EARTHQUAKE HAZARD Disruptive up-down and sideways movement or motion

experienced during an earthquake.

EARTHQUAKE Strong ground shaking can cause objects to fall, break windows
Is a feeble shaking to violent trembling of the ground produced among others.
by the sudden displacement of rock materials below the earth’s surface. Strong ground shaking can also result to minor damages to
buildings and worse, cause collapse of a structure.
TWO TYPES OF EARTHQUAKES Most part of the Philippines will experience shaking at different
TECTONIC EARTHQUAKES degrees depending on magnitude of earthquake, distance of one’s
Those generated by the sudden displacement along faults in the location from the fault that moved, conditions of the local geology.
solid and rigid layer of the earth GROUND RUPTURE
VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKES Also called surface rupture
Earthquakes induced by rising lava or magma beneath active It refers to the misalignment of the ground surface due to
volcanoes earthquake
This will be experienced by areas where fault passes through
FAULT (note not all cracks on the ground that people see after a strong
Refers to a fracture, fissure or a zone of weakness where earthquakes are faults, some may just be superficial cracks because of
movement or displacement has occurred or may occur again ground failure)
Ground rupture may tore buildings, houses, roads and other
ACTIVE FAULT infrastructures into pieces.
If it has historical and contemporary seismicity, has evidence of A wide ground rupture may even swallow properties like cars
fault slip based on displaced rocks or soil units of known age and LIQUEFACTION
displaced landforms It is likened to that of a quicksand.
Fault which has moved within the last 10,000 years. A process that transforms the behavior of a body of sediments
from that of a solid to that of a liquid when subjected to extremely
Magnitude of an earthquake refers to the amount of energy intense shaking.
released, measured by the amount of ground displacement or shaking. It Liquefaction usually occurs in water- saturated soils like those
is calculated based on record of the earthquake (seismograph). It is communities near rivers, lakes and seashores.
represented by Arabic numbers (ex. 4.8, 9.0) The weakening of soil may result to the fall or leaning of some
Intensity is the strength of an earthquake as perceived and felt by buildings and other properties or even humans as being swallowed by the
people in a certain locality. It is a numerical rating based on relative soil.
effects to people, objects, environment and structures in the EARTHQUAKE- INDUCED LANDSLIDE
surroundings. The intensity is generally higher near the epicenter. It is Landslide may be caused by heavy rainfalls or by ground shaking
represented by Roman Numerals (ex. II, IV, IX) . as a result of earthquakes
Through ground shaking, cliffs, slopes and mountains may
EARTHQUAKE RELATED HAZARD: weaken causing landslides.
GROUND SHAKING Earthquake→ ground shaking (primary effect)→landslide
First stage of earthquake hazard (secondary effect)
TSUNAMI Look for sudden rise and fall of water
These are seen as big waves which were formed as a result of LISTEN
earthquake having an epicenter in our ocean. Listen for a sound similar to that of a train or jet aircraft
Generated also by volcanic eruption or submarine landslide. If you hear the roaring sound, run immediately
A tsunami is a Japanese word meaning “harbor waves”
Sometimes, tsunamis are erroneously called “tidal waves”. HAZARD MAPS
Remember that tsunamis are generated by earthquakes and tsunami People and properties are affected by earthquake due to any or a
waves are generated because of movement of fault under the sea. combination of the following:
Tidal waves has something to do with high tide and low tide unsafe location,
which is caused by the gravitational pull between the earth and moon. poor construction,
The increase in wave heights associated or during typhoons people don’t believe or know that they be affected,
(when there are strong winds) or tropical cyclones are called “storm people don’t know how they can be affected,
surges”. people don’t know what to do, and
there is lack of timely and proper response.
WARNING SIGNS AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS OF TSUNAMI are maps that show different hazards that may affect a certain
The occurrence of an earthquake area.
Obvious drop or upsurge in the water level These maps were generated to provide the most accurate and
Exposed seafloor due to receding ocean. Upon seeing this, people detailed information possible to assist engineers in designing buildings,
only have 5 minutes to run for safety. bridges, highways, and utilities that will withstand shaking from
The first tsunami wave is not the last. Succeeding waves may earthquakes in an area.
come from five minutes to 1 hour. These maps are used by local governments to help establish
Small waves may be the first to run ashore but the biggest may zoning, construction requirements necessary to preserve public safety
follow. and for purposes of general planning for disaster risk reduction and
Stay away from any bodies of water like rivers, streams and the mitigation.
beach as tsunami may use this as their path in returning to the ocean. Before using the map, be sure that you understand the basic
Always be prepared. Store emergency supplies sufficient for parts-
several days. A. Map Title (tells you what the map is all about);
B. Legend (details of what each symbols mean)
DETECTING A TSUNAMI C. Scale (refer to the bar scale as this helps determine distances,
STOP etc)
When you notice something unusual, stop on whatever you are
doing.
Stop also in case there is earthquake and don’t panic.
Stop and sense if there is something unusual happening in the
ocean.
LOOK
Look if the ocean is receding, exposing the ocean floor, reefs,
rocks, and fishes on the sea bottom.
EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MAP TSUNAMI HAZARD MAP

The top ten provinces that are at risk to earthquakes are: Most of the coastal areas have experienced a tsunami or have a tsunami
hazard potential. The top ten provinces that are at risk to tsunamis are:
 Surigao Del Sur
 La Union  Sulu
 Benguet  Tawi-tawi
 Pangasinan  Basilan
 Pampanga  Batanes
 Tarlac  Guimaras
 Ifugao  Romblon
 Davao Oriental  Siquijor
 Nueva Vizcaya  Surigao del Norte
 Nueva Ecija  Camiguin
La Union and Pangasinan are prone to earthquakes, especially the  Masbate
deep-focused ones, due to the Manila Trench while Surigao del Sur and Sulu and Tawi-tawi took the top two seats because of their high
Davao Oriental have earthquake hazards due to Philippine Trench and potential for tsunami owing to their location between two nearby
nearby active faults. Frequency of shallow and left-lateral strike-slip trenches namely, Sulu Trench and Cotabato Trench. Moreover, both
earthquakes in Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Eastern Pangasinan, Benguet provinces are also densely populated and have very high vulnerability.
and La Union can be attributed to its location along the Philippine Fault
Zone. Similarly, most areas in Basilan and Romblon are at high risk
However, Ifugao, despite having less earthquake occurrences is at especially because they have been previously affected by a tsunami.
risk because of its very high vulnerability to disasters. (PHIVOLCS)
RISK TO VOLCANIC ERUPTION EARTHQUAKE SAFETY TIPS

What to do BEFORE an earthquake

I. The key to effective disaster prevention is planning.

A. Know the earthquake hazards in your area
B. Follow structural design and engineering practices when
constructing a house or a building
C. Evaluate structural soundness of the buildings and houses;
strengthen or retrofit if necessary
II. Prepare your homes, workplace or schools:
A. Strap or bolt heavy furniture, cabinets to the walls
B. Check the stability of hanging objects like ceiling fans and
chandeliers
C. Breakable items, harmful chemicals and flammable materials
should be stored properly in
the lowermost secured shelves
Philippines lies within the Ring of Fire, a region of subduction III. Familiarize yourself with the exit routes.
zone volcanism surrounding the Pacific Ocean. This explains the IV. Know where fire extinguishers, first aid kits, alarms and
distribution of most volcanoes in the Philippines. In 1991, Mt. Pinatubo communication facilities are located.
eruption was well known to be the most violent eruption in the 20th Learn how to use them beforehand.
century. A. Prepare a handy emergency supply kit with first aid kit, canned
The top ten provinces at risk are: food and can opener, water,
clothing, blanket, battery-operated radio, flashlights and extra
 Camiguin batteries
 Sulu V. Conduct and participate in regular earthquake drills
 Biliran
 Albay What to do DURING an earthquake.
 Bataan
 Sorsogon I. When you are INSIDE a structurally sound building or
 South Cotabato home…STAY there! Do the “Duck, Cover
 Laguna and Hold on”
 Camarines Sur A. If possible, quickly open the door for exit.
 Batanes B. Duck under a sturdy desk or table, and hold on to it, or protect
Camiguin has the highest risk because the land area is so small your head with your arms
such that a volcanic eruption can affect the whole province. Sulu ranked C. Stay away from glass windows, shelves and other heavy objects
second because it has the most number of active and potentially active D. Beware of falling objects. Be alert and keep your eyes open.
volcanoes. II. If you’re OUTSIDE.. move to an open area!
 A. Stay away from trees, power lines, posts and concrete
structures
B. Move away from steep slopes which may be affected by
landslides
C. If you’re near the shore and feel an earthquake especially if it’s
too strong, MOVE QUICKLY
TO HIGHER GROUNDS. Tsunamis might follow.
III. If you’re in a moving vehicle, STOP and get out! Do not
attempt to cross bridges, overpasses or
flyovers which may have been damaged.

What to do AFTER an earthquake.

I. Be prepared for aftershocks. Once the shaking stops, take the

fastest and safest way out of the building.
II. DON’T…
A. …use elevators
B. …enter damaged buildings
C. …use telephone unless necessary
D. …PANIC
III. CHECK…
A. …yourself and others for injuries
B. ..water and electrical lines for damages
C. …for spills of chemical, toxic and flammable materials
D. …and control fires which may spread
IV. If you need to evacuate your residence, leave a message
stating where you are going and bring your emergency supply kit
V. Keep updated on disaster prevention instructions form
battery-operated radios.