangement introduces a tensile force in the deck
girder which can be taken care of by anchoring it into the foundation at the upstream toe. Hovey
suggested that tension at the upstream toe may be reduced by flattening the slopes of the lower
struts in the bent. However, it would require heavier sections for struts.

Another alternative to reduce tension is to frame

together the entire bent rigidly so that the moment due to the weight of the water on the lower part
of the deck is utilised to offset the moment induced in the cantilever. This arrangement would,
however, require bracing and this will increase the cost. These are quite costly and are subjected
to corrosion. These dams are almost obsolete. Steel dams are sometimes used as temporary coffer
dams during the construction of the permanent one. Steel coffer dams are supplemented with
timber or earthfill on the inner side to make them water tight. The area between the coffer dams is
dewatered so that the construction may be done in dry for the permanent dam.
Examples of Steel type: Redridge Steel Dam (USA) and Ashfork-Bainbridge Steel Dam (USA).
 Timber Dams: Main load-carrying structural elements of timber dam are made of wood,
primarily coniferous varieties such as pine and fir. Timber dams are made for small heads (2-4 m
or, rarely, 4-8 m) and usually have sluices; according to the design of the apron they are divided
 into pile, crib, pile-crib, and buttressed dams. The
openings of timber dams are restricted by abutments; where the sluice is very long it is divided
into several openings by intermediate supports: piers, buttresses, and posts. The openings are
covered by wooden shields, usually several in a row one above the other. Simple hoists—
permanent or mobile winches—are used to raise and lower the shields.
 Rubber Dams: A symbol of sophistication and simple and efficient design, this most recent type
of dam uses huge cylindrical shells made of special synthetic rubber and inflated by either
compressed air or pressurized water. Rubber dams offer ease of construction, operation and
decommissioning in tight schedules.

 These can be deflated when pressure is released and hence, even the crest level can be controlled
to some extent. Surplus waters would simply overflow the inflated shell. They need extreme care
in design and erection and are limited to small projects.
Example of Rubber type: Janjhavathi Rubber Dam (India).

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