LINEAR GRAPHS AND THEIR APPLICATION ‘An ordered pair of real numbers x and y is pair (x, y) in which elements are written in specific order. ie. @ (xy) is an ordered pair in which first element is x and second is y such that (x, y) 4 (y, x) for example: (2, 3) and (3, 2) are two diflerent ordered pairs. Gi) ( y) = (m, 0) if and only i ye ‘The Cartesian plane | establishes one-to-one correspondence! between the set of ordered pairs R XR = ((x:y) Ixy € R} and.the points of the Cartesian plane. In plane two mutually perpendicular straight lines are drawn. The lines are called the coordinate axes. The point O, where the two lines meet is called origin. This plane is called the coordinate plane or the Cartesian plane. (ketene (a) Line-Segment Let P2, 2) and Q6, 6) be two points. L. Plot points P and Q. 2. Join the points P and Q, we get the Tine segment PQ. It is represented by PQ. Plot points P(2, 2) and Q(6, 2). By joining them, we get a line segment PQ paraliel to x-axis, Where ordinate of both points is equal TTTT TI poe Plot points P(3, 2) and Q(3, 7). By joining them, we get a line segment PQ parallel to y-axis, In this graph abscissas of both points are equal.| Leu LO Ee (©) ___ Rectangle . points P(3, 2), Q(6, 7) and Example R(9, 3). By joining them, we get a triangle Plot the points P(2, 3), Q(2, Ov & POR. S(-2, 0) and R (—2, 3). Joining the paints ct I TTT P,Q.S and R, we get a rectangle POSR. A [eee Along y-axis, 4 2(Length of square) For points O(0, 0), PG, 0) and Let2xty=1 @ Be a linear equation in two variables x and y. The ordered pair (x, y) satisfies the equation and by varying x, corresponding y is obtained, We express (i) in the form y= 1-24] Gi) ‘The pairs (x, y) which satisfy (ii) are tabulated below.Similarly all the points can be computed, the ordered equation (i) Gunna Now we plot the points obtained in the able. Joining these points we get the graph of the equation. The graph of 2xty=l atx=—l, y=(-2)(-1)41=24153 atx=3, y =~2(3)+1=-641 pairs of which do satisty the if the age of son is x, then the father’s age is y. Draw the graph. Sait . We know that y=x +16 Table of points for equation given as: . x] 0 - y | 16 UE Equation y = x + 16 shows the relationship between the age of father and hk Determine the quadrant of the coordinate plane in which the following points lie. Ans. (P43) IL quadrant Gi) QS, -2) TT quadrant Gi) P22) 1 quadrant (iv) SQ,-6) VY quadrant 2 Draw the graph of each of the following. @ = x=2T (iy) y=3 { | Tae g } bela =f R= tet Ly i t fi) x=3 @) = y=0 ann + +} PLC Ce oo PS 3° | x a ae ww Sat (i) x=0 e 3 a (vil) y=3x‘Table for y = 3x x Ly (ix) ox Table for 3y = 5x r fs [at fol a Table for 2x - y= 0 | Z & 1 [ofr « 2 (xii) 2x -y=2 Table for 2x ~y =2 -2xQ.3._ Are the following lines: (Parallel to x-axis (all) x —3y + (ii) Parallel to y-axis ‘Table for x — By +1=0 @ 9 2x-1s -By=-x-lii) (b) 2x43y -1=0 By = 2x41 . 2x4 yo os xt y = (1) Yo = mete.......Q) comparing (1) and (2) we get 2 1 mas Sande = 5 2 @ 3x+y-1=0 Ee yor Also y = ‘Comparing (1) and (2) (iv) xt+y=0 ve BANK Moet: > neither CNP ad 1-9 () 2x-2y=0 oe = 72x 2x=2y y x=y y= neither alsoy = QA~ Find the value of m and c of the comparing (1) and (2) following lines by expressing m= 2 ande =-7 ® them in the form y=mx + ©) 3-2x+y=0 (@) x-2y=-2 y 3 42x ~2y —2-x y 2x3...) 2y 2+x Alsoy= mx +c....(2) = 24x ‘Comparing (1) and (2) we get ys 2 m=2 ande =-3 yo. Itax © dx=y43 Yo = 2x-3, y = STEleonal ay Also y= mx +c..,..(2) Comparing (1) and (2) we get y= ve Q) m= 2 andc =-3 comparing (1) and (2) we get QS Verify whether the following m=+ andeet points lies on the line 2x — y +1 = 0 or a not.Ans, 2x-y+1=0 0 23 > 2x-yt+1=0 > 22)-3+1=0 4-34120 2#0 Point (2,3) does not lie on the line @ ©,0) = x=0y=0 2x-y+1=0 => 20)-041=0 120 Point (0,0) does not lie on the line x=2,y=3 Gi) CI) => x=-lLysl Qx-yt1=0 = 2-1)-(1)+1-0=0 ~2-14150 -2%0 Point (-1,1) does not lie on the line (iv) (25) > x=2y=5 Wx-y+!=0 = 22)-5+1 =0 4-541=0 ~141=0 0=0 Yes the Point (2,5) fies on the line @® 63) > x=S,y=3 2x-y+1=0 = 25)~341=0 10-2 =0 820 ‘The point (5, 3) does not lie on the line (a) Example: (Kilometre (Km) and Mile (M) Graphs) hk To draw the graph C TT] between kilometre (Km) and Miles (M), we use the following fa relation: One kilometre = 0.62 miles, (approximately) And One mile = 1.6 km (approximately) () The relation of mile against kilometre is given by the linear equation, y=0.62x, If y is a mile and x is a kilometre, then we tabulate the ordered pairs (x, y) as below; t x | 0 1 2 3 4 y | 0 | 062 1.24 | 1.86 | 248 ‘The ordered pairs (x, y) corresponding to y = (62x are represented in the Cartesian olane. By joining them we get the desired graph of miles against kilometers.For each quantity of kilometre x along x-axis their corresponding mile along y-axis. i) The conversion graph of kilometer against mile is given by y=16x (approximately) I¥y represents kilometers and x a mile, then the values x and y are tabulated as: fxjolt}2i3]a4 | leat 3.2 | 48 2 ‘We plot the points in the xy-Plane corresponding to the ordered pairs. (0.0), (1, 1.6), (2, 3.2) G, 4.8) and (4, 6-4) as shown in fig i i LY TT Lt Pot By joining the points we actually find the conversion graph of kilometers against miles. (b) Conversion Graph of Hectares and Acres (i) The relation between Hectare and Acre is defined as 640 Hectare = = Acres = 2.5 Acres (approximately) Tn case when hectare = x and acre = y, then relation between them is given by the equation, y = 2.5x If x is represented as hectare along the horizontal axis and y as Acre along y-axis, the values are tabuilated below: {[xfot 1 [2 [3 74... | byl 550] 75/10...) The ordered pairs (0. 0), (I. 25), (2.5) et., are plotted as. points in the xy-plane “as below and by joining the points the required graph is ohtaime Ti tALCLI b-@) (ii), Now the conversion graph 1 Acto= 5 ¢ Hectare iss Acre or Hectare: = 0.4 Heetare (approximately) If Acre is measured along x-axis and hectare along y-axis then 4x The orderea. pairs are tabulated in the following table: x/of 1] 2 : ylofoa los] 12... "The corresponding ordered pairs (0, 0), (1, 0.4), (2, 0.8) etc., are plotted in the xy-plane, join of which will form the graph of (b)-ii as a conversion graph of (b)i:b-Gi) (©) Conversion Graph of Degrees Celsius and Degrees Fahrenheit (The relation between Celsius (C) and degree Fahrenheit (F) is given by Release 5 The value of F at C = Q is obtained as 2x0 432=0432=32 Similarly, Fs exo 32 = 18 + 32 = 50, F= 220 492-364 9268, x Pe 23100 432 = 180 4 32 =212 vis We tabulate the values of C and F. or [10° [20° 750" 7 100". (@) Conversion graph of US$ and Pakistani Currency The daily News, on a particular day informed the conversion rate of Pakistani currency to the US$ currency as. 1 USS = 66.46 Rupees: If the Pakistani currency y is an expression of US$ x, expressed under the rule y = 66.46 x = 66x (approximately) ‘Then draw the conversion graph. x{1 3 [ 4... | by [oe 132 | 198 | 264 Plotting the points corresponding to the ordered pairs (x, y) from the above table and joining them provides . the currency linear graph of rupees against doltars as\shown in the figure. Shown aa F 32" [507 | 68" F123" [212 The conversion graph of F with respect to Cis shown in fig | [ethene Conversion graph 1 | yof y = 66x can erry be shown by interchanging x-axis to y-axis and vice versaQ.1Draw the conversion graph between 1 litre and gallons using the relation 9 litres = 2 gallons (approximately) and taking litres along horizontal axis and gallons alongs vertical axis. From the graph, read: ( The number of gallons in 18 litres (i) The number of litres in 8 gallons Ans. Litre = a gallons | 1 gallon 3 iter Tlitre=0.223galions | T gallon=4.5 lites Let gallon be represent by y and litte be x y=0.2225 Table of values x {0 1 [2 3 Ly [0 [0222 [0.444 | 0.666 (i) Number of gallons in litre y=0.222(18)= =4 gallons (ii) Number of litres in 8 gallons 9 (g)=36 titres 2 Q.2 On 15.03.2008 the exchange rate of Pakistani currency and Saudi Riyal was as, under 1S. Riyal = 16.70 rupees. If Pakistani currency y is an expression of S. Riyal x, expressed under the rule y = 16.70x then draw conversion graph between two currencies by taking S. Riyal along x-axis. . Ans. y = 16.70%. le of values Q.3° Sketch the graph of each of the following lines: Ans. @) 0 x-3y #250 = -By=-x-2 = ate "3 =2 1 4 ly 0 1 2ii) dy-x4+2=0 dy =x-2 x-2 2 ‘Table of values aT =1 2(ii) { Q4 Draw the graph for following @ f= 1 relations: One mile = 1.6 km Let mile be represented by y and km by xz y=16x Table of values Cy tte fe fae | (ii) (iii) As One acre =0.4 Hectare 04x, f valu ‘The value of F at C = 0 is obtained 9 P==x0+3250432=32 3=) 1043223643268 * 5 Pansy 9 « Fo 100432-=180432=212 8 foosn We tabulate the values of C and F ate € [oe [10° [20° [50° [100° 30 _ F [32 [50° [68° [122°] 212° E 7 Chae We solve here simultaneous T T linear equations in two variables by ated i¥- 7 graphical method | 1 Let the system of equations be, re TP SPO 2x-y wee) rT at 4 x ma hal BT Y[3 fo Y [oho £ By plotting the points we get the following graph. “The solution of the system is the point R where the lines # and £" meet at, Le., R(1.7,0.4) such that x=1.7 and y=0,4 Solve graphically, the following linear system of two equations in two variables x and y; a+2y: any The equations (j) and (i) are represented graphically with the help of their points of intersection with the coordinate axes of the same co-ordinate plane. The points of intersections of the lines representing equation (i) and (ii) are given in the following table: 35 yax-2 ie o 3 x oO [2 x 1s [0 y {2 jo The points P(O, 1.5) and Q (3, 0) of ‘equation (i) are plotted in the plane and the corresponding line ¢:.x+2y =3is traced by joining P and Q.Similarly, the fine (sx—y=2 of Gi) is obtained by plotting the points P’(0,—2) and Q'(2,0) in the plane and joining them to trace the Tine?” as below: ‘The common point S(2.3, 0.3) on both the lines @ and is the required — solution of the system. Sik eed % Solve the following pair of equations in The solution of the-system is the xand y graphically. point R where the lines @ and #” meet at QI xty=Oand2x-y+3=0 RC1.1) such that x =—L and Solution: > y =0-x “QQ x-y+1=0 and x—2y ‘Table of values Solution: y=x+1 x |-3 [2 [-1 fo [i V2 y oO | 2 n 1 Sepang ex ya34 2x "Table Of values | 4 Le o fi [2 y [el 3 is [7 ‘Table of values, By plotting the points we get the following graph. -1|o0 [1] 2 [3] 0 [0s 21The solution of the system is the point R where the lines £ and ¢” meet at R (1, 0) such that x =—1 and y = 0 Q3 Wxty=Oandx+2y=2 Solution: = y=—2x Table of the values x[-2[-1J0[ 1 [27374] Ly 4 | 2 [ol-2|-4|-6[—4 x+2y= dy=2-x x] 3]/—[-1],0[1 [2 yi2s/2 [ts[ 1 [0s] 0] By plowing the points we get the following graph ‘The solution of equations is R (24) Q4 xty-1=0 x-y+1=0 Solution: © x+y =1-x Table of values —2\-i] 071 | 2 21 Tot Table of values, ‘The solution of the systems is R(0,1) Q5 2x+y-1=0, ¥=-y Solution: © 2x+y=1 y=l-%& Table of value: The solution of the system is the point R where the lines £ and ¢’ meet at R(I,-1) such that x = I andTF (x-1, y+1) = (0, 0), then (x, y) is: @ -0 ) G1.) @ G1) ) C11 Jf (x, 0) = (0, y), then (x, y) is: @ © b) (1,0) (©) (0,0) @ ab Point (2-3) lies in quadrant: fa) (I © @ ov Point (3, -3) lies in quadrant: @ o) © @ ov Ify = 2x + 1, x=2 then y is @ 2 b) 3 © 4 (Se Which ordered pair sutisty the equation y = 2x: @ (bh 2) &) ©) @.2) @ ‘The teal numbers x, y of the ordered pait (x, y) are called of point P(x,y) in a plane: (a) co-ordinates (b) x co-ordinates (©) y-coordinate 9 10. i 12. ce. ‘The point of inters coordinate axes (a) Origin (©) X-coordinate coordinate ‘The x-coordinate of a point is called (a) Origin (b) abcissa (©) y-coordinate (a) Ordinate The y-coordinate of a point is called: (a) Origin (b) x-coordinat (©) y-coordinate (d) ordinate The set of points which lie on the sameline are called points: (a) Collinear —_ (b) Similar (c)Common —_(d) None of these ‘The plane formed by two straight lines perpendicular to each other is called __: (a) Cartesian plane (b) Coordinate axes (c) Plane (d) None of these An ordered pair is « pair of elements in which elements are (b) Centee @ y- (d) ordinate Cartesian plane is divided into__ written in specific: quicieants: (a) Order (b) Array fa) Two (b) Three. (c) Point (d) None te) Four (d) Five 1 fal2 fe] 3 c| & ]d (6 fal 7 fal & Ta] 1. + dja [2 fa | 1. | af