version: 1.

CHAPTER

LINEAR GRAPHS
8 &
THEIR APPLICATION

Animation 8.1: Linear Graphs

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Students Learning Outcomes

8.1 Cartesian Plane and Linear Graphs
After studying this unit, the students will be able to:
8.1.1 An Ordered Pair of Real Numbers
• Identify pair of real numbers as an ordered pair.
• Recognize an ordered pair through different examples.
An ordered pair of real numbers x and y is a pair (x, y) in which
• Describe rectangular or Cartesian plane consisting of two number
elements are written in specific order.
lines interesting at right angles at the point O.
i.e., (i) (x, y) is an ordered pair in which first element is x and
• Identify origin (O) and coordinate axes (horizontal and vertical axes
second is y. such that (x, y) ≠ (y, x) where, x ≠ y.
or x-axis and y-axis) in the rectangular plane.
(ii) (2, 3) and (3, 2) are two different ordered pairs.
• Locate an ordered pair (a, b) as a point in the rectangular plane and
(iii) (x, y) = (m, n) only if x = m and y = n.
recognize.
• a as the x-coordinate (or abscissa),
8.1.2 Recognizing an Ordered Pair
• b as the y-coordinate (or ordinate).
• Draw different geometrical shapes (e.g., line segment, triangle and
In the class room the seats of a student is the example of an
rectangle etc.) by joining a set of given points.
ordered pair. For example, the seat of the student A is at the 5th place
• Construct a table for pairs of values satisfying a linear equation in
in the 3rd row, so it corresponds to the ordered pair (3, 5). Here 3
two variables.
shows the number of the row and 5 shows its seat number in this
• Plot the pairs of points to obtain the graph of a given expression.
row.
• Choose an appropriate scale to draw a graph.
Similarly an ordered pair (4, 3) represents a seat located to a
• Draw a graph of
student A in the examination hall is at the 4th row and 3rd column i.e.
• an equation of the form y = c,
3rd place in the 4th row.
• an equation of the form x = a,
• an equation of the form y = mx,
8.1.3 Cartesian Plane
• an equation of the form y = mx + c.
• Draw a graph from a given table of (discrete) values.
The cartesian plane establishes one-to-one correspondence
• Solve appropriate real life problems.
between the set of ordered pairs R x R = {(x, y) | x, y d R} and the
• Interpret conversion graph as a linear graph relating to two
points of the Cartesian plane.
quantities which are in direct proportion.
In plane two mutually perpendicular straight lines are drawn.
• Read a given graph to know one quantity corresponding to another.
The lines are called the coordinate axes. The point O, where the two
• Read the graph for conversions of the form.
lines meet is called origin. This plane is called the coordinate plane or
• miles and kilometers, acres and hectares,
the Cartesian plane.
• degrees Celsius and degrees Fahrenheit,
• Pakistani currency and another currency, etc.
• Solve simultaneous linear equations in two variables using graphical

method.
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8.1.4 Identification of Origin and

Coordiante Axes

The horizontal line XOX/ is called

the x-axis and the vertical line YOY/ is
called the y-axis. The point O where
the x-axis and y-axis meet is called the
origin and it is denoted by O(0, 0).
We have noted that each point in
the plane either lies on the axes of the coordinate plane or in any one
of quadrants of the plane namely XOY, YOX/, X/OY/ and Y/OX called
the first, sceond, thirdand the fourth quadrants of the planesubdivided
by the coordinate axes of the plane. They are denoted by Q-I, Q-II, Q-III
In the reference system, the real number a is measured along
and Q-IV respectively.
x-axis, OA = a units away from the origin along OX (if a > 0) and the
The signs of the coordinates of the points (x, y) are shown below;
real number b along y-axis, OB = b units away from the origin along
OY (if b > 0). From B on OY, draw the line parallel to x-axis and from A
on OX draw line parallel to y-axis. Both the lines meet at the point P.
Then the point P corresponds to the ordered pair (a, b).
In the graph shown above 2 is the x-coordinate and 3 is the
y-coordinate of the point P which is denoted by P(2, 3).
In this way coordinates of each point in the plane are obtained.
The x-coordinate of the point is called abscissa of the point
P(x, y) and the y-coordinate is called its ordinate.
1. Each point P of the plane can be identified by the coordinates of
the pair (x, y) and is represented by P(x, y).
2. All the points of the plane have y-coordinate, y = 0 if they lie on the
e.g., 1. The point (-3, -1) lies in Q-III. 2. The point (2, -3) lies in Q-IV.
x-axis. i.e., P(-2, 0) lies on the axis.
3. The point (2, 5) lies in Q-I. 4. The point (2, 0) lies on x-axis.
3. All the points of the plane have x-coordinate x = 0 if they lie on the
y-axis, i.e., Q(0, 3) lies on the y-axis.
8.1.5 Location of the Point P(a, b) in the Plane Corresponding
to the Ordered Pair (a,b)
8.1.6 Drawing different Geometrical Shapes of Cartesian
Plane
Let (a, b) be an ordered pair of R x R.

We define first the idea of collinear points before going to form

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(a) Line-Segment
Example 2:
Example 1: For points O(0, 0), P(3, 0) and
Let P(2, 2) and Q(6, 6) are two points. R(3, 3), the triangle OPR is constructed
’
1. Plot points P and Q. as shown by the side.
2. Join the points P and Q, we get the line
segment PQ. It is represented by PQ.

Example 2:
(c) Rectangle
Plot points P(2, 2) and Q(6, 2). By
joining them, we get a line segment PQ
Example:
parallel to x-axis.
Plot the points P(2, 0), Q(2, 3),
Where ordinate of both points is equal.
S(-2, 0) and R(-2, 3). Joining the points P,
Q, R and S, we get a rectangle PQRS.
Along y-axis,
2 (length of square) = 1
Example 3:
Plot points B(3, 2) and Q(3, 7). By joining
8.1.7 Construction of a Table for Pairs of Values Satisfying
them, we get a line segment PQ parallel to
a Linear Equation in Two Variables.
y-axis.
In this graph abcissas of both the points
Let 2x + y = 1 (i)
are equal.
be a linear equation in two variables x and y.
The ordered pair (x, y) satisfies the equation and by varying x,
(b) Triangle corresponding y is obtained.
We express (i) in the forms
Example 1: y = -2x + 1 (ii)
Plot the points P(3, 2), Q(6, 7) and The pairs (x, y) which satisfy (ii) are tabulated below.
R(9, 3). By joining them, we get a triangle
PQR. x y (x, y)
-1 3 (-1, 3) at x = -1, y = (-2) (-1) + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3
0 1 (0, 1) at x = 0, y = (-2)(0) + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1
1 -1 (1, -1) at x = 1, y = (-2)(1) + 1 = -2 + 1 = -1
3 -5 (3, -5) at x = 3, y = -2(3) + 1 = -5
Similarly all the points can be computed, the ordered pairs of
which do satisfy the equation (i).
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8.1.8 Plotting the points to get the graph points in the plane, which form the graph of the equation (by joining
Now we plot the points obtained in the table. Joining these the plotted points).
points we get the graph of the equation. The graph of y = -2x + 1 is (a) The equation y = c is formed in the plane by the set,
shown on the next page. S = {(x, c): x lies on the x-axis} sub set RxR.
The procedure is explained with the help of following examples.
Consider the equation y = 2 The set S is tabulated as;
The set S is tabulated as;
x ……… -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 ……..
y 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

The points of S are plotted in the plane.

8.1.9 Scale of Graph

Similarly graph of y = -4 is shown as:

To draw the graph of an equation we choose a scale e.g. 1 small

square represents 2 meters or 1 small square length represents 10 or
5 meters. It is selected by keeping in mind the size of the paper. Some
times the same scale is used for both x and y coordinates and some
times we use different scales for x and y-coordinate depending on the
values of the coordinates.

8.1.10 Drawing Graphs of the following Equations

(a) y = c, where c is constant.

(b) x = a, where a is constant.
(c) y = mx, where m is constant.
So, the graph of the equation of the type y = c is obtained as:
(d) y = mx + c, where m and c both are constants.
(i) the straight line
By drawing the graph of an equation is meant to plot those
(ii) the line is parallel to x-axis
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Similarly graph for equation x = -2 is shown as:

(iii) the line is above the x-axis at a distance c units if c > 0
(iv) the line (shown as y = -4) is below the x-axis at the distance c
units as c < 0
(v) the line is that of x-axis at the distance c units if c = 0
(b) The equation, x = a is drawn in the plane by the points of the set
S = {(a, y): y d R}
The points of S are tabulated as follows:

x a a a a a a a a …
y … -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 …

The points of S are plotted in the plane as, ….. (a, -2), (a, -1), (a, 0), So, the graph of the equation of the type x = a is obtained as:
(a, 1), (a, 2), .... etc. (i) the straight line
The point (a, 0) on the graph of the equation x = a lies on the x-axis (ii) the line parallel to the y-axis
while (a, y) is above the x-axis if y > 0 and below the x-axis if y < 0. By (iii) the line is on the right side of y-axis at distance “a” units if a > 0.
joining the points, we get the line. (iv) the line x = -2 is on the left side of y-axis at the distance a units
The procedure is explained with the help of following examples. as a < 0.
Consider the equation x = 2 (v) the line is y-axis if a = 0.
Table for the points of equation is as under
(c) The equation y = mx, (for a fixed mdR) is formed by the points of
x 2 2 2 2 2 2 …2… the set W = {(x, mx) : xdR}
y … -2 -1 0 1 2 … i.e. W = {....., (-2, -2m), (-1, -m), (0, 0), (1, m), (2, 2m), .... }.
The points corresponding to the ordered pairs of the set W are
Thus, graph of the equation x = 2 is shown as: tabulated below:

x ……… -2 -1 0 1 2 ……..
y ..……. -2m -m 0 m 2m ……..

The procedure is explained with the help of following examples.

Consider the equation y = x, where m = 1
Table of points for equation is as under:

x … -2 -1 0 1 2 …
y … -2 -1 0 1 2 …
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The points are plotted in the plane as follows: These points are plotted in plane as below:

By joining the plotted points the graph of the equation of the type
y = mx is, We see that
(i) the straight line (i) y = mx + c represents the graph of a line.
(ii) it passes through the origin O(0, 0) (ii) It does not pass through the origin O(0, 0).
(iii) m is the slope of the line (iii) It has intercept c units along the y-axis away from the
(iv) the graph of line splits the plane into two equal parts. If m = 1, origin.
then the line becomes the graph of the equation y = x. (iv) m is the slope of the line whose equation is y = mx + c.
(v) If m = -1 then line is the graph of the equation y = -x.
(vi) the line meets both the axes at the origin and no other poin In particular if
(d) Now we move to a generalized form of the equation, i.e., (i) c = 0, then y = mx passes through the origin.
y = mx + c, where m, c ≠ 0. (ii) m = 0, then the line y = c is parallel to x-axis.
The points corresponding to the ordered pairs of the
S = {(x, mx + c): m, c (≠ 0)dR} are tabulated below 8.1.11 Drawing Graph from a given Table of Discrete Values

x 0 1 2 3 ..... x ..... If the points are discrete the graph

y c m+c 2m + c 3m + c ..... mx + c ..... is just the set of points. The points are
not joined.
The procedure is explained with the help of following examples. For example, the following table of
Consider the equation discrete values is plotted as:
y = x + 1, where m = 1, c = 1 x 3 3 -3 -3
We get the table y 3 -3 3 -3
So, the dotted square shows the
x …0 1 2 3 ... ... ... graph of discrete values.
y …1 2 3 4 ... ... ...

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8.1.12 Solving Real Life Problems (x) 3y = 5x (xi) 2x - y = 0 (xii) 2x - y = 2

(xiii) x - 3y + 1 = 0 (xiv) 3x-2y + 1 = 0
We often use the graph to solve the
real life problems. With the help of graph, 3. Are the following lines (i) parallel to x-axis (ii) parallel to y-axis?
we can determine the relation or trend (i) 2x - 1 = 3 (ii) x + 2 = -1 (iii) 2y + 3 = 2
between the both quantities. (iv) x + y = 0 (v) 2x - 2y = 0
We learn the procedure of drawing
graph of real life problems with the help of 4. Find the value of m and c of the following lines by expressing
following examples. them in the form y = mx + c.
(a) 2x + 3y - 1 = 0 (b) x - 2y = -2 (c) 3x + y - 1 = 0
Example: (d) 2x- y = 7 (e) 3 - 2x + y = 0 (f) 2x = y + 3
Equation y = x + 16 shows the
relationship between the age of two person
5. Verify whether the following point lies on the line 2x - y + 1 = 0
i.e. if the age of one person is x, then the age of other person is y. or not.
Draw the graph. (i) (2, 3) (ii) (0, 0) (iii) (-1, 1)
(v)
Solution (iv) (2, 5) (5, 3)
We know that y = x + 16
Table of points for equation is given as: 8.2 Conversion Graphs
x 0 4 8 12 16 … 8.2.1 To Interpret Conversion Graph
y 16 20 24 28 32 …
In this section we shall consider conversion graph as a linear
By plotting the points we get the graph of a straight line as shown graph relating to two quantities which are in direct proportion.
in the figure. Let y = f(x) be an equation in two variables x and y.
We demonstrate the ordered pairs which lie on the graph of the
EXERCISE 8.1 equation y = 3x + 3 are tabulated below:

1. Determine the quadrant of the coordinate plane in which the x …0 -1 -2 …

following points lie: P(-4, 3), Q(-5, -2), R(2, 2) and S(2, -6). y …3 0 -3 …
2. Draw the graph of each of the following (x, y) … (0, 3) (-1, 0) (-2, -3) …
(i) x = 2 (ii) x = -3 (iii) y = -1
(iv) y=3 (v) y=0 (vi) x = 0
By plotting the points in the plane corresponding to the ordered
1
(vii) y = 3x (viii) -y = 2x (ix) 2
= x pairs (0, 3), (-1, 0) and (-2, -3) etc, we form the graph of the equation
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The conversion graph of x with respect to y is displayed as below:

8.2.3 Reading the Graphs of Conversion

8.2.2 Reading a Given Graph
(a) Example: (Kilometre (Km) and Mile (M) Graphs)
From the graph of y = 3x + 3 as shown above. To draw the graph between kilometre (Km) and Miles (M), we use
(i) for a given value of x we can read the corresponding value of y the following relation:
with the help of equation y = 3x + 3, and One kilometre = 0.62 miles, (approximately)
(ii) for a given value of y we can read the corresponding value and one mile = 1.6 km (approximately)
1 -1
of x, by converting equation y = 3x + 3 to equation x = y
3 (i) The relation of mile against kilometre is given by the linear
and draw the corresponding conversion graph. equation,
y = 0.62 x,
In the conversion graph we express x in terms of y as explained If y is a mile and x, a kilometre, then we tabulate the ordered pairs
below. (x, y) as below;
y = 3x + 3
⇒ y - 3 = 3x + 3 - 3 x 0 1 2 3 4…
⇒ y - 3 = 3x or 3x = y - 3 y 0 0.62 1.24 1.86 2.48 …
1
⇒ x = y - 1, where x is expressed in terms of y.
3
The ordered pairs (x, y) corresponding to y = 0.62x are represented
We tabulate the values of the dependent variable x at the values in the Cartesian plane. By joining them we get the desired following
of y. graph of miles against kilometers.

y …3 0 6…
x …0 -1 1…
(y, x) … (3, 0) (0, -1) (6, 1) …

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By joining the points we actually find the conversion graph of

kilometres against miles.
For each quantity of kilometre x along x-axis there corresponds mile
along y-axis. (b) Conversion Graph of Hectares and Acres
(ii) The conversion graph of kilometre against mile is given by (i) The relation between Hectare and Acre is defined as:
640
y = 1.6x (approximately) Hectare = Acres
259
If y represents kilometres and x a mile, then the values x and y = 2.5 Acres (approximately)
are tabulated as: In case when hectare = x and acre = y, then relation between them
is given by the equation, y = 2.5x
x 0 1 2 3 4… If x is represented as hectare along the horizontal axis and y as
y 0 1.6 3.2 4.8 6.4 … Acre along y-axis, the values are tabulated below:

x 0 1 2 3 4…
We plot the points in the xy-plane corresponding to the ordered y 0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10 …
pairs. (0, 0), (1, 1.6), (2, 3.2), (3, 4.8) and (4, 6.4) as shown in figure.
The ordered pairs (0,0), (1, 2.5), (2,5) etc., are plotted as points in
the xy-plane as below and by joining the points the required graph is
obtained:

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9
F = C + 32
5

The values of F at C = 0 is obtained as

9
F = x
5
0 + 32 = 0 + 32 = 32
Similarly,
9
F = x
5 10 + 32 = 18 + 32 = 50,

9
F = x
5
20 + 32 = 36 + 32 = 68,

9
F = x 100 + 32 = 180 + 32 = 212
5
1
(ii) Now the conversion graph is Acre = Hectare is simplified as,
10 2.5
Acre = Hectare
25
We tabulate the values of C and F.
= 0.4 Hectare (approximately)
If Acre is measured along x-axis and hectare along y-axis then C 0° 10° 20° 50° 100° …
y = 0.4x F 32° 50° 68° 122° 212° …
The ordered pairs are tabulated in the following table,
The conversion graph of F with respect to C is shown in figure.
x 0 1 2 3…
y 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 …

The corresponding ordered pairs (0, 0), (1, 0.4), (2, 0.8) etc., are
plotted in the xy-plane, join of which will form the graph of (b)-ii as a
conversion graph of (a)-i:

100 = length of square
Note from the graph that the value of C corresponding to
(i) F = 86° is C = 30° and (ii) F = 104° is C = 40°.
(ii) Now we express C in terms of F for the conversion graph of
C with respect to F as below:
5
C = (F - 32)
9
(c) Conversion Graph of Degrees Celsius and Degrees Fahrenheit The values for F = 68° and F = 176° are
(i) The relation between degree Celsius (C) and degree Fahrenheit (F)
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5 1
C = (68 - 32) = x 36 = 200 Conversion graph x = y
66
of y = 66x can be shown by interchanging
9
and x-axis to y-axis and vice versa.
5 5
C = (176
9
- 32) = (144) =
9
5 x 16 = 800
EXERCISE 8.2
Find out at what temperature will the two readings be same?
9
i.e., F = C + 32 1. Draw the conversion graph between litres and gallons using the
5
relation 9 litres = 2 gallons (approximately), and taking litres along
⇒ ( 9
5
) 4 - 32 x 5 - 40
- 1 C = - 32 ⇒ 5 C = - 32 ⇒ C = =
4
horizontal axis and gallons along vertical axis. From the graph,
To verify at C = −40, we have read
9
F = x
5
(-40) + 32 = 9(-8) + 32 = -72 +32 = -400 (i) the number of gallons in 18 litres
(d) Conversion Graph of US and Pakistani Currency (ii) the number of litres in 8 gallons.
2. On 15.03.2008 the exchange rate of Pakistani currency and Saudi
The Daily News, on a particular day informed the conversion rate
Riyal was as under:
of Pakistani currency to the US$ currency as,
1 S. Riyal = 16.70 Rupees
1 US$ = 66.46 Rupees If Pakistani currency y is an expression of S. Riyal x, expressed
If the Pakistani currency y is an expression of US$ x, expressed under the rule y = 16.70x, then draw the conversion graph between
under the rule these two currencies by taking S. Riyal along x-axis.
y = 66.46x = 66x (approximately) 3. Sketch the graph of each of the following lines.
then draw the conversion graph.
We tabulate the values as below. (a) x − 3y + 2 = 0 (b) 3x − 2y − 1 = 0 (c) 2y − x + 2 = 0
x 1 2 3 4… (d) y − 2x = 0 (e) 3y − 1 = 0 (f) y + 3x = 0
y 66 132 198 264 … (g) 2x + 6 = 0
Plotting the points corresponding to the ordered pairs (x, y) 4. Draw the graph for following relations.
from the above table and joining them provides the currency linear (i) One mile = 1.6 km (ii) One Acre = 0.4 Hectare
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graph of rupees against dollars as shown in the figure. (iii) F = C
5 + 32 (iv) One Rupee = $
86

8.3 Graphical Solution of Linear Equations in

two Variables
We solve here simultaneous linear equations in two variables by
graphical method.
Let the system of equations be,
2x − y = 3, …… (i)
x + 3y = 3. …… (ii)

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Table of Values
x 3
1 y= - + y= x - 2
y = 2x − 3 y = − x+1 2 2
3
x …0 3… x …0 2…
x … 0 1.5 … x …0 3 … y … 1.5 0 … y … −2 0 …
y … −3 0 … y …1 0 …
The points P(0, 1⋅5) and Q(3, 0) of equation (i) are plotted in the
By plotting the points, we get the following graph. plane and the corresponding line l: x + 2y = 3 is traced by joining P
and Q.
Similarly, the line l/: x − y = 2 of (ii) is obtained by plotting the
points P′(0, −2) and Q′(2, 0) in the plane and joining them to trace the
line l/ as below:

The solution of the system is the point R where the lines l and l
meet at, i.e., R(1⋅7, 0⋅4) such that x = 1.7 and y = 0⋅4.
The common point S(2.3, 0.3) on both the lines l and l/ is the
Example required solution of the system.
Solve graphically, the following linear system of two equations
in two variables x and y; EXERCISE 8.3
x + 2y = 3, ……(i)
x − y = 2. ……(ii) Solve the following pair of equations in x and y graphically.

Solution 1. x + y = 0 and 2x − y + 3 = 0 2. x − y + 1 = 0 and x − 2y = −1

The equations (i) and (ii) are represented graphically with the 3. 2x + y = 0 and x + 2y = 2 4. x + y − 1 = 0 and x − y + 1 = 0
help of their points of intersection with the coordinate axes of the 5. 2x + y − 1 = 0 and x = −y
same co-ordinate plane.
The points of intersections of the lines representing equation (i)
and (ii) are given in the following table:

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REVIEW EXERCISE 8
SUMMARY
1. Choose the correct answer.
• An ordered pair is a pair of elements in which elements are written
in specific order.
• The plane framed by two straight lines perpendicular to each other
is called cartesian plane and the lines are called coordinate axes.
2. Identify the following statements as True or False. • The point of intersection of two coordinate axes is called origin.
(i) The point O(0, 0) is in quadrant II. …… • There is a one-to-one correspondence between ordered pair and a
(ii) The point P(2, 0) lies on x-axis. …… point in Cartesian plane and vice versa.
(iii) The graph of x = −2 is a vertical line. …… • Cartesian plane is also known as coordinate plane.
(iv) 3 − y = 0 is a horizontal line. …… • Cartesian plane is divided into four quadrants.
(v) The point Q(−1, 2) is in quadrant III. …… • The x-coordinate of a point is called abcissa and y-coordinate is
(vi) The point R(−1, −2) is in quadrant IV. …… called ordinate.
(vii) y = x is a line on which origin lies. …… • The set of points which lie on the same line are called collinear
(viii) The point P(1, 1) lies on the line x + y = 0. …… points.
(ix) The point S(1, −3) lies in quadrant III. …… 
(x) The point R(0, 1) lies on the x-axis. …
3. Draw the following points on the graph paper.
(−3, −3), (−6, 4), (4, −5), (5, 3)
4. Draw the graph of the following
(i) x = −6 (ii) y = 7

5 9
(iii) x = (iv) y = -
2 2

(v) y = 4x (vi) y = −2x + 1

5. Draw the following graph.
(i) y = 0.62x (ii) y = 2.5x
6. Solve the following equations graphically.

1
(i) x − y = 1, x+ y=
2

(ii) x = 3y, 2x − 3y = −6

1
(iii) (x + y) = 2, ( x - y) =
-1
2
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