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Overview of contents
MAIN SKITL VOCABULARY
TOPIC STRUCTURE FUNCTION
FOCUS AREAS

1 TRAVETTING IN GREAT BRITAIN

On holiday [5J Speaking/ have/get + object + Asking for information

Reading past participle
2 The English landscape (8/ Reading o Tourist facilities Describing places
3 Beauty spots (11) Writing used to + verb o Landscapes
be/get/become used to o Forms of relief
+ Y-ing/N negation
4 North by Northwest (14) Listening o Scottish words
5 Habits and customs (17) all skills
6 Shifting perspectives (20) all skills
7 Privilege and responsibility (24) all skills

2 SOCIAL ISSUES: THE WORLD WE LIVE lN

1 Rights and responsibilities in Speakingrz o Civics Expressing

society (28) Reading agreement
2 People who care (31l Listening It o Social work Expressing reserve
3 Order and chaos (34) Reading There o Counselling Expressing
disagreement
a A dog's life (37) Writing Adverbs for emphasis o Animal idioms
5 A youth-run society (40) all skills
6 Rules of the game & game of all skills
the rules (43)
7 The puzzle of language (47) all skills

3 DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS

1 Masters of our ownfale (51) Speaking o Personality traits Remembering

2 'Let there be lightl' (54) Reading o Inventions Forgetting
3 The inquisitive mind - re- Listening Reminding
inventing the wheel (57)
4 lt's a crazy world (60) Writing/Reading The Gerund Giving opinions 1
5 Nothing will stay the same (63) all skills
6 "The atmosphere of the all skills
mind" (66)
7 A voyage called life (70) all skills

4 ARTS

Responses to art (74) Speaking/ o visual arts

Reading
The sounds of the world and Listening Prepositions o artistic trends
the world of sounds (77) o words of French origin
3 Where does art begln? (80) Writing Giving opinions 2
4 Current issues in art (83) Reading o word formation
o forgery related words
The Arts Guide (86) all skills
6 The map behind the map (89) all skills
7 The search forbeauty (93) all skills

5 IN THE NEWS
lnbrief (97) Speaking It's time .../t's about time . press terms Expressing surprise/
.../ lt's high time o headlines cu riosity/u ncertai nty
probability
The eyes and ears ofsociety (1OO) Listening/ o personality traits
Speaking
Quality or popular? (1OS) Reading o spoken English
o phrasal verbs
4 It's all in the papers (106) Writing o broadsheets vs. Expressing approval/
tabloids relief
5 Youth magazines (109) all skills o advertisements Expressing
indifference
6 Challenging the audience (112) all skills
7 Voices inverse (116) all skills
 MAIN SKILL \ OCABL II RV
TOPIC
FOCUS
STRUCTURE AREIS FUNCTTON

6 CHANGING REALITIES

1 Beaming us into the future (120) Listening ln case vs. if a

2 Inside the machine (123) Reading o: -9,/Disagreeing

o
:
3 The electronic bran (126) Writing a: :r ngl(Building
: -ents)
o-
a'
4 Computers go to work (129) Speaking/
Writing/Reading
5 Gimmicks (132) all skills
6 Crossing the borders (135l all skills
7 A "Brave New World"? (139) all skills

7 CAREERS

School and work - Listening/ O C'S

incompatihle? (143) Speaking a e^-: :,^-=-:
a:,":--^-,'==
2 Survivin g paperw ork ( 1 46) Writing
3 At the cross-roads (149) Speaking Exclamatory words . .a..-- -<, :=_- _: i.:,:ssrng intensity
:"eel ng (Expressing
<^ *plhtnd o
''
:- cnatically)
4 Choices (152) Reading Exclamatory sentences a --....-. - -=

5 Time is money (155) all skills

6 The roaring twenties (I58l all skills
7 Tip of the iceberg (162) all skills

8 THE ENGLISH.SPEAKING WORLD

Whose property is English (166l Reading split infinitives a

a

English today (169)

t
=:
a .3: :i _:^-S
3 English and ... English (172) Listening verbs with two obiects o ''a s: " a'::
O a-I-:i: : :^-S
oB':s-,s :^-:':-'
E.€ s^
O AJSi'a a' ,S 3': s-
-5'
They all speak English (175) Writing o fo.e 3-- .-!=,.1= )escribing people
rp 2tpai n^i
a ph\s ce e33=?'a':e
Bjorn again (178) all skills
6 The sounds of silence f181l all skills
7 Codes? (185) all skills

Tips For Writing A Good Essay (187)

Writing Literary Essays: Writing About Plot (185)

Writing Literary Essays: Writing About Character (189)

Writing Literary Essays: Writing About Theme (190)

Writing Literary Essays: Writing About Point of View (191)

Writing Literary Essays: Writing About Setting (192)
 Traaelling in Great Britain
aaoaaaoaaaaaaaoaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaoaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

Ihe soul of a journey is the liberty to think, feel, do just as one pleases.
William Hazlitt

On holiday

Discussion points.
-l 1 Do you agree with the quotation?
2 What's your main reason for going on holiday?
3 What is your ideal place for a holiday?

-Il
E Matuh the following popular holiday areas in
O Edinburgh
Britain with the corresponding letter on the map.
1, The Lake District B
2 The Highlands
3 Cornwall B

4 The South Coast York O

5 Snowdonia
6 East Anglia
C Stratford-
upon-Avon
A Which three of the following cities taould you r) F

choose to see on a, trip to Britain? g Oxford

CardiffO Canterb
Bath |- Edinburgh _ uB"th n
Brighton Oxford I EO Brighton
D
Canterbury I Stratford-upon-Avon I
Cardiff I York

anl
tr Look at the information about some places to stay on holiday in Britain. Read about the
facilities they olfer and decide which of them the following holiday makers would choose:
'1. a couple travelling by train, interested in city life, cultural events, museums;
2 a businessman who wants to spend a luxury holiday with his family in a quiet spot
but needs to keep in touch with his office;
3 a family with children, fed up with city life and junk food, who want to take riding
Iessons and eat organic food for a fortnight;
4 a family with two children under 12 and a pet dog, who have never been on an island;
5 an elderly couple who will not give up reading the morning papers in the garden or
cooking their own food even on holiday;
6 eight foreign students in a minibus, who want to see the Lake District and are not
very particular about accommodation.

tr Grasmere Vatley Caravan Park

Set within walking distance of the lake.
Providing acres of grass for sports and
recreation. Caravans with twin-bedded
rooms, double-bedded rooms, and bunk-
beds. Cars are not permitted outside the
units except on day of arrival and
departure. Car park available.
Daily guided tours of the lakes.
 tr The Petwood Hotel, Lincoln, famous for its beautiful
gardens and woodland covering over 30 acres.
Refurbished bedrooms with four-poster beds, colour TV,
free video selection, tea and coffee making facilities,
direct dial telephones and fax machines. Restaurant
catering for all tastes. Traditional cream tea served on
the terrace. Superb suites and conference facilities'
B&B nightly from L4O. Weekly half board: prices on
request.

g Argyle Guest House, Edinburgh. ldeally situated: the

rail, bus, and coach stations are only minutes' walk away.
Newly furnished bedrooms with hot beverage-making
facilities. Double rooms with private toilet and shower.
Parking nearby. Sorry, no Pets.
With all your enquiries please send a stamped addressed
envelope.
B&B overnight from LI2.
Weekly B&B t70.

tr Sunshine Cottage, I7fi century thatched cottage

set in seven acres in the peace and quiet of the
countryside. Seven minutes' drive from Oxford' Lots of
old-world charm, yet with modern facilities. Kitchen
recently refurbished and fully equipped. Sunny sheltered
rear garden. Special rates for senior citizens.

tr Otd farmhouse in peaceful setting in Snowdonia

National Park with coastline in front, mountains at the
back. Woods, streams, lovely walks, golf, tennis courts,
swimming pools, fishing, riding nearby. Double and
family bedrooms, sitting-room, colour TV, separate
dining-room. Large garden providing fresh produce for
table. Home-made bread.

E Seaview Camping Site, situated on the south side of

the lsle of Wight; coastal situation with sea view and
private access to beach. Level grass camping area.
Flush toilets, hot showers, shaver points, hairdryer
points, washing-uP room.
Nice play area.
Special rates for children under L2; no charge for car
parking or dogs. Prices on application.

cream tea gustare de dupd amiazd, bunk beds paturi suprapuse

(usually tea, and scones with jam and clotted four-poster beds paturi cu baldlchin
cream) refurbished renovat
scone (un fel de) briogd cu stafide cater for all tastes a szrtisface tt)ate su:turile

twin-bedded room camerf, cu douf, paturi suite /swr:t/ apartament de hotel

double-bedded room camerd cu pat dublu bevera$e /'betrt$/ birutr'rri

#^q E Work in groups. Which of the places aboue would you choose for a holidcry?
Prepare to giue reasons for your choices.
an Rob play.
Student 1: You a,re one of the tourists in Ex. Lil.l. Make arrangementsfor a trip to one
of the places mentioned. Ask for information about the journey,
ac commodation an d facilitie s.
Student 2: You are the trauel agent. Use the information in the texts on page 6 to help
the tourist.
Make use of the Useful Language box and of the Remember box below.

Could I have more

details about ...?
Can I pay in cash/by
credit cardlwhen I

arrive?
How far is ...?
Any chance of ... + ing?
Any idea of ...?
Do you think there
is any objection to
me/my... + ing?
Can we have (our car
washed and serviced)?

0
.D
E Some words and expressions are mainly used in certain set contexts. What do you think
is meant by the following notices and where could Aou see them?

A What is their equtualent in Romanian? Is it a word-for-word translation?

Verb pattensz have/get + Object + Past

Participle
1 This structure can be used to talk
about arranging for things to be done
by other people. The P.P. has a passive
meaning.
e.g. / must have/{et my watch
repaired.
Shoplifters will (= I want my watch to be repaired.)
Almirioft /J Can we have our breakfast served
be prosecuted
L-
to ticket (9) in the room?
hollerr onlf 2 Another meaning is 'to cause to
Check out
time-lla.m. happen'. (only with have)
e.g. We had our windows blown off in
the blast.
You've got me thinking.

3 A similar structure with 'get' means 'to

finish doing something'.
e.g. /t will take me another week to get
Do not go
beyond Private the washing done.
After you've got the kids dressed,
this point property can you make the beds?

Jl You haue just returned from a holid,ay. Write a letter to a friend, in which you refer to
place(s) you haue been, facilities, and what you enjoyed most.
 The English landscape

--
Look at pictures 1-4 and identfy elements that you think are typicctt o.f the English
landscape.

This is what Kazuo Ishiguro, a cotttemporary novelist living in Britain, 1-rites about the
Englislr landscap e in Remains of the DaA, his Booker Prize-winning noyel,
Read the text and underline the main features he mentions. Whici o.f these
fecttures can
be found in the pictures aboue?

The English landscape at its finest possesses a quality that the landscapes of o6er
nations, however more superficially dramatic, inevitably fail to possess. lt is, I belreve, a
quality that witt mark out the Engtish landscape to any objective observer as the nrost
deeply satisfying in the world, and this quality is probably best summed up by the term
"greatness".[...]
And yet, what precisely is this "greatness"? Just where, or in what, does it lie? | would say
that it is the very lack of obvious drama or spectacle that sets the beauty of our land apart.
What is pertinent is the calmness of that beauty, its sense of restraint. lt is as though the
land knows of its own beauty, of its own greatness, and feels no need to shout it.

What wotrld Aou sa!/ makes u "greut" lq,ndscape? Giue examples from Vour trips or
readings.
 the following excerpts A-D, a,nd choose which picture on the preuious page best fits
excerpt. Say what clues helped you to make Uour choices.

tr The land rose and fell in deep folds of green pasture, with patches of woodland. And
everywhere, running up slopes and over ridges, were the stone walls. A folded green
patchwork with stone walls as its seams, liberally sprinkled with the white splodges of
sheep. In some sections, the railway itself was a thing of some beauty. In one long sweep,
the line swung majestically round the shoulders of a hillside, held in by high, curving
limestone walls, then glided clean over a valley across the crest of a towering embankment.
(Up Hill and Down Dale - The Sunday Review, The lndependent, 8 Oct 1995)

tr The River Leem flows out of Norfolk into the Great Ouse. And no one needs telling that
the land in that part of the world is flat. Flat, with an unrelieved and monotonous flatness,
some might say, to drive a man to unquiet and sleep-defeating thoughts. From the raised
banks of the Leem it stretched away to the horizon, its uniform colour, peat-black, varied
only by the crops that grew upon it - grey-green potato leaves, blue-green beet leaves,
yellow-green wheat; its uniform levelness broken only by the furrowed and dead-S!rclght lines
of ditches and drains, which, depending on the state of the sky and the angle of the sun,
ran like silver, copper or golden wires across the fields t...1 A fairy-tale land, after all.
(Waterland by Graham Swift)
g The landscape of Hampshire, Surrey, Sussex and Kent is shaped by a chalk belt which
crosses the region, forming the North and South Downs, two ranges of rolling hills that run
east and south towards the sea - at the easternmost point, the North Downs form the
famous white cliffs of Dover. The countryside of the region is characterised by chalk ridges
cut through by steep, narrow valleys and their rivers, with
small farms, orchards and hop fields. Patches of dense woods
are all that remain of the ancient forests that once covered pasture pdqune
this part of England. dale vAlcea
(Return of the Native by Thomas Hardy) ridge creastd
seams /si:ms/ (aici) borduri
tr What I saw was principally field upon field rolling off into limestone calcar
the far distance. The land rose and fell gently, and the fields embankment mal, terasament
were bordered by hedges and trees. There were dots in some peat-black negru ca t[ciunele
of the distant fields which I assumed to be sheep. To my right, furrowed brdzdat
almost on the horizon, I thought I could see the square tower ditch qanl

of a church. lt was a fine feeling indeed to be standing up drain canal de scurgere

there like that, with the sound of summer all around one and a wire (aici) fir metalic
steep abrupt
light breeze on one's face.
tl
(Remains of the Day by Kazuo lshiguro) l"_o_ :'1 _ol Tii :_d: _h: T: : _

A What aspects of the Engtish landscape can you identifu in the texts aboue?
g Work in groups.
Read the texts again, paying attention to the underlined words. Suggest Romanian
equiualents that would help a person who does not know English to uisualize the
landscapes described.

4I Which excerpt do you prefer? What impression does it make on you? Point out d,euices
that the writer uses to achieue the atmosphere.
0
JTT-
E Excerpts E and F on the next page contain descriptions of moorlands. One is taken from
a trauel magazine, the other is literary. Compare them in terms of:
o stylistic devices I reliance on facts
I atmosphere o objective/subjective tone
I lexical choice o length and rhythm of sentences
.. personal perception and reflection
 tr Like an immense desert [the moors] rolled from east to west, with tracks here and there
across the surface and great hills breaking the skyline. lt was a silent and desolate country,
vast and untouched by human hand; on the high tors the slabs of stone leant agatnst one
another in strange shapes and forms, massive sentinels who had stood there since the
hand of God first fashioned them. t...1 There were long stones that stood on end, balancing
themselves in a queer miraculous way, as though they leant against the wrno: and there
were flat altar-stones whose smooth and polished faces stared up toward the sky, awaittng a
sacrifice that never came. [...] Strange winds blew from nowhere; they crept along the
surface of the grass, and the grass shivered; they breathed upon the little pools of rain in
the hollowed stones, and the pools rippled. Sometimesthewind shouted and cried. andthe
cry echoed in the crevices, and moaned, and was lost again. There was a silence on the
tors that belonged to another age ... and there was a stillness in the air, and a stranger,
older peace, that was not the peace of God. [...] When darkness came it was swift and
sudden, without warning, and an immediate blotting out of the sun. The nrists \!ere
dangerous too, rising in a cloud from the damp ground and closing in about the marshes like
a white barrier.
(Jamaica lnn bY DaPhne du Maurier)

E As a distinct landscape, Dartmoor was first exposed to desolate tleIf i'''.."

',
the elements some 75 million years ago. At that time, the tor r lirt' de ,,lerl :t.ltlatr:
climate was sub-tropical, and chemical and mechanical Sl?b lc'spetl;
weathering attacked its granite outcrops which rose above queer ciudat
evergreen forests. More recently arctic conditions prevailed lean, leant. leant .r :e :pri.lini
over the area and freeze and thaw conditions further broke creep, crept, crePt u se tari
ripple a se ondulu. I face raluri
up the granite. Next came human influence - an 8,000 year
crevice cripritur:i. crc\ i.l5it
history written deeply in the landscape. lf we could all be moan a ge me
buzzards for a few hours and fly over the moor, we would see blotting acoperirc. trbturare
relic landscapes formed of interrelated features; acre upon weatherin$ ertrd.ire
acre of prehistoric field systems, tracks and houses, outcrop fr)rntrtiu ne gettlogica
medieval farmsteads and fields. The wonderful and rare thaw dezghet
survival of so much is due to the ebb and flow of human buzzard vultur
occupation on the moor - a sequence of settlement and farmstead ierm;.i
abandonment, reoccupation and desertion. ebb and flow tlur ri retlux
(Dartmoor Magazine, SPring L992)

A Find words in the excerpts E and F that can be associated with:

JT Giue a Romanian uersion of one of the excerpts in this lesson. Do not go for a word-for-
word translation. Try to render the pictorial quality and the atmosphere of the excerpt'

10
 Beauty spots

-l E Look at the pictures of Cheddar Gorge, read the accompanying aduertisement and
identifu the elements that are specific to this tApe of writing.

Chcddar G,orqc
Breathtaking scenery'
massive limestone cliffs'
and
caves' frozen cascades
mysterious' deep-running and stalagmites'
ltalactites
rivers of rock, giitt"'i"g Gorge
and wildlife' cheddar
foamy rapids, t;;;;i;;ts experience
i t"iq"t and enthralling
and its caves tt'*b;
for visitors of everY age'
September 10 a'm' - 5'30 p'm';
Open every day Easter - p'm'
6i.u"t - Laster 10'30 a'm' - 4'30
you can pre-book an exciting
For the more daring,
Adventure Caving ExPedition'
Cheddar Gorge'
Cheddar Show Caves'
Somerset BS27 3QF
TeI.01934742343

; foamy inspumat enthrafling /n'0rrh4/

, rapids cursuri rapide de apd fermec[tor

A What do you see in Uour mind's eye? Which words in the aduertisement are meant to
haue the greatest impact on the reader: the descriptiue or the factual?

0g Write Aour own aduertisement for one of the following scenes in Romania. Keep in mind
the characteristics Aou identified in 1.1. You maA want to use some of the following
phrases:
o breathtaking scenery I spectacular view r sheltered valleys . wooded mountains
I steep slopes I flowered meadows r bird-watchers' paradise r quiet waters
I picturesque buildings . magnificent sunsets r unique landscapes
o wild marshes r deep silence
all
E Here is a descriptive essay about Clovelly,
an old village owned by the National
Trust. DEVON
Like all essays, the descriptive essay
has as its main parts: the Introduction, the
Body or Development, and the Conclusion. ,a

Skim this essay to identifu its main parts.

c o RN w {^o plymouth

Clovelly - A Trip In Time

Although my
favourite week-
end trip is to the stood on the cold granite steps and gazed
video shop in wonder. The village was like a waterfall,
around the the flower-strewn little cottages seemed to
corner. this time I tumble over one another down both sides of
had decided to the cobbled main street, as it descended in
spend the whole broad steps towards the sea. In the
of Sunday distance I could barely see where the milky
morning visiting sky met the water. There were no boats in
Clovelly for a sight; it was too early for pleasure cruises.
change. Clovelly As I started again towards the pier, the
is a small fishing atmosphere was entirely different. The sun
village situated in was now bright and the air was filled with
the south-west of the soft hum of faraway voices. When I
England, on the finally came round the last curve in the
north coast of road, a totally new sight met my eye: dozens
Devon. of people, old and young, searching
It was a little after ten when I arrived at amongst huge boulders for something which
the entrance gate after a leisurely, I soon saw were pebbles of all shapes and
uneventful drive. The tourist invasion had colours. Tourists at long last!
not started yet; in fact the place was The way back up the same steep cobbled
strangely quiet, yellowish mist hanging onto street woke me completely from my earlier
tree tops and house roofs, mine the only reverie; in fact, Clovelly seemed to be an
human presence in sight. lt was like entirely different place from the little old
stepping back in time. I stood still for a few village that had taken me back in time that
moments, eyes half closed, hearing only the very morning. Tourists all around, cameras
angry cry of the seagulls, as I was trying to flashing, the unfamiliar sound of other
feel the pulse of the place. languages, the laughter of children riding
It was not without difficulty that I indifferent-looking mules, the smell of fresh
shook myself free of this self-induced scones coming out of the little places where
trance and started the long walk downhill. cream teas were being served.
The only thing I could hear was the As I was making my way to the car, even
strange muffled echo of my own more tourists were pouring out of the gift
footsteps on the narrow cobbled street. shops, but I was sure none of them could
Now and then I stopped to peer at a ever buy what I had enjoyed in the peaceful
quaint little house which seemed to have hours of the morning: those unique
come out unspoiled from an illustrated moments of solitude when I had felt the
history book. lt was as if the place had
stood still while all the world had been :: i'_1 :l :i: i: : i 9 l"_'_1't _ _
rushing and rumbling past it. I couldn't help leisurely /'lqeli/ comod, pe indelete
glancing furtively around me, waiting for muffled indbugit
cobbled pietruit (despre pavaj)
someone in medieval dress to call from an quaint neobignuit, vechi gi pitoresc
open door. rumble a hurui
But then, the breeze slowly drove the furtively /'fz:tlli/ pe furig
mist towards the sea, leaving behind a flower-strewn /'stru:n/ acoperit/presdrat cu flori
clearly-focussed scene of unreal beauty. I i bouldet
L---
bolovan i
_____J

t2
 A Read the essay again and answer the follou:ing qttestions:
1 What does the writer insist on: facts or atmosphere?
2 Which details help describe the place?
3 What makes this essay a personal piece of writing?
EI The descriptive essay, like all essays, needs a preparatory stage in which the writer
drafts the main points to be dealt with. However, the writer enjoys more freedom to use
imagination in order to create atmosphere and mood, two basic ingredients of the
descriptive essay.
E Write a possible uersion of the plan drafted by the author for the essaA about
Clouelly.

tr Write an essaA about a place which impressed you on one of your trips. Remember to
make an outline of the mai,n points Vou want to couer. Make Aour essaA as personal as
possible, include euocatiue details, and giue it a catchy title. Use the tips for writing a
good essaV on page L87.

JIII
E Read the following passage about Most of the early tourists(used to)come to Clovelly
Clouelly and answer the questions by steamboats. With the coming of the motor-car,
at the side. the village is no longer isolated from the land.
i) What does this past construction However, as it is built in a very narrow steep
say about the present? valley, donkeys and sledges are still
ii) AnU dffirence from the local people(tQ carry goods up and down the
construction in (i)? cobbled streets. Life goes on at the same slow
iii) Can you replace this with a pace while the villagers try to get(used to)being
sA n onumou s con stru ction ?
'invaded' by holiday makers every summer.

A Read the REMEMBER! box and translate the following sentences into English.
1, Mi-a luat trei zile sd md obiqnuiesc cu liniqtea nefireascd din sdtucul de munte.
2 Ne duceam deseori sd culegem ciuperci cAnd locuiam aproape de padure.
3 Nu md pot obignui cu felul lui ciudat de a reac{iona la glumele celor din jur.
4 Cu timpul te vei obignui sd conduci gi pe vreme de noapte.
5 Nu obignuia sd petreacd atdt de mult timp in orag; ce s-o fi intAmplat?
6 "De obicei ii scriai ori ii dadeai telefon?"
7 "S-a obiqnuit sd meargd la lucru atAt de devreme?" "Da."

USED TO, (pronounced /'ju:st te/) + verb refers Well-dressing

only to past habits or states. The custom of well-
e.g. He used to smoke. (He doesn't smoke any dressing is preserved
more.) almost exclusively in
There used to be a park where they have Derbyshire. lt is the art
built a new supermarket. of decorating wells or
The negative and interrogative forms are built springs with natural
with the auxiliary do (informal style). objects to form pictures
e.g. Did you use to go camping when you were and designs as a thanksgiving for the gift of
in school? water, especially in times of drought. Well-
They didn't use to let rooms but now they dressing almost certainly originated in pagan
have to. sacrifices to water-gods and later acquired
be/get/become USED TO (accustomed to) + strong religious links. A service of blessing the
V-ing/noun shows that someone is so familiar wells is held everywhere and probably three out
with or has experienced something so much of every four pictures have a religious theme.
that it is no longer strange or Well-dressers are anxious to preserve an
new.
e.g. lt was not easy but l've finally become ancient custom which is also a genuine folk-art.
used to the noise of the big city.
That is why well-dressing is also a time for
carnival, brass bands and other attractions.

13
 North by Northwest

--
El Listen to the music on cassette and make brief notes on the ttuo countries, based
on
information you already haue. compare with the class.

Sir Walter Scott

-Il
El Listen to a Scotswoman, Mrs Alice MacKenzie, speaking about places to tuhich she
usually takes her foreign uisitors.
tr Which of the following places are mentioned,? Tick the boxes.

L Glasgow University VG Scott Monument --_l 11 Loch Ness

2 George Square Iz Aberdeen 12 Loch Lomond
3 Holyrood House IB Stirling Castle Ll 13 Loch Leven
4 Edinburgh Castle lle Bannockburn L] 14 Fettes College
5 Princes Street l10 Inverness i 15 St Andrews Cathedral

a Here are pictures of stx places mentioned bg the speaker. Listen again, Iook
for clues,
and write down what each picture represents.

A Glasgow University c E
B D F

ta
a't a a a a a a a a o a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
a a a a a. a a a a a

'1,4
 g Listen again and match:
tr the names of the famous people mentioned to the places with which they are associated:
L Sir Walter Scott o/ Bannockburn
2 Mary, Queen of Scots b/ Stirling
3 King Robert the Bruce c) the Monument in Princes Street
4 Sir William Wallace d) Loch Leven Castle
tr places to their exact location as mentioned:
1 George Square a) on a small island
2 Edinburgh Castle b) in Princes Street
3 Scott Monument c) on a massive solitary rock
4 Stirling Castle d) at the heart of Glasgow
5 Loch Leven Castle e) on a huge granite rock

EI Answer the following questions:

1 Why is Princes Street a major tourist attraction?
2 What architectural style is the Scott Monument built in?
3 What colourful event takes place every August at the gates of Edinburgh Castle?
4 What is the significance of the Battle of Bannockburn in Scottish history?
5 What is Loch Ness famous for?
6 Are religious services still held in St Andrew's Cathedral?

E What dtd yott notice abottt the way words are pronounced by Scottish speakers? Can
you point out some dffirences from standard English pronunciation?

#E These are some of the more commonly used Scottish English words. They feature in the
eight sentences that follow. Answer the questions after each sentence in standard English.
. aye yes I burn stream I ken know I lassie girl
I bairn child o dinna don't o kirk church r loch lake
I ben mountain I glen valley I lad young man .. wee small
r bonny beautiful
1 I phoned the police to tell them about the wee bairn
I had found in front of the kirk. Why did he phone the police?
2 There's Ben Nevis in the distance. What is he looking at?
3 Which is the shortest route to the loch? Where is he going?
4 I dinna ken the answer to that. Does he know the answer?
5 Scotland has always had fine lads and bonny lassies. What is he boasting about?
6 Look at the trout swimming in the burn. Where are the flrsh?
7 The glen is full of heather. Where are the bushes?
8 "Will you join us on the hike?" "Aye!" Is he going with them or not?

Sco Wales

t The country's old name is Caledonia. o The country's Welsh name is Cymru /'kr,mri/
r The patron saint of Scotland is St Andrew. a St David is the oatron saint of Wales.
i lt has the most famous whisky distilleries. ,o All public signs are both in English and Welsh.
i Every clan (tribe, family) has its own tartan. o One fifth of the population speak Welsh.
I Scottish woollens are the finest in the world. o There are four times as many sheep as people.
i Typical names begin with "Mac" or "Mc", a Many Welsh names start with the Gaelic "Ll"
(Gaelic for the son of ...). as in Lloyd, Llewellyn, Llandinam.

15
 0
-Irf
E Read the following excerpt from a trauel book, Bill Bryson's Notes From A Small Island.
Which of the places mentioned bA the ScotsrDoman in Ex. II are also present here?
Alote down any informati,on thut is new to you.

And so I went to Edinburgh. Can there anywhere be a more beautiful city to arrive at by train
early on a crisp, dark November evening? To emerge from the bustling, subterranean bowels
of Waverley Station and find yourself in the very heart of such a glorious city is a happy
experience indeed. I haven't been to Edinburgh for years and had forgotten just how
captivating it can be. Every monument was lit with golden floodlights - the Castle and the
Bank of Scotland headquarters on the hill, the Balmoral Hotel and the Scott Memorial down
below - which gave them a certain eerie grandeur. t...1 | passed the time browsing in the
windows of the many tourist shops that stand along it, reflecting on what a lot of things the
Scots have given the world ... Let me say right here, flat out, that I have the greatest
fondness and admiration for Scotland and her clever, cherry-cheeked people. Did you know
that Scotland produces more university students per capita than any other nation in Europe?
And it has churned out a rollcall of worthies far out of proportion to its modest size -
Stevenson, Watt, Burns, Scott, Conan Doyle, J.M. Barrie, Adam Smith, Alexander Graham
Bell, John Logie Baird, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, to name but a few. Among much else we
owe the Scots are whisky, raincoats, rubber wellies, the bicycle pedal, the telephone,
penicillin, television, [...] and think how insupportable life would be without those.

A Do you know the meaning of these words (1)-(6) from the text? Match them to their
explanations according to the context (a)-(/).
1 crisp a) the important, central and secret parts of a place
2 bustling
3 bowels
4 browsing il
il'*":T{"3ijl,:" :ll-,.,,
5 eerie
6 churn out ;l
ij:-i,ff ;i.1il'fll;T:'n,,,,
g BilI Bryson mentions 10 Scottish personalities. Choose three of them and say what they
are famous for.
4 Translate the text into Romanian.

JIL
E Do you remember hou to use negatiue words in English? Read the short text that follows
and answer the questions.

of the students in our class have visited Scotland, but there is(no)other place
we would rather go to, now, after having heard so much about it. History
better represented and nothing(can) be more interesting than Scottish traditions.

i) Can none be replaced by neither? WhV (not)?

ii) Can not be used instead of no?
iii) Why affirmatiue uerbs here? What about Romanian?
A Insert the right negatiue words in the sentences below. Choose from:
.noone anone Ineither anor Inot.never anolonger.no rnobody anomore
1 We've got ...... time to waste.
2 It was late and there was ...... left to talk to.
3 When we arrived, they were ...... there.
4 I am not interested in politics. ...... is my brother.
5 The twins looked the same,yet...... takes after their parents.
6 There are three night trains for Glasgow but ...... of them stops in Lenzie.
7 I could come up next week, but ...... on Monday.
 ROUND UP Habits and customs

-l Hota do the pictures relate to the British way of lift?

.1

g.t. :
.-n't
5:" ( t

il
A Which of the fottowing do Aou consider to be true of British habits and customs?
The British:
1 carry an umbrella in any kind of 6 are big football fans;
weather; 7 love to talk about the weather;
2 have bacon and eggs for breakfast; 8 do not approve of smoking;
3 refrain from showing emotion in public; t have at least one pet;
4 take a bottle when going to a party; 10 read the largest number of
5 shake hands every time they meet; newspapers in Europe.
tEi
-It E You are going to hear a,n excerpt from BiII Bryson's book Notes from a Small Island.
Listen and write down the main idea and two or three points to support it.

A How does the main idea relate to the title of the book? What is the tone of the writer?

17
 ADRIAN Teacher, I'm always confused by British menus. For example, what is called
Y shepherd's pie is not a pie at all.
TEACHER You're right! British menus can be a real headache for foreigners. Shepherd's pie is
in fact a baked dish made of minced meat covered with ootatoes. Here are some
other examples: ploughman's lunch, which consists of bread, cheese, onion and
pickle; Yorkshire pudding, a mixture of flour, eggs, and milk baked and served with
roast beefi Lancashire hot pot, a mixture of meat, potatoes and onions cooked
slowly together; and cream tea, which, as you already know, consists of scones,
clotted cream and jam, served with tea.

CI
The illustration refers to common British superstitions. Some euents are considered to
-IIf bring good luck, others bad luck. Compare them to their connotations in Romania.

-r<

Did you know?

o 9Oo/o of British families have a garden.
o Tourism is the second most important industry in Britain.
. 650/o of the active population work in services, tourism included.
. National Parks account for a tenth of the countryside, and include 100 parks, 2OO houses and 50
villages.
. The average Briton drinks 90,000 cups of tea in a lifetime and about 100 litres of beer in a year.
o The British are famous for being sweet-toothed: some people eat 8 kilos of chocolate in a year.
. The British now eat more Indian and Chinese food than the traditional fish and chips.

0
-T Here dre some adjectiues and nouns used to describe places. Link them to obtain
euocatiue combinations e.g. mU sterious mountains.
Adjectives Nouns
massive, mysterious, unique, quiet, monotonous, hill, slope, mountain, peak, cliff,
breathtaking, enthralling, steep, magnificent, rock, valley, dale, freld, meadow,
gorgeous, light, quick, wide, narrow, picturesque, path, waters, sea, river, sky,
deep, shallow, flat, wild, serene, rough, calm, huge, horizon, Iight, colour, breeze,
strange, immense, misty, wooded, clear blue, golden wind, skyline, setting, view
scenery, sight, landscape

18
 Here is an example of bad English from a tourist leaflet in which uarious types of
-l mistakes are pointed out for you.
Read the excerpt, ansuer the questions below, and correct the mistakes.

Thanks (1) the hotel placement (2) and hospitality, your trip became (3) quite (4) and tempting.
It's the perfect place for the ones (5) who are here to prn (6) the (7) work, pleasure and rest.
The City Hotel is refurbished (8) and renewed (9), offering all the services and conveniences
specific for (10) 2 stars (11) level: breakfast included in room price, international phone,
telefax, mailing, transport, information and safe-keeping for (12) valuables and luggages (13).
The hotel has 64 rooms. The name itself - The City Hotel - place (14) the hotel on the town
map. lt is in the middle of the town. The opportunities are easy to deduct (15): acces (1G)
to all transport mains (L7), arts and culture institutions, banks, luxury shops, important
organizations. The City Hotel is housing (18) the guests in harmonious (19) and confortable
(20) rooms, endowed (21) with bathrooms (22), phone and TV.

anything missing? 9 ouerlap with 8?

1.a) 1,7 the right word?
b) choice of register? 10 preposition? 18 only now?
2 properly used? 1,1. plural? 19 properly used?
3 why past tense? 1,2 preposition? 20 spelling?
4 quite or quiet? 13 does it haue a plural form? 21 were the rooms born
5 are they known? 14 plural? wtth these facilities?
6 enrol? take part? 15 is something taken awaA 22 seueral for each room?
7 a particular work? from the total?
8 tense? 16 spelling?
s
fEl Translate the following into English with particular attention to the descriptiue quality
of the text. words and phrases in lessons 2 and 3 may help you.
Acel extraordinar eveniment al geologiei este Ceahl[ul! El pare acolo, in depdrtare, un transatlantic
greoi, plutind pe suprafala unui ocean batut de furtund. Asemeni unor valuri pline de furie, se
rostogolesc ceilalli munti spre el, dar rAnd pe rAnd se sfErAmd de coastele-i puternice, ldsAndu-l deasu-
pra, neclintit, uriaq qi masiv.
Sunt insd unele seri grele cdnd, inviluit in ceturi, pierdut de lume gi de steaua polard, rat[cit in negurile
care tot mai dese il inconjoar5, Ceahldul abia mai pluteqte gi pare cd peste noapte se va duce la fund.
(Cartea Oltului by Geo Bogza)

am
Holiday accommodation
The main tourist places are usually crowded with Many people think that Americans always stay
coaches and ice-cream sellers but in the quiet in hotels like the famous Hilton or Holiday Inn
country areas there are many interesting places while on vacation, but many retired Americans
that few tourists find. In the typical English often buy a "motor home". This is a real house
village, the cottages crowd round an old church, on wheels, complete with bedrooms, microwave
which is often full of history. And nearby, there oven, and cable TV. This way they don't have to
might be a big, old house, once lived in by the spend hard-earned dollars on a hotel room or
"squire" and his family, now open to the public. make any definite travel plans. These travellers
There are no coach tours or hotels there. Visitors can enjoy the best of both worlds: the comforts
go to the houses with the B&B signs. lt's more of city life and the beauty of the outdoors at their
fun and much cheaper to stay with a British family. own leisurely pace.

l7T News & Views

News & Views is the title of your project for this year.
Wrtte a small brochure/leaflet to aduertise a tourist spot of your own choice (real or
imaginary). Decide on a suitable format; rurite the holidaA progremme; include: cost,
sights and facilities; make up a booking form. Include euerything in your project
for the
aear.

t9
I :ti
r j{:

Shifting perspectives

Look at the picture. What could the person be?

-l
-Il
E Scan these two excerpts from A Midsummer
Night's Dream (1596) by Wlliam
Shakespeare. They both say the same thing
about the play. What is it?

BorroM I have had a most rare vision. I have had

a dream, past the wit of man to say what
dream it was. Methought I was - there is
no man can tell what. Methought I was,
and methought I had ...

PUcK lf we shadows have offended,

Think but this, and all is mended,
That you have but slumbered here
While these visions did appear.
And this weak and idle theme,
No more yielding but a dream ...

A The plot of A Midsummer lYight's Dream is intricate because the action takes place at
three different levels.
Look at the chart below and work with Aour partner to find out the fiue elements that
are mentioned at aII three leuels and that giue unity to the plot.

Level 1 Oberon and Titania quarrel about their new young page. Oberon
THE PUPPETEERS commands Puck, the elf to use his magic on Titania: there is a herb, 'love-
Oberon and Titania, King in-idleness', whose juice, if dropped into a person's eyes while asleep, will
and Queen of the fairies make that person fall in love with the first living creature seen on waking.
In the woods, on Midsummer Eve, Titania has a 'dream': she is in love
with ass-headed Bottom (see Level 2). Oberon takes pity on Helena (see
Level 3) and tells Puck to use his magic again, this time on Demetrius.

Level 2 Theseus is to marry Hippolyta.

THE PUPPETS Lysander loves Hermia, Hermia loves Lysander, Demetrius loves Hermia,
Theseus, Duke of Athens and Helena loves Demetrius. As Lysander and Hermia are not allowed to
and Hippolyta, Queen of marry, they plan to run away and they meet in the woods on Midsummer
the Amazons, his bride. Eve. Demetrius and Helena follow them. Puck, intending to use his magic
Demetrius, Lysander, on Demetrius (see Level 1), first mistakes Lysander for Demetrius, then
Hermia, Helena - young
people of Athens .
finds Demetrius and now both Lysander and Demetrius
- are in love with
Helena. When the 'dream' is over, Lysander will marry Hermia, and
Demetrius will marrv Helena.

Level They meet in the woods on Midsummer Eve to rehearse Pyramus and
THE MECHANICALS Thisbe, the play they are going to perform at the Duke's wedding. Puck
Quince, Bottom, Snug, plays a trick on Bottom and gives him an ass head: Bottom thinks he has
Snout, Flute, Starveling - a 'dream". a fairy is in love with him (see Level 1).
craftsmen-actors in
Athens

page /per&/ paj Quince /kwns/ gutuie Theseus /'0i:sju:s/

elt /elf/ spiriduq Bottom /'bntam/ fund Hippolyta /hr'pohta/
idleness /'ardlnes/ lene Snug /snr'g/ pldcut, curat Lysander /lat'sr'nde/
ass /a,s/ mdgar Snout /snaut/ bot, rAt
mechanicals /ma' k nntkelz / Starveling,/'sto:vh4/ lihnit
oameni care fac muncd manuald Titania /tar'tente/

20
JITI
E A Midsummer Night's Dream presents seueral ideas on point of utew, or opinion. Read
the excerpts below and work in groups to answer these questions. Quote the words/lines
that support Aour aftsrDers:
1. Is TITANIAs change of point of view complete, none, slight?
2 Are the points of view of the lunatic, the lover and the poet slightly dffirent,
opposed, identical?
3 What role does Shakespeare assign to the poet?
4 Are the adjectives describing the play-within-the-play - tedious and brief, merry and
tragical (tragic) - opposite ones? From your experience of life, would you say that a
thing is best described by opposite adjectives,
as in 'School is both interesting and boring'?

a Haue another look at excerpts A-C and ftnd

which statement (1-4) suits each excerpt. One
statement does not fit.
1, One person can change his/her point of uiew
about something in time.
2 A person neuer changes his/her point of uiew
about something.
3 Dffirent people can haue dffirent points of
uiew about one and the same thing.
4 Different points of uiew about the same thing
maA prouoke deeper thinking about that thing.

tr While under Puck's spell: enamoured /r'named/ inv. indrdgostit

Titania (to Bottom): enthrafled /n'lrc;ld/ poet. subjugat
perforce /pa'fc'.s/ neapdrat, in mod
I pray thee, gentle mortal, sing again.
necesar
Mine ear is much enamoured of thy note;
visage /'vvt$/ tit. figurd, fald
So is mine eye enthralled to thy shape;
lunatic /'lu'.natrk/ lunatec, nebun
And thy fair virtue's force perforce doth move me, compact /kom'prekt/ compact, dens
On the first view, to say, to swear, I love thee. fiantic /'frrentrk/ frenetic, nebun
When she wakes up from her 'dream': to body forth a da formd
Titania: My Oberon! What visions have I seen! mirth /ms:O/ veselie
Methought I was enamoured of an ass.
Oberon: There lies your love.
Titania: How came these things to pass?
O, how mine eyes do loathe his visage now! The RSC
tr Theseus: The lunatic, the lover and the poet, The Royal Shakespeare Company is
Are of imagination all compact. one of Britain's most important theatre
One sees more devils than vast hell can hold: companies, working both in the Royal
Sh akespeare Theatre, Stratford-u pon-
That is the madman. The lover, all as frantic,
Avon and at the Barbican in London.
Sees Helen's beauty in a brow of Egypt.
Although the RSC's repertoire spans
The poet's eye, in a fine frenzy rolling,
four centuries, it is the work of William
Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to Shakespeare, made alive and relevant
heaven; to modern audiences, that has made
And as imagination bodies forth the company famous all over the world.
The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen Director Peter Brooke was one of the
Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing pioneers of modern Shakespearean
A local habitation and a name. staging: he had the actors dress in the
Such tricks hath strong imagination ... fashion of the 1970s, he had the stage
set with 20th century furniture, he
g About the mechanicals' play: replaced 'thou' with 'you', and so on
Theseus: "A tedious brief scene of young Pyramus and he ended up with very
And his love Thisbe; very tragical mirth." contemporary plays.
Merry and tragical! tedious and brief! ln 7970, he staged A Midsummer
That is, hot ice and wondrous strange snow. Night's Dream for the RSC as a circus
How shall we find the concord of this discord? performance.
 0
work in groups to fitl in the gaps in the sentences below: they point to
the complexity of
'in A Midsummer Night's Dream. The chart shows you the ,oupf6 in the ptau.

STAGE 7, when the ptay begins STAGE 2 on Midsummer Eve STAGE 3 when the ptay ends
Oberon & Titania Bottom & Titania Oberon & Titania
Theseus & Hippolyta Theseus & Hippolyta Theseus & Hippolyta
Lysander & Hermia Lysander (Helena) Lysander & Hermia
Demetrius (Hermia) Demetrius & Helena Demetrius & Helena
Helena (Demetrius) Hermia (Lysander) Pyramus & Thisbe

1 The action takes place at three levels: the fairies; the king,s court; the
mechanicals;
all linked by a common locale, ...... (1), a common time, ...... (Z), a common
character,
...... (B), a common theme . (4).
2 At every stage there are ...... (5) couples, the only constant one during the play
being ...... and ...... (6).
3 Level A is written in ...... (7), Level C is written in prose and Level B
is both in verse
and in prose.
4 DREAM, another word for ILLUSION, is a key-word in the understanding
of the play:
the characters mesmerised by ...... (g) believL they had a ,dream, and at the
end of
the play it is also him who tells the audience that it might all have been a dream.
Titania herself has a dream-within_a_dream.
5 The play-within-the-play entitled...... (9) adds to the intricacy of A Midsummer
IVight's Dream.
6 As you saw in Grade 9, Romeo and Julief is the story of "the star-crossed
lovers,, and
it is a tragedy. A Midsummer IVight's Dream is the story of "the ill-matched lovers,,; it
is a ...... (10).
0
Read the two articles below and, work in groups to:
-n
E explain their titles (Look at the INFT on the RSC);
El pna the questions in the texts and, answer them;
E explain the attitud,es adopted, in the two texts towards this RSC. Has the point of uiew
changed in time?

Another RSC? The Gomplete Works of Wiiliam

Ever thought you'd see a three-minute Shakespeare
Hamlet or Richard // performed as an (abridged by John peter/
American football game? How about a The Reduced Shakespeare Company
rap version of Othello or all of reduced me to grateful, near-paralysed
Shakespeare's comedies pressed into a laughter. They perform Shakespeare's 37
five minute story called The Love Boat plays in about 100 minutes.
Goes to Verona? Honey, we shrank the Bard. This three-
The Reduced Shakespeare Company, or man company has that total lack of
RSC (as they like to be called), do this. reverence for Shakespeare that comes
The company consists of three American from real knowledge and respect. The
actors (would British actors dare to do this man who wrote the Rude Mechanicals'
to Shakespeare? Should anyone do this to play in A Midsummer Night's Dream
Shakespeare?). The actors, from San would love them. "We don't have to do
Francisco, California, have been justice to it," one of them says about
performing their own version of the Bard Hamlet, "we just have to do it". Would
since 1981. Most recenily they were seen such a recipe have improved some long-
at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, and have winded productions we've seen over the
been scandalizing teachers of English years? They end with Hamlet played
around the UK ever since with their backwards in 35 seconds. Seeing is
travelling show. believing. Go now.
(English Teaching, 1990) (The Sunday Times, 24 March 1996)

22
Jil News & Views
Write a short newspaper article with one The Moon
of these titles: MOOIV SEIVSITIW? or EYE- A Midsummer Night's Dream is a play under the
WITIVESS COIVFUSED: HAW WE ALL LOST sign of the moon. The word 'moon' appears 28
O(]R SEI{SES?'' times in the play, 3.5 times more than in any
other Shakespearean play. The moon has long
s been a symbol of change, magic and illusion. lt
ltl is associated not only with the tides, but also
with human moodiness. The word 'lunatic'
tr Work in groups to list the steps you take
(madman) derives from the Latin 'luna' and
when Aou are asked to write a literary
connects the idea of madness with the moon.
essaa.

A AIou reacl the GEIYERAL TIPS below and see how manA of the things Aou listed are
mentioned.

also enable you to see new connections

between ideas.
7 Write your essaY in three Parts:
When you write about a piece of literature, INTRODUCTION
there are a few thingls you should remember: Begin with a thesis statement (argument). A
1, lf you want to write clearly, you have to think thesis statement addresses itself to the
clearly. assignment. lt suggests an answer to that
assignment, an answer that the rest of your
2 Writing is a process and you must follow essay will try to discuss. The thesis
certain steps in order to write your literary statement is a summarY of the toPic
essay. sentences that the reader will find in the
3 You are seldom asked to write a global body of the essay. Your thesis statement can
literary analysis of the literary work. Usually, be made up of one or several sentences.
you are asked to focus on a certain aspect BODY
of the literary piece: on plot, character, point This should be brief and clear, no more than
of view, theme, setting, symbol, etc. Your three or four paragraphs. In each paragraph'
essay assignment will probably say: develop further one of the ideas in your
Discuss/Explain the plot/point of view/main thesis statement. Each paragraph should
character in ... and show how ... Make sure contain its own topic sentence, which states
you understand the concepts mentioned in the main rdea of that particular paragraph.
the assignment, such as Plot, theme, The sentences that come after the topic
symbol, elc. sentence must support it and should be
examples, quotations or incidents from the
4 Read your assignment several times and
piece of literature you are writing about.
paraphrase it, in order to make sure you
understand what Vou are asked to write CONCLUSION
about. Conclude with a summary paragraph.
Restate, in different words, the thesis
5 Label diagrams or charts that will help you
statement from your introductory paragraph'
organize your thoughts as you re-read the
Add here your own opinions about the literary
materials at your disposal (the lesson in the piece as well as other considerations you
Student's Book, the connected activities in think fit.
the Activity Book, any other materials that
you have found about the piece of literature) 8 Try to find out why the author chose a certain
with the assignment in mind. Use all type of plot, a certain point of view, etc' and
available materials including the INFO. what the effects of this choice are.
Activities that have no obvious connection Remember that in works of art nothing is
with your assignment may offer new insishts random and that TECHNIQUE ITSELF lS
into it. MEANINGFUL.

6 Make a list of the ideas you want to use in 9 Be brief and to the point. Remember'. "When
your essay and then decide on the order in in doubt, cut it out" and that " Brevity is the
which you want to present them. This list will soul of wit!"

tr Write a 600-word essay to show how the conflicts in A Midsummer Night's Dream make
up a complex but symmetrical plot. Indicate what the elements of this plot are. Use the
Tips on this page and on Page 188.

23
i I Privilege and responsibility

An old man is looking at a photo of himself as a child.

-l Read the following words that come back to haunt
him.
What do you think his story was?
"I o,m not at all happq ds I am. I am disgusted with
my calling and with mA lrfe."
"He is a fellow of great expectations."
"I u)ant to be a gentleman."
"Do you want to be a gentleman to spite her or to
gain her ouer?"

Here is a summdrA of Gteat Expectations, the noael

-Il written by Charles Dickens in 1861. Read it and tell
Aour partner Pip's story from his point of uiew. Use
ds d guide the questions on the right below. Begin
Iike this:
I helped a man out of trouble, but I'm not sure I did
the right thing because he was an escdped conutct.

Pip, an orphan boy, lives with his sister and her blacksmith husband, Charles Dickens 7872-7870
Joe who is his best friend. The novel opens on the marshes in Kent,
PIP'S PROBLEMS:
where Pip helps an escaped convict, Magwitch, to get rid of his chains.
Pip is often taken to play at Satis House where he meets Miss STAGE 1 _ KENT
Havisham, the lady of the house, and Estella, her young ward. Life at t Is it all right to help a convict
Satis House had stopped long ago, on the morning of Miss Havisham's escape the law?
wedding when the groom failed to turn up. Miss Havisham wants 2 What is this new feeling I
revenge and brings up beautiful Estella as a cruel woman.
have for Estella?
When Pip is told that he has a secret benefactor who is going to pay
for his education, he thinks it must be Miss Havisham. These 'great 3 Aren't the two ladies at Satis
expectations', together with his growing fascination with life at Satis House richer, more elegant
House turn him against his friend Joe, whom he now sees as and therefore better than the
'beneath' him. modest and illiterate Joe?
His education as a 'gentlemen' starts in London. At first, Pip leads
STAGE 2 - LONDON
a dissolute life, obsessed by his hopeless love for Estella. Fortunately,
he makes friends with Herbert Pocket, a real gentleman, who has a
4 How can I face my friends
good influence on him. One night Magwitch returns from Australia where now?
he had made his fortune and Pip finds out that the former convict has 5 How can I love a woman
been his secret benefactor all this time and is Estella's father. whose father is a convict?
Magwitch is under the death penalty if he is discovered in England, 6 Should I help anyone escape
so Pip helps him to escape. An old enemy of Magwitch's, Compeyson, the law even if I owe him so
pursues Pip and Magwitch and is killed in a fight. Compeyson is the much?
groom who never turned up at Miss Havisham's wedding. Magwitch is
arrested but dies in prison before the day of execution. His wealth is STAGE 3 _ KENT
confiscated by the Crown and, from now on Pip has to earn his living. 7 Isn't affection more
Back in Kent, Pip is reconciled with Joe. At the ruins of Satis House important than birth or
he runs into Estella, no longer cold or cruel, and they decide to get money?
married.
l::::::1'-iT::lT1
Imarsh /ms:!/ mlaqtind
bfacksmith /'blaksmfi / fierar
The soaps of Victorian England ward /wcld/ pupil([)
Charles Dickens (LBL2-L870) wrote most of his novels in serialized groom /grvm/ mfte
form: newspapers published his novels in instalments and Dickens dissolute /' dsalu:t/ desfrAnat,
wrote the next Sequence according to the letters he received from his imoral
readers. In this way, his novels not only formed but also responded to Maglvitch /'me,gwitt/
the sensibility of his time. The idea of portioning a story into small bits Havisham /hrv{em/
increased the sale of the newspaper publishing the story. lt is what TV Compeyson /' kompelsen/
stations do when broadcasting soap operas nowadays.

24
JTTf
E Dickens, like most Vctorian writers, Lt)us uerll mttclt interested in the social aspects of
Itfe. In groups, read the three excerpts below and decide:
o/ who the narrator is; WARNING!
b) the social categories represented by JOE, MAGWITCH, MISS lf you come across
HAVISHAM and PIP. Try to find out who belongs to some words spelt in a
funny way, do not think
1, the outdated rural world of the PAST it is a misprint!
2 the underground world of the PRESENT Realistic writers often
3 the aristocratic world of the PAST try to reproduce exactly
4 the prosperous world of the PRESENT and the FUTURE the way people speak.
c) what lesson Pip learns from each of the three characters.
For all of the aboue find euidence in the texts to support your answers.

"Broken!"
She uttered the word with an eager look, and
"Pip, dear old chap, life is made of ever so many with strong emphasis, and with a weird smile
partings wedded together, as I may say, and one that had a kind of boast in it.
man's a blacksmith, and one's a whitesmith, "l am tired," said Miss Havisham. "l want
and one's a goldsmith, and one's a diversion, and I have done with men and women.
coppersmith. Divisions among such must come, Play. I sometimes have sick fancies," she went
and must be met as they come. lf there's been on, "and I have a sick fancy that I want to see
fault at all to-day, it's mine. You and me is not some play. There, there!" with an impatient
two figures to be together in London; nor yet movement of the fingers of her right hand; "play,
anywhere else but in private. lt ain't that I am play, play!"
proud, but that I want to be right, as you shall
never see me no more in these clothes. I'm
wrong in these clothes. I'm wrong out of the
forge or the kitchen. You won't find half so much Oh, that he had never come! That he had left me
fault in me if, supposing as you should ever wish at the forge - far from contented, yet, by
to see me, you come and put your head in at the comparison, happy!
"And then, my dear boy, it was a recompense
forge window and see Joe, the blacksmith,
there, at the old anvil, in the old burnt apron, to me, look'ee here, to know in secret that I was
sticking to the old work. And so God bless you, making a gentleman. The blood horses of them
dear old Pip, old chap, God bless you!" colonists might fling up the dust over me as I

I had not been mistaken in my fancy that was walking; what do I say? | says to myself,
there was a simple dignity in him. He touched
'l'm making a better gentleman nor ever you'll
me gently on my forehead, and went out. As be'. When one of 'em says to another, 'He was
soon as I could recover myself sufficiently, I a convict, a few years ago, and is an ignorant,
hurried out after him in the neighbouring streets; common fellow now, for all he's lucky,' what do I

but he was gone. say? | says to myself, 'lf I ain't a gentleman, nor
yet ain't got no learning, I'm the owner of such.
All on you owns stock and land; which on you
owns a brought-up London gentleman?' This way
It was when I stood before her, avoiding her I kep myself a-going."
eyes, that I took note of the surrounding objects He laid his hand on my shoulder, I shuddered
in detail, and saw that her watch had stopped at at the thought that for anything I knew, his hand
twenty minutes to nine, and that a clock in the might be stained with blood.
room had stopped at twenty minutes to nine. "lt warn't easy, Pip, for me to leave them parts,
"Look at me," said Miss Havisham. "You are nor yet it warn't
not afraid of a woman who has never seen the smith /smr9/ fierar
safe. But I held to goldsmith aurar, giuvaergiu
sun since you were born?" it, and the harder
"No. " whitesmith tinichigiu, spoitor
it was, the forge /h:$/ forjlt
"Do you know what I touch here?" she said, stronger I held, for anvil /'renvrl/ nicovall
laying her hands, one upon the other, on her left I was determined, aplon /'erpran/ qort
side. and my mind firm stained /'stend/ pdtat,
"Yes, ma'am. " made up. At last I murdar
"What do I touch?" done it. Dear boy, blood horses cai pur sAnge
"Your heart. " I done it!" afore /a'fr/ inainte

25
 A Read the three excerpts again and in
groups decide what in the text on the right
makes it a correct description of the Detached autobiography
POIIVT OF WEW used in Greal The speaker (not necessarily the writer!) tells
Expectations. about what happened to him in the past. Now
The term 'POINT OF VIEW' here and in he is in a frame of mind that has changed
the following lessons is used in the sense greatly since the time he underwent the
of 'narrative method': it refers to the experience he describes, a frame of mind that
position the narrator (who is not always may even be the result of what he has learned
from the experience. lt is usually the story of
the author) adopts in telling the story.
childhood told many years later.
0
aln
E THE SOCIAL AM THE MORAL. Read this excerpt and utith Aour partnen jind the
attributes that make a gentleman according to Charles Dickens. Do Uou agree with him?

"l am instructed to communicate to him," said Mr. Jaggers, throwing his finger at me
sideways, "that he will come into a handsome property. Further, that it is the desire of the
present possessor of that property, that he be immediately removed from his sphere of life
and from this place, and be brought up as a gentleman - in a word, as a young fellow of
great expectations." (...) "First," said Mr. Jaggers, "you should have some new clothes to
come in, and they should not be working clothes."

E d Read this and decide whether Aou agree with it or not:

Growing up is the individual's progress from acceptance to rejection and then to mature
acceptance. Infants usually accept the people around them without discrimination;
teenagers often reject the people around them without discrimination; mature people tend
to accept the people around them with discrimination.

tr The notions of 'priuilege ' undof 'responsibility' both define a true gentleman. Read the
excerpts at III. 1. again and then complete the text below with a fiue-line paragraph
about Pip's growing into a real gentleman.

CAUGHT IN THE WEB OF FEELINGS

Both Joe and Magwitch love Pip and are generous with him, but Magwitch uses Pip to gratify
his own ambitions. Both Magwitch and Miss Havisham use Pip and carry out experiments
on him, Magwitch wants to defy society: a convict will have created a gentleman. Miss
Havisham wants to defy her destiny: a man has broken her heart, therefore Estella is to
break Pip's heart. But before that she has to turn Pip into a toy.
At first, Pip is caught in a web of feelings: he is afraid of and fascinated by Miss Havisham,
terrorized and disgusted by Magwitch, ashamed of Joe. His values will be set right later,
when he learns acceptance and gratitude.
Pip matures when ...

CI
Listen to this scene and, uith Aour partner, decide tahether it is REALISTIC (presents
-Dtgl reality as it is), ROMAI{TIC (adds to reality to beauttfA it) or GROTESQUE (adds to
reality to make it appear strange).

0
3l Write a 600-word essay to compare und contrast Pip, Joe, Miss Hauisham and Magwitch
and show how Pip's ltfe is influenced by the other three. Indicate what Wctorian ualue(s)
each of them teaches Pip. Use the TIPS on p. 23 and on p. 189.

nm News & Views

Write a short newspaper article wtth one of these titles:
.SON'
o EX JAIL-BIRD DIES IN PRISON OT T ESCAPED PRISONER RESCUED BY

26
 o
alrl England in Victorian Times
E Issues of the time. Read the texts A-D below and, work in groups to decide:
E which text is a general presentation of V,ctorian ttmes;
tr which texts haue speciftc topics and what they are. Choose from:
SLUMS/CHARITY/CHILD TABOUR
E which picture goes best with which text.

tr The factory system needed people willing to work for low wages. lt
was difficult to prevent children from working: poor parents needed
the money and employers needed their labour. Both supported the
system.

tr In thirty years, the population of urban areas in England more than

doubled. Those of London, Manchester, Liverpool and Glasgow were
notorious. Housing was so scarce that three or four families lived in a
single room or cellar.
q The conditions of the poor in Victorian times were horrifying.
Long hours, low wages, child labour, appalling slums and an
almost total neglect of public health produced an urban working
class that was ill-nourished and ignorant. Charles Dickens'
novels bear witness to all of this.

tr Many rich people, among whom was Prince Albert

himself, tried to relieve the misery of the poor but the
problems were too great for private actions of this kind.
Government action was needed but, in the age of self-help,
this was looked upon as interference with personal liberty and
a threat to the economic system.

A People of the time

Role plaA. The text below has been taken from a tourist leaflet. Scan it and assume the
following roles: 3 of you are the guides, one for each 'utalk'. The rest of you are the
tourists. Choose one walk and ask Aour guide 3 questions about it.

Historica,l wa,lks of Lond.on

There's no need to book. Just come along to the meeting place listed at the
correct time'
Walks last about 2 hours and take place rain or shine'
The Jack the RiPPer murder ttial Charles Dickens' London
In the lootsteps of
Travel back to the autumn of 1888 when Charles Dickens loved to walk around
Sherlock Holmes
a series of brutal murders struck terror Victorian London. lt shaped much of his
Follow in the footstePs
and panic into the hearts of Londoners' character and inspired his work - and
of Holmes and Watson,
His identity never discovered, the he shaped much of our view of London
Arthur Conan DoYle's
murderer became known as Jack the as it was in his time. He grew uP and
celebrated detectives, as they sally forth
Ripper. 0n this walk we will follow his spent most of his creative life in the
from2218 Baker Street to Pit
trail of blood through the streets of Capital, borrowing locations and
themselves against the Victorian
London's WhitechaPel and learn the characters from its gaslit streets.
Underworld. Recall their adventures and
horrible manner in which he butchered Following in his footsteps, we trace
their dastardly oPPonents as we
his victims. But whY the legend? Dickens' career f rom his poverty-beset
discover the places which feature in
Placing the murders against the childhood to ultimate success as an
some of Holmes' most fascinating
background of their time, we will international celebrity. 0n the way we
cases - including the corner where the
examine the evidence and the visit the )ld Curiosity S/top, and the
evil Professor Moriarty, the "Napoleon
fascinating theories which surround the places where he worked, lived and met
of Crime," nearly succeeded in
identity of Jack the RiPPer. his friends. The tour concludes outside
disposing of the great detective.
MEET OUTSIDE WHITECHAPEL Dickens' house, now a museum.
MEET OUTSIDE BAKER STREET
UNDERGROUND STATION AT 7.30 PM MEET BY EXIT 1 AT BLACKFBIARS
UNDERGR0UND STATION AT 2'30 Pm
UNOERGROUND STATION AT 2.00 Pm.

27
 11 .t.
JOChAI
'SSU9S:
the u)orld we liue in
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaoooaaaaaoaaaoaaaooaoaaaaaaaaao,

Men are born and will remain free and endowed with equal riflhts.
Declaration of the Rights of Man, Pails, 27 August 1-789

Rights and responsibilities in society

Dtscussion points.
-l 1, What historical event is the famous Declaration of the Rights of Man connected to?
2 Do you know your rights? What about your responsibilities?

Here is the introduction and the list of rights included in the Universal Declaration of
-Il Human Rights adopted and proclaimed by the United Nations on 10 December, 1948.
E Read and rank the rights according to their importance for you. Compdre Aour list with
Aour partner's and discuss any dffirences. You maA use the language in the box.
This Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for
all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society,
t...1 shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and
freedoms and by progressing measure, national and international, to secure their
universal and effective recognition and observance.
1, the right to freedom of opinion and
expression
2 the right to work Expressing agreement
3 the right to welfare and social security ! / RighIl /Ioo true
Yes ! /Yeah !

4 the right to education That's it, (isn't it?)/You're right!

5 the right to freedom of movement and I absolutely agree (with ...)
residence Oh, qu ite/exactly,/defin itely!
6 the right to housing, food, clothing and That's precisely my ... (own)
medical care opinion/view.
the right to freedom of peaceful assembly Expressing reserve
and association OK? Mm/Yes? Could be ... but ...
8 the right to privacy True, but don't you think ...?
9 the right to freedom of thought, Possibly, but you must admit ...
I see what you mean but ...
conscience and religion
That's one way of looking at it, but ...
10 the right to choose how a country is run Yes, but on the other hand, ...
1,1 the right to own property I agree in principle/on the whole,
1,2 the right to be treated equally by the law but... (formal)
13 the right to life, Iiberty and security of Expressi ng disagreement
i

person Nonsense! No way!/Never! (informal) i

1.4 the right to participate in the cultural life You must be joking! E i

of the community ...)

I'm afraid I disagree (with I i

15 the right to a nationality ...

I'm afraid I can't accept Y I

I see things rather differently (myself). (formal)

i
A Work in pairs.
Decide with Aour partner under which of these three headings Aou would place each
"right" from the list aboue.

A Social, economic and B Civil rights C Political rights

cultural rishts

28
-Itf Read uthat some people haue scticl about their rights and
responsibilities.
polling booth cabini de vot
tip the scales a inclina balanta
fiT Identtfu tahat rights they refer to. fine amenda
income tax impozit pe venit
a Which of the speakers mention responsibilities, too? tax-payer contribuabil

E! When I go into a polling booth, I know, as a citizen of the USA, that my vote will be
private, and I've been taughtto believe that myvote counts. After all, lcould be the one who
tips the scales in favor of a candidate. We elect state and county officials, members of
Congress and the President by popular vote, and if any of them fail to do their job properly,
we can have them removed from office. (Scott Catey, Montana)

H My privacy is very important to me, as it is to all Americans. We view our privacy as a

right and we have laws to protectthat right. As long as ldon't do anything illegal, my rightto
privacy is protected by the federal government. My salary is private, credit transactions are
private, all kinds of information about me is kept private. People who illegally try to discover
information about me can be required to pay a fine or even go to jail. (Margaret Huschle,
New York)

tr! Democracy requires governments to keep in touch with the people between elections
and respond to their views, many of which are reflected by pressure groups. Lots of people
support these groups which are free to express their opinions, to organize public
demonstrations, lobby MPs, present petitions to Parliament and government ministers,
organize campaigns. Pressure groups live by publicity. Posters, leaflets, books and
appearances on TV and radio are all used to mobilize support. (Pressure group leader, IJL{)

tr Why do I paytaxes? Well, basically because I'm an honest person. I like to think I'm an
honest person and I should pay taxes. Besides, if I wasn't an honest person and got caught
not paying taxes, I'd go to jail. But aside from that, I have no objection to paying taxes
because llive in Edinburgh, in Scotland, and it's a very old city, it's a very nice city, a very
clean city and it takes taxes to keep it clean. lt has very nice parks, it has very good roads,
they pick up the rubbish, they put out the fires, they arrest all the criminals and all of these
services cost money and the only way they can get it is from the tax-payer. lf, on the other
hand, I am dissatisfied with the amount of income tax charged, I have the right of appeal to
the Commissioners of Incorne Tax. (Julie Dodds, Scoiland)

EI Which of these seueral d,ictionary meanings cJoes the word lobby haue in passage C aboue?

lobby
I (n) a usually large area inside the main entrance of a public building leading to other rooms;
2 (n) (in the British Parliament) a large hall open to the public and used for interviews with MPs;
3 (rr) a group of people who try to persuade politicians on a particular issue;
4 (i') to try to persuade a politician to support or oppose changes to the law.
JID
tr Work in pairs.
Talk to your partner and agree on at least fi,ue responsibttities anA citizen shoulcJ
assume.
A Here is a list of cases of cittil misbehauiour in public which are considerecl olfences in
some countries in the aorld (A) und a list of possible punishments (B). Reacl the lists and
ctnswer the questions:
flrl I throwing chewing gum in the street I picking flowers ffi I fines
in parks o spitting in a public place I dropping litter in I public caning
the street r smoking in non-srnoking areas I spraying I jail sentence
graffiti r using a ghetto blaster in a public place a communitv service
ffi Which of the pttnishments do yott t,hink shottlcl be appliecl in each case?
ffi W'ltich is more important: tlte interests of societll as a ahole or the rights of the
indiuidual?

29
 s
nl This is a poem WH. Auden wrote
about America. Read it and W.H. Auden
unsuer the questions: (Io JS/o7 /M/378
This Marble Monument
What kind of citizen do Yott think
ls erected by the State)
the poem re,fers to? Choose from
He was found by the Bureau of Statistics to be
someone who: One against whom there was no official complaint,
a) fulfils all his duties And all the reports on his conduct agree
b) is indffirent to communitA ltfe That, in the modern sense of an old-fashioned word, he was
c) mocks social conuentions a saint,
d) is an ordinary person For in everything he did he served the Greater Community'
Except for the War till the day he retired
Fudge Motors Inc. = Am. comPanY He worked in a factory and never glot fired,
inc. = incorporated But satisfied his employers, Fudge Motors Inc.
scab netrebnic. escroc Yet he wasn't a scab or odd in his views,
dues taxe, impozit For his Union reports that he paid his dues,
Instalment Plan sistem de plata in rate (Our report on his Union shows it was sound)
the Eugenist = scientist working And our Social Psychology workers found
on improving the general That he was popular with his mates and liked to drink'
characteristics of the human race The press are convlnced that he bought a paper every day
And that his reactions to advertisements were normal in
Which elements in the Poem every way.
Policies taken out in his name prove that he was fully insured,
could be true for anY societY?
And his Health-card shows he was once in a hospital but left
This poem has been described it cured,
as a satire. What do Yott think Both Producers Research and High-Grades Living declare
the object of Attden's satire is: He was fully sensible to the advantages of the Instalment
Plan
American society or the
And had everything necessary to the Modern Man,
indiuidual citizen? Find in stance s
A phonograph, a radio, a car and a frigidaire.
in the text to account for Your Our researchers into Public Opinion are content
uiew. That he held the proper opinions for the time of year;
When there was peace, he was for peace; when there was
What are the strengths and
war, he went.
uteaknesses of the societY He was married and added five children to the population,
described in the Poem? Which our Eugenist says was the right number for a parent
Do happiness and freedom of his generation,
And our teachers report that he never interfered with their
always go together? Do theY
education.
exclude each other? Giue Aour Was he free? Was he happy? The question is absurd:
opinions. Had anything been wrong, we should certainly have heard'

Serving the communitY

About one-third of the adults in Great Britain are Volunteerism ls very important to Americans,
involved rn organizations devoted to serving the either through contributions of money or
community. A majority of these deal with health, contribution of time and labour. Religious groups,
social welfare, education and raising money for educatlonal groups, civic and public
aid to poor countries. Estimates suggest that organizations, the arts and humanities - all of
charities' tncome ls some t17,000 million a these receive volunteer assistance without which
year. In most towns and cittes, Citizens' Advice they would struggle and possibly fail. Most
Bureaux inform people about their rights and Americans volunteer in some capacity. There are
resoonsibilities. Millions of enquirers come to the literally thousands of organizations which
bureaus for help on jobs and social security, but promote educational, medical and welfare
also to get advice on legal, consumer and projects: the American Red Cross, Boy and Girl
financial matters. The service could not exist Scouts of America, the Salvation Army. Groups
without the willingness of trained volunteers to that work internationally include the lnternational
staff the offices. Red Cross and the Peace CorPs.

30
 People who care

Discttssion points.
-l
What would you say are some of the problerns teenagers usually have to face?
Who do you usually talk to when you have problerns?

JII Look at the illttstrations belottt.

Think of the title of the lesson and decide u,hat, ull these professionals haue in common.
What is dffirent abottt the u,uA the socictl utorker cloes his/her job?

)U,
eft

teacher psychoanalyst

social worker doctor

EJ
JTi- You are going to listen to a recording in rvhich an Anerican social worker speaks about
her job.
Listen to the first part and note doun specffic characteristics of this profession.
Listen again and complete the follott,ing sentences uith words you hear. (The number of
spaces shous how many words are needed.)
1 The social worker is a helping professional who tries to understand ..... in
relationships.
2 Social work developed out of a .
3 The profession is oriented towards the dignity and . .... and the right
to ...
n 4 The social worker is seen as the ....., the kind of catalvst or the ...... in the
helping position.
5 Child abuse involves multiple problerns, not just. .... but perhaps...... and
alcoholism and other kinds of ...
Social workers also work in schools and hospitals, helping support ....., in
this case...... and
7 I worked for seven years as a. .... and I found that very exciting because it
allowed me to ..... in the classroorn, it allor,ved me to r,vork with teachers.
with people in the ......, u,ith farnilies.

:ll
 Et The word,s and phrases in the list below can be used to build the proftle of a social
I
worker.
While listening to the second Part of the recording, tick only those that you hear'
1, to like peoPle 11 to clarifY
2 to care about PeoPIe 1,2 to advise
3 to criticize PeoPIe 13 to help people explore for themselves
4 to value peoPle 1,4 to help PeoPle identifY goals
5 not to have Pre-determined ideas 1,5 to helP PeoPle develoP a Plan
6 not to interfere in people's lives 1,6 to guide
7 not to imPose Personal views 17 to be creative
8 not to become over-involved 18 to come uP with new ideas
9 not to be indifferent 19 to be symPathetic
10 to listen 20 to think flexiblY
Which aspects of a social worker's iob do Aou consider dfficult? Why? Is it a iob
gt that
anybody could do?

-T and uniuersities students can beneftt from the qualifted assistance of a

E In many schools
job in an
counsellor. Read what d counsellor has said about the qualities needed for the
article on career counselting. Which qualities are common to the social worken
too?

probably the most important quality a counsellor should have is to be nonludgemental, to

be able to listen to a student and understand what they're saying, even
if it's different from
their own opinions, and to help the person come to some self-understanding.
lt's especially
and what's
important, I think, for young people, because they are so often told what's
right
wrong about what they think and what they feel and what they're doing -
in the kind of
for
music they,re listening to, in the kind of books they're reading - and it's
important a
to do things but
counsellor not to be simply another person who is telling them the right way
for them.
someone who,s listening to them and accepting what they believe is
right
And along with being non-judgemental, it is being accepting of the individual, not
what it is they
imposing one,s own values on that person, but helping them to clarify exactly
want, even if it isn't what you would choose for them if you could'
problems, to be willing to
The counsellor has to feel deeply for young people and their
very often
listen to them and see what it is the students want, and ... it's difficult because
you can't, you have to
you wish you could say, "But if you did this it would be better," and
place, but they need to
accept that it might oe oetter for you if you were in the student's
make their own decisions, they need to find their own way.

who do you think is needed i,n the following situations, u social worker or
a counsellor?
ffi E
Giue redsons for your decision in each case'
I A student flrnds it difficult to learn and concentrate during help
lessons.
with the family
z A student comes to school unprepared and says he has to
business.
3 A gifted student can't make up her mind which profession to choose.
4 A teenager has run away from home several times.
with
5 A child ilent through a traumatic experience and is now unable to communicate
his own Parents.
A child came from another school and finds it difficult to make friends in
his new
6
class.
g qualities would
ffi Which of the two iobs described aboue appeals to you more? What
recommend You for the job?
needed for
ffi El write a short character study of a person aou know usho has the qualities
one of these iobs.

32
JI
tr These sentences contain some common mistakes.
Correct them with the help of the information in
the REMEMBER! box below.
1 My father hates when the music is too loud.
2 I don't know it when the wedding will be.
3 He finds impossible to speak in public.
4 She loves when it snows heavily.
5 He made clear that he didn't like the idea.
6 You've got to try, you owe to yourself.
7 Her accent made a problem for me to
understand.
8 Don't take to heart, it might have been
worse.
9 I was curious to hear what was it he wanted
this time.
10 To get there didn't take us very long.
n To book early is essential before the holidays.

The main functions of IT

- lT used as meaningless subject in sentences - lT used as a preparatory subject for an -ing
referring to: time, weather, temperature, construction:
distances, or current situations. It's been nice talking to you.
It is pouring with rain. It's worth trying several approaches.
It's great! It's no use fighting for a lost cause.
(it = talking to you)
- lT used to emphasize a part of a sentence:
It is the customers who have the final sav in - lT used as a preparatory obiect (usually
the matter. followed by an adjective) introducing an
It was yesterday that I received the parcel. infinitive construction or a clause:
I find it easy to understand English when
- lT used emphatically, in an indirect speech
context: spoken slowly. (it = to understand)
We decided to ask what it was thev wanted We thought it strange that they didn't answer
us to do. our letters. (it = that they didn't answer)

- lT used as a preparatory subject introducing an - lT used in constructions like:

infinitive construction or a clause: I hate it when they quarrel in public.
It took me hours to get there. I like it when it rains.
(it = to get there) I take it you accepted the offer.
It's a pity (that) you couldn't join us He always takes it to heart when his friends
(it = lou couldn't join us) forget about his birthday.

a FiII each space with there or it, depending on

the context.
THERE is used to say that something
1, ...... is a funny look in his eyes these days. exists or is happening or with subjects
2 Hurry, ...... is somebody at the door for you. that have indefinite articles, no article,
3 ...... was slippery on the road last week. indefinite determiners (some), or
4 I'm afraid ...... 's too late now. indefinite determiners (something,
5 I heard you the first time ...... 's no need to nobody).
shout. lT is used when we refer to details, an
6 ...... seems that nothing can stop him now. action, a situation, a person we are
7 Well, ...... may be some tickets left for identifying.
tonight. There's a lot of noise in our street. lt is
8 What's wrong with the heating? ...... is very annoyng.
freezing cold in here! Who was on the phone? lt was your
9 Once upon a time ...... was a king who had cousin Betty.
a beautiful daughter.
Too many things to do at the same time.
10 Come on, ...... must be something you can It's impossible!
do to help.

33
 Order and chaos

-l tr Work in groups.
Suppose you and Your friends uere on a desert island. Agree upon and list ftue
things
Aou would haue to do.
A How did you reach Aour decisions? Has a leader come up?
and
Et These d,re some of the comments on abook called Lord of the Flies. Readthem detective
dectde with aour partner what kind of book it might be. You mau choose from:
story, sciencl fiction, thriller, horror, romance, serious novel, travel book.
"A iiolent tragic story seen through a child's eyes'"
"A classic storA of conflict and suruiual"'
"RCnD, honest and dangerous" "Chilling, impressiue, bruta'L"
,,Afirst-hand ad,uenture story" "A dizzy climax of terron"

4 Check Aour predictions against this sutnfitar!: William Golding (1911--1993)

As a result of an unexplained wartime accident, a was awarded the Nobel Prize
group of English schoolboys are cast away on a for Literature in 1983. His chief
remote and uninhabited tropical island' One of claim to fame is the novel Lord
them, Ralph, takes on the role of leader, and tries to of the Flies, Published in 1954.
ensure their survival by focussing their attention on
basic needs: food, water, shelter and the possibility

to speak at meetings. Jack and his group, however,

ces.

decaying corpse of a parachutist at the top of the

hill, and by 'the beast', a pig's head on a stake in
the forest. Law and order break down as Jack's
group gains the upper hand, and two boys (Piggy and
Si-ott) die as a result of this. Just as Ralph begins
to despair, the boys are rescued by a British ship.

-rlE Read excerpts A-K from the book and decide in

which of them the following are mentioned:
I Thai only some of the boys should make all the
decisions.
2 How the children work together. *.
3 The conch is no longer considered useful.
s
4 The boys' nationalitY.
5 The most imPortant element for their salvation.
6 The rules for organizing life on the island as
stated bY RalPh.
7 How Jack gets rid of his shame and self-
consciousness.
8 Henry's illusion of masterY.
g Roger's behaviour and the reasons for it'

aa ll O t " " " " " " '

,O tr,,' t " " " " " " " " " " " "
,t'O

34
 tr Ralph:'We've got to have special people for looking after the fire. Any day there may be
a ship out there and if we have a signal going they'll come and take us off. And another
thing. We ought to have more rules. Where the conch is, that's a meeting.'
tr Ralph: 'So remember. The rocks for a lavatory. Keep the fire going and smoke showing
as a signal. Don't take fire from the mountain. Take your food up there ... Things are
breaking up. I don't understand why. We began well; we were happy. And then, then people
started getting frightened.'
g Ralph:'We've got to have rules and obey them. After all, we're not savages. We're
English, and the English are best at everything. So we've gotto do the rightthings.'

tr Jack:'We don't need the conch any more. We know who ought to say things. lt's time
some people knew they've got to keep quiet and leave deciding things to the rest of us.'
tr They had built castles in the sand. These castles were about one foot high and were
decorated with shells, withered flowers, and interesting stones. Round the castles was a
complex of marks, tracks, walls, railway lines, that were of significance only if inspected with
the eye at beach-level. The littluns played here, if not happily at least with absorbed
attention; and often as many as three of them would play the same game together.
E Jack knelt, holding the shell of water. A rounded patch of sunlight fell on his face and a
brightness appeared in the depths of the water. He looked in astonishment, no longer at
himself but at an awesome stranger. He spilt the water and leapt to his feet, laughing
excitedly. Beside the Ipool] his sinewy body held up a mask that drew their eyes and
appalled them. He began to dance and his laughter became a bloodthirsty snarling. The
mask was a thing on its own, behind which Jack hid, liberated from shame and self-
consciousness.
g The great Pacific tide was coming in and every few seconds the relatively still water of
the lagoon heaved forwards an inch. There were creatures, tiny transparencies that came in
with the water over the hot, dry sand ... This was fascinating to Henry. He poked about with
a bit of stick ... He became absorbed beyond mere happiness as he felt himself exercising
control over living things. He talked to them, urging them, ordering them. Driven back by the
tide, his footprints became bays in which they were trapped and gave him the illusion of
mastery.

tr Roger stooped, picked up a stone, aimed, and threw it at Henry - threw it to miss. The
stone bounced five yards to Henry's right and fell in the water. Roger gathered a handful of
stones and began to throw them. Yet there was a space round Henry, perhaps six yards in
diameter, into which he dare not throw. Here, invisible
yet strong, was the taboo of the old life. Round the conch /kontJ/ cochilie. ghioc
squatting child was the protection of parents and school littluns l'lttlnnzl = little ones
and policemen and the law. Roger's arm was awesome /'c:sem/ infricogdtor
conditioned by a civilization that knew nothing of him and to appal le'pt:lla inspdimAnta
snarling /s'na:lr1/ rnArdit
was in ruins. tide /tard/ flux
heave lhi;vl a se ridica qi cobori,
tr Ralph:'The fire's the most important thing. Without
impinge
a

the fire we can't be rescued. I'd like to put on war paint poke about a rziscoli, a scormoni
and be a savage. But we must keep the fire burning. The bay /ber/ golf
fire's the most important thing on the island.' to bounce /bai;ns/ a ricoqa
t:_
U Kill the beast! Cut his throat! Spill his blood! L :lT_t lly"ll i :': gPTit:

a Scan the aboue excerpts and identifu words and phrases that express concepts of
order/reason and others pointing to ircational fears and destructiue instincts. List them
in two separate columns.

35
 =E *
g Which of the excerpts can be associated with the idea of reason and which with chaos?
This diagram will help Aou:

reason terror
order chaos
harmony anarchy
co-operation savagery

o
afil Work in pairs.
The commentary and the short excerpt on the left below giue Uou d clue as to the nature
'B9a7t'.
of the 'Beq,st' ii the nouel. The web suggests n9s9ibl9 manifestations of the
Which of them are more frequent in eieryday tift? Suggest possible waas to fight them.
An impiessive scene in the novel occurs when Simon, shortly before he gets killed, has a
hallucination during which he imagines that the pig's head - which the boys took for the
'Beast' - talks to him.
inner evil PhYsical danger
Fancy thinkingthe Beast was something
you could hunt and kill! You knew, didn't
you?
I'm part of you? Close, close, close! l'm
the reason why it's no go? Why things are
what they are? selfishness
ignorance

o
ai1 There are similarities and dffirences between Lord of the Flies andRobinson Crusoe.
The arrow on the lffi showsiht "dornward path" taken by the characters of Golding's
nouel. Giue examples to account for Robinson's "uptDe,rd path" (the arrou) on the right).

E Wrtte dn esscll 600 words) to ansuer Question 7 or 2 below. Make use o/ tfte Tips for
Writing an Essey on Page 187'
E! How is it that an 18th century noael is more opthnistic than a zqth'century one? What
social issues in the zhth-ceniury make Lord of the Flies d pessitnistic book?
A What kind of adults do you think the bogs will bemme after their experiences on the
island?
, %'..,,,,..i'...,.....

36
 A dog's life

Discussion points.
-l 1, Does the title of the lesson suggest a
good life to you? What do you associate
it with?
2 What is the connection with the
pictures?
3 Is there a Romanian equivalent of this
'e expression, "a dog's life"?

a
1e

,or
)vl

-Il
tr Read the following news items carefully. What points do they haue in common? How are
they releuant to the topic of the lesson?

The Times 2 SePtember 1995

I Man starves to
I
death after his
dog is rescued A woman has left her entire f600,000 estate
to the Scottish Society for the prevention of
Cruelty to Animals (SSpCA).
A man whose dog was taken into care because Agnes MacRae, the widow of a surgeon
he could not afford to feed it, was found dead from Portsoy, Grampian, drew up her will
of starvation 17 daYs later. several years ago and she stated that if she
Tim Anstey, 44, had not eaten for 50 days survived her husband and they had no
when he asked a dog warden for help, and gave children or close relatives, her estate would
his dog away saying that he couldn't afford to go to the SSPCA.
keep the dog any longer as he had no money
The money will be used to complete
and no food.
building work on animal welfare centres in
The warden and the police were concerned Glasgow and Hamilton that care for abused.
about the man who was too weak to stand abandoned and stray dogs and cats.
without help, and called the social services'
However, nobody called at the house until the
police were alerted again 17 days later, when
they discovered Mr. Anstey's body'
warden supraveghetor i

stray dog cAine vagabond ,

mortgage ipoteci

A Work in pairs.
TeIl your partner what impressed you most in the news items and explain your own
tiew towards such aspects of lW.

37
 o
-n-
fl As you haue realized, the title of the lesson is idiomatic. The sentences below include
phrases with 'dog'. Read them and explain what they mean.
1 We did not save the latest changes on the computer so all our work went to the dogs.
2 What are you trying to do? Teach an old dog like me new tricks?
3 Don't even think of raising the subject now that he's agreed to have you back. Let
sleeping dogs lie.
4 I didn't enjoy myself. I was sick as a dog throughout the cruise.
5 Believe it or not, sometimes the tail wags the dog.
6 Everything is a mess. As expected, he's made a real dog's breakfast of the whole
business.
7 He's certainly done wrong, yet you shouldn't treat him like a dog.
A Matuh the names of animals with their connotations.
1 vulture a/ someone who for a long period takes advantage of someone else.
2 fox b) someone who cheats someone out of money
3 bookworm (esp. by lending at high rates).
4 guinea pig c) someone who uses someone else's misfortune for their own advantage.
5 (loan) shark d) a hard-working person.
6 beaver e) someone who is very fond, maybe too fond, of reading and study.
7 leech fl someone who deceives others by means of clever tricks.
8 dog g) someone who is the subject of some kind of test.
h) someone who has done something unpleasant or wicked.
aiL My neighbours are a funny lot. They have
ru Read the short text and try to answer the
13 cats, all of them black.(Not only)do
questions at the side.
ey call them by name, but they will also
i) Why does this sentence start with
tell you stories about each of them. In no
aduerb?
circumstances (would they admit)that they
ii) WhA this particular word order? have 1-2 cats too manv.

Adverbs used for emphasis

lf an adverb or adverbial expression (mainly with a negative connotation) is placed at the beginning of a
clause for emphasis, it causes changes in word order (auxiliary verb + subject). Such structures are
rather formal.
e.g. Not only did they spend all their money on their 600 cats, but they ran into debt as well and are
now facing eviction.
Rarely can you find such cases of human devotion; they might be worthy of a better cause.

EI Rewrite the following sentences to make them

more emphatic. Start usith the aduerbials in bold.
1 There have never been so many homeless The British love animals so much that
people. there is a Royal Society for the
2 Employers shouldn't be allowed to use child Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
labour on any condition. (RSPCA) but only a National Society for
3 You rarely see this variety of dog nowadays. the Prevention of Cruelty to Children
4 We realised only then how difficult the (NSPCC). And most supermarkets have
situation was. more shelves of pet food than of baby
5 They not only bought the most expensive food food!
When pet owners travel abroad they
for their cats, but they also took them on
can leave their pets in special dog-
holiday with the family. kennels and "catteries", where the
6 He tried to convince his parents to buy him a pets are well cared for.
dog, but it was in vain.

38
nl Writing a speech.
ro Haue Uou euer had to make a speech? Do you think speakers usually prepare their
speech in aduance? If you were to giue a speech, would you urite it in full beforehand or
just make notes?
A Do you know any phrases typically used in speeches in English? Write down as many as
Aou can think of in two minutes. Share them with the class.
g Work in groups.
Suppose Aou were to giue a speech at a meeting on social and economic problems. What
aspects would you highlight? What remedies would Aou suggest? Brainstorm ideas and
note them down.
n Prepare a speech for your next Engtish c/ass. Record Aour ideas carefulty and make use
of the tips below. Choose one of the following topics.
t' , "Pets, not pests." (subtitled People should not be allowed to haue more than a few pets)
,'..' "There are children who starve in the world of pampered pets."

.,, "The right to starve!"

,': "Are we all equal?"

. Be careful not to mix formal and informal . lntroduce yourself and state the topic of
ways of addressing people. As this is your speech. Decide how to open your
going to be a speech at a meeting, you speech; choosing from:
should be very formal in your choice of The topic of my talk today is ... l'd like to
words and phrases. talk about .../'d like to raise a few
. problems of general interest/... This is a
Choose strong adjectives to impress:
special occasion for me and l'd like to
major, terrible, tremendous,
use it in order to draw your attention to
unacceptable ...
some of the problems ...
. Use superlatives: . Organize your ideas in 'paragraphs' and
one of the biggest/most/!,reatest
give reasons to support them, e.g.:
problems of our time
Paragraph 7
. Use intensifying adverbs: The first thing I would like to say/point
absolutely, truly, simply ... out/ is that ...
. Use strengthening comparative forms: I strongly believe that .../lt is my firm
nowhere near as good, not half/nearly belief that ...
as well ... Paragraph 2
. What is also important/equally important
Stress auxiliary or modal verbs:
is (the fact) that ...
There must be something we can do to
This applies not only to ... but also to ...
Another strong argument for/against ...
There should be a way out.
is that ...
o Sometimes start with the negative for This of course can result in ... or in ...
emphasis: Paragraph 3
By no means should we give up our Here we should think particularly of ...
hope for social justice. One final point I want to make is that ...
. Make use of the emphatic "do": Paragraph 4
I do believe human nature has ln conclusion, I would say that ...
in exh au sti bl e re sou rce s. To conclude with. I think we should ...

39
 ROUND UP A youth-run society

Giving a speech.
-l In the preuious lesson, you learned how to prepare a speech. Now you will haue to make
use of your notes and giue Aour speech in front of your teacher and colleagues. To
eualuate Uour speech, they will use the following criteria:
\.\ organization of content
O relevance of ideas to topic
C, lexical range and appropriacy
O fluency
.,\ accuracy
O pronunciation
O communication skills:
O verbal (intonation, persuasive volce, emphatic devices)
O non-verbal (eye contact, posture, mimicry)
The whole class will take part in the actiuity: they utill listen carefully, eualuate
according to the criteria aboue (descriptors.' excellent, very good, fair, poor), prepare
questions or make comments.

A youth-run society.
-Il Work in groups.
fl How do you feel about a community run by Aoung people? How would it be dffirent
from present-day society? Who would you choose os leader(s)? On what criteria? Record
the group's decisions in writing.
ff Diuide into three groups. Choose one of the following issues (A, B or C), then, brainstorm
ideas and write down at least ftue principles on which Aou would organize your
community.
tr EDUCATTON ET WORK g socrAl JUSTICE

0
Read this excerpt from a newspaper article a,nd, in your groups, decide who ts to blame.
-El
After giving himself up, the teenagertold police: "l'm not really a villain. I was watching a
video where a man robs a shop. That's what made me do it."
0
-nff Look at these pictures. How do they relate to the idea of pouter?

40
a Read the following text in which you will jind two defi,nitions of the word "pou)er"
Which one do Uou agree with?

One afternoon, when I was a little girl, the teacher announced that there would be no school
the next day because the man in the big, old mansion, had died. I was puzzled. Many
people died. Why close the school for this man?
I asked Stuart, who was 13 and usually knew everythinE. "He owned the factory, didn't
he?" Stuart said, amazed at my ignorance. "That's about as powerful as you can get round
here." lsn't that how many of us think of power - the richest man in town, the man who can
control others?
But power has many guises. My father was a kind and gentle country minister in Nova
Scotia. He had neither money, nor fame. No one, I am sure, was ever afraid of him. When
he was 64 years old, he received a letter from a church official in one of his old parishes.
"We hearthatyou will soon be retiring," the man wrote. "Would you come and settle here?
We feel that we'd be a better community having a man whose life is so genuine living
among us."
lmagine changing a community just by being oneself. That is power.

g Work in pairs.
The two poems illustrate how preiudice is often associated with the idea of power Read
them and, with Aour partner, discuss what prejudices they reueal. Share ideas with the
whole class.

lan Serraillier Carl Sandburg

The prisoner was walking round and round the prison yard. I saw a famous man
He had a low forehead and cruel eyes; eating soup
You couldn't trust him anywhere. I saw he was lifting a fat
He dressed up as a judge; he put on a wig and robes broth
And sat in court in the judge's place. Into his mouth with a
And everyone said: spoon.
"What a deep forehead he has, what learned eyes! His name was in the
How wise he looks! newspapers that day
You could trust him anywhere." Spelled out in tall black
The judge was sitting in court in the judge's place. headlines
He had a deep forehead and learned eyes; And thousands of people
You could trust him anywhere. were talking about him.
He dressed up as a prisoner; he put on prisoner's clothes When I saw him
And walked round and round the prison yard. He sat bending his head
And everyone said: over the plate.
"What a low forehead he has, what cruel eyes!
How stupid he looks!
You couldn't trust him anywhere."

Vol untary organizations

Amnesty International was founded by the British lawyer Peter Bennenson in 1961. Now the world's
largest international voluntary organization dealing with human rights, it has 1.1 million members in
more than 150 countries. Since 1961 Amnesty has investigated more than 43,000 cases, of which
most are now closed.
Save the Children, Britain's leading international children's charity, was founded in 1919 to work for
children's rights. lt has now 24 sister organizations around the world. lts founder, Eglantyne Jebb, was
responsible for the drafting of the Declaration of Children's Rights, which was adopted by the League
of Nations in !924, and became enshrined in international law as the cornerstone of the UN
Convention on the Rights of the Chitd in 1999.

41
 power /tpaua(r)/ n I [U] (in people) the ability or

-D
s
Read the following sentences and match the
opportunity to do sth or to act: It is nol in/ within
my power (ie I am unable or not in a position) lo
help you. o I will do euerything in my power lo
help you. 2(a) lul (also powers tpll) a particular
I
word power in each of them to its corresponding ability of the body or mind: He has lost the power of
meaning in the dictionarV entru. speech. o Thedrug affects one's powers of concentra-
all his powers of persuasion. (b)
tion. o He had to use
L Everybody is aware of the immense power powers [pl] all the abilities of a person's body or
the media has nowadaYs. mind: a woman of impressiue intellectual powers o be
at the height of one's pouers (ie when one is
2 Under the law, it is only the judge who has strongest in mind and body). 3 [U] the strength or
energy contained in sth: The ship was helpless
the power to challenge the jurors' verdict. against the power of the storm. o The power of her
3 The ecologists are bound to come to power performance alfected the whole audience. o Thq were
impressed by the power of her arguments. Q note at
sooner or later. srRENGrH. See also FIRE-PowER. 4 tul (a) control
4 Britain was the greatest world power during over others: the power of the law o haue sb in one's
power (ie be able to do what one wishes with sb) o
the latter half of the 19th century. haue power ouer sb/ sb's fu1v72 o fall into sb's power o
5 The storm cause d power cuts and huge He made the mistake of underestimating the power of
the press. (b) take/seize/lose
floodings but there were no casualties. power o The g o Power at the
last election. o been in Pou)er
6 Nobody should be allowed to have total for two ),ears. 5 [C esp p4 a right possessed by or
power over the lives of others. given to a person or group; authority: military/
legal/economic power(s) o The powers of the police
7 He cannot be held responsible as he lacks must be clearly defined. o The President has exceeded
the power to tell right from wrong' his powers (ie has done more than he or she is
allowed or has the right to do). 6 [C] a person,
8 It is amazing how small but full of power group or state with great authority or influence:
some athletes can be. world powers (ie countries with the most influence
in international affairs) o an allied/enemy power. 7
9 Solar and nuclear power are promising tul (a) energy that can used for
ower. (b)
operiting sth: wind/nucle
alternatives to the burning of fossil fuel. the public supply of elect itched off
10 Due to inflation, people's purchasing potuer the power. (c) [attrib] operated by mechanical or
tbrokes/tsteering
elecirical energy: power " 'power
has diminished dramaticallY. tools. (d) (of an engine, etc) capacity or perform-
ance: o car's power of acceleration o boost/increase/
reduce engine power. 8 [C esp singl (mathematics)
3l Trunslate the follouing sentences into English, the result obtained by multiplying a number by
itself a certain number of times: 4 to the power of 3
paying attention to the uses of it and there. is 43 (ie 4 x 4 x4 = 64). 9 [U] the capacity ofa mns(l)
1, Tonul vocii ei ne-a supdrat, nu cuvintele propriu-zise' for making objects appear larger: the power of a
microscope/telescope. 10 tcl a good or evil spirit
2 Glsesc cd este interesant sd lucrezi pe computer. that controls the lives of others: the powers of dark-
3 Nu e destul timp qi pentru distractii. ness (ie the forces of evil or of the Devil) o She
belieued in the existence of a beneuolenl power. W
4 Merita sd insigti, s-ar putea sd ai noroc.
5 Abia ieri am aflat ce s-a intAmplat. From the
6 Nu e mare diferenta intre cele dou[ versiuni ale traducerii. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
7 Era qi timpul sa te hotar6qti.
8 Pdcat cd n-ai putut sa-l faci sd se rizgdndeascd.
9 Tare imi place cAnd povesteqte despre cdldtoriile sale.
10 Era prea mult zgomot in sald; era ca qi cum ar fi vorbit toti odatd.
1,1 Am si am eu grija sa primeascd ce meriti.

IEII News & Views

Design a poster on Young People in Society. Organize your material as follows and make
use of appropriate background drawings/pictures.

N4@GGO
Poevn Bights
Hespottsibilities

((Proverbs ))

42
.bility or
Rules of the game & game of the rules
/within
;ition) lo
,ower to
articular
power of
oncentra-
sion. (b)
body or
wers o be
-l tr Look at the picture on the right, then giue short a,nsu)ers to the following:
n one ls
'ength or
helpless
E What game are the children PIaYing?
,er of her
"hey were tr What part does chance play in a game?
> note at
) control
in one's
E Are rules imPortant in a game? WhY?
vith sb) o
'spouer o
'power of
seize/ lose
oer at the
in power
sed by or
mililary/ hearts/the jack of clubs/the queen of
the police The cards used in a card game come in two red
; exceeded suits, hearts and diamonds; and two black ones, diamonds/the ace of spades/the ten of hearts'
or she is
clubs and spades. Each suit has nine cards Remember also: a pack (Am E. deck) of cards;
a person,
influence: numbered two to ten, and also an ace, a king, a to deal cards (Rom. a impdr[i cirlile); (iolly) ioker,
influence
queen, and a iack or knave. We say the king of trump (Rom. atu).
power. 7
used for
nwer. (b)
iltched oJf
ranical or
vou giue one or two rules for
a If we think of reading as a, game, who are the players? lan down.
c 'power
perform-
ihtt go*e? biscuss them with Aour partner and write them
/ increase/
thematics)
umber by
'ower of 3
-Il THE GAME OF
READING AND OF
f a mns(l)
ower of a STORY TELLING Sir lames Matthew Barrie (7860-7937)
:vil spirit Peter is ever so old, but he is really always the same age, so that does
not
,s of dark-
vil) o She
tr Read this, then with
matter in the least. His age is one week, and though he was born so long ago
ower. Wl aour partner giue he has never had a birthday, nor is there the sli$htest chance of his
ever having
examples of the two one. The reason is that he escaped from being a human when he WaS
seven
From the types of books
Dictionary mentioned in it.
"If the writer has done
his work well, then the
reader will find the
result an acceptable
presentation of realitY.
Thus, works which may
strain (Rom. a forfa)
credulity will be as
make
credible as those which tells me.
e that the foll orY: First I tell it
claim to be realistic." it is quite
to it to me, the a

a Read the excerqt from dif I retell it with

is more his s
go on until no
of Peter Pan'
Peter Pan to see if: on
for instance, the bald narrative and most
a) it presents a of the moral reflections are mine, though
probable, not all, for this boY can be a stern
recognizable and
rg convincing realitY;
b) your experience with
moralist; but the interesting bits about
the ways and customs of babies in the
bird-stage are mostly reminiscences of
temples tdmple
chimney /'tltmni/ coq de
casd
the reading of this David's, recalled by pressing his hands to itchy /'rtli/ care di
his temples and thinking hard.
text observes any of mAncdrime

the rules you gave in

Ex.1.2.
particular is
61 One of the basic rules of frction in general and children's literature in
creating make-believe.
How is make-belieue achieued, in the excerpt? Look for langudge intensifiers, credible
details and persuasiu e std,tements.
 # tr Work uuith Uour partner. Refer to the last paragraph of the excerpt, in which the writer is
making it clear that the story is a personal belonging. Does this also applA to literary
texts in general?

IEJ E Listen to the cassette to see uthat kind of person is presented.

E What gaue you the general idea of the text, in spite of words you did not know?
Z Story-telling is an individual art.
What do you need to master it? Think of your own experience of listening to and
w atching good story -tellers.

ffi tr Imagine the same scene (Ex. ILs) as if you were watching it through a closed window.
You cannot hear a thing. In groups of three, try to act tt out as Aou haue understood it
but without the words (you maA whistle, use gestures, etc.) I
THE GAME OF LANGUAGE The Mother Goose Rhymes
-TTf
tr Work in groups of three. Mother Goose is the imaginary writer of
nursery rhymes (old poems or songs for
E Haue Aou euer played with words? How? children). The first collection of verses
tr Read the box on the right. under this name was published in London
(c. 1765). Twenty-five years later the
E IVow look at the Mother Goose rhymes book was reprinted in the United States.
below. Read the poem allotted to your group.

Sing A Song Of Sixpence

Sing a song of sixpence,
Humpty Dumpty Hey, diddle, diddle, A pocketful of rye,
Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall, The cat and the fiddle, Four-and-twenty blackbi rds
Humpty Dumpty had a great fall; The cow jumped over the moon. Baked in a pie.
All the king's horses The little dog laughed When the pie was opened,
And all the king's men To see such sport, The birds began to sing;
Couldn't put Humpty together And the dish ran away with the Wasn't that a dainty dish
again. spoon. To set before the King!

tr In the same groups, turn the nursery rhymes Limerick

into spoken reports under the heading: Curious A limerick is a type of li$ht verse and
Happenings. a particularly popular fixed-verse form
in English. Edward Lear (1812-88),
a Think of Romanian nurserA rhymes. Do you
who was a painter and a teacher of
find the English ones funny? Why? WhV not? drawing to Queen Victoria, composed a
g Work in the same groups. Read the box on the great many limericks. He popularized
right, then read the limerick allotted to Aour the form in his Book of Nonsense
group, and answer the question: "Are limertcks (1846).
completely deuoid of any logic?".

Limerick 1 Limeilck 2 Limedck 3

There was a young lady of Ham There was an old man of Peru, There once was a man of Bengal
Who hastily jumped on a tram; Who dreamt he was eating his Who was asked to a FancY
As she swiftly embarked, shoe. Dress Ball;
The conductor remarked, He woke in the night He murmured: 'l'll risk it
'Your fare, Miss'; she said, In a terrible fright, And go as a biscuit'
'Yes. I am.' And found it was perfectlY true. But the dog ate him up in the
(Punch, 11 September 1907) hall.
(Punch, 11 September 1907)

ot o a a l a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
"

44
 us
Cl In the same groups, work to find:
',, the pattern of a stanza (number of lines and stressed syllables)
) the pattern of rhyming
l',' the pattern of thought, i.e. what is the idea behind each line? Fill in the two blanks:
first line
second line -
third and fourth lines - develop the peculiarity presented in the second line.
Iifth line - a 'punch line' which provides a witty or unexpected conclusion.
* El Is there a dffirence between'nonsense' and,'senseless'?
GI Nursery Rhymes and Limericks are types of IVOIYSEIVSE VERSE. Defi,ne this type of
literature.
o
ffll
E You are going to read a text entitled The Game of Life. Guess what the text is about,
then read it.

Suppose it were perfectly certain that the life the two players in a game of his or her own. The
and fortune of every one of us would, one day or chess-board is the world, the pieces are the
other, depend upon hls winning or losing a game phenomena of the universe, the ruJes of the
of chess. Don't you think that we should all game are what we call the laws of nature. The
consider it to be a primary duty to learn at least player on the other side is hidden from us. We
the names and the moves of the pieces; to have know that his play is always fair, just and patient.
a notion of a gambit, and a keen eye for all the But we also know, to our cost, that he never
means of giving and getting out of check? Do you overlooks a mistake, or makes the smallest
not think that we should look with a allowance for ignorance. To the man who plays
disapprobation amounting to scorn, upon the well, the highest stakes are paid, with that sort
father who allowed his son, or the state which of overflowing generosity with which the strong
allowed its members, to grow up without knowing shows delight in strength. And one who plays ill
a pawn from a knight? is checkmated - without haste, but without
Yet it is a very plain and elementary truth that remorse.[...] Well, what I mean by "education" is
the life, the fortune, and the happiness of every learning the rules of this mighty game. In other
one of us, and, more or less, of those who are words, education is the instruction of the intellect
connected with us, do depend upon our knowing in the laws of nature, under which name I include
something of the rules of a game infinitely more not merely things and their forces, but men and
difficult and complicated than chess. lt is a their ways, and the fashioning of the affections
game which has been played for untold ages, and of the will into an earnest and loving desire
every man and woman of us being one of to move in harmony with those laws. For me,
education means neither more nor less than
King
Queen this. Anything, which professes to call itself
education must be tried by this standard, and
if it fails to stand the test, I will not call it
education, whatever may be the force of
authority or of numbers upon the other side.

(From Lectures and Lay Sermons by

Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895)

Bishop

gambit /'gnmbfi/ gambit

(mlttarea unei piese Ia Sah
petfint obtinerea unui avantaj
in atac)
Knight stakes ,/stelks/ mizd (la joc)
lemotse /rt'mt:s/ remu$care
to profess /pra'fes/ a
Castle declara
)

45
 Ghess is a game for two players, each of whom starts with 16 pieces (chessmen) which can be moved
according to fixed rules across a chessboard in an attempt to trap (checkmate) the opponent's king.
The chessboard may be also used forthe game of draughts /dro:fts/ (Am E. checkers) Rom. joc dedame.

a WhA did the author choose the game of chess to compare Iift with? Can you think of -l
another game comparison?
g Rewrite the text in the form of an interuiew.
E
n News & Views
Choose from:
E Write a limerick. Illustrate it.
A The Game of Human Lift.
E This game is famous aII ouer the world and it started being ptayed as early as the 16th
century. With Aour partner, think of the rules that may be used for the Victorian Game of
Human Life presented below. What is the purpose of the game?

/ ,/i///tr
---.\

fr

tr In groups of four deuise a board-game that is enjoyable but also has a hidden purpose.
Make Aour own rules.

dice /dars / zar, zaruri (Am E die = a dice) next turn rAndul urmdtor
to throw the dice (fml. to cast the dice) a arunca square pbtrat, cdsu{d (de pe tabla de joc)
zarul/zarurile back to squale number one (gi Ttgurat) dela
board tabld de joc inceput
counter /'kaonta/ piece piesir de.joc to miss a turn a sta o datd
to advance the counter a inainta (cu piesa de joc) to land one's counter on the finish square a
to go backward a se intoarcc (inapoi) ajunge (exact) pe ultima cdsutl
to leave the $ame a ieqi din joc to score (an exact number of squaresl atotaliza

46
 The puzzle of language

Look at these opinions about Gulliver's Travels and say who is right:
Mike, 10: lt's an adventure book!
George, 17: It's a political satire!

-Il Alice's Aduentures in Wonderland, the book written by Lewis Carroll in 1865, can be
read as nonsense literature, as a language puzzle, or as a story of Lgth-century Oxford.

Nonsense literature for children - absurd happenings made funny

gtr Read excerpts 1-3 below and on the next page and work in groups to find six
nonsense/absurd sttuations in them.
h
rf
E Decide what you jind funny in the excerpts and explain why.

ixcenpr 1
-1ere was a table set out under a tree in front of the house, and the March Hare and the Hatter were
-avingtea at it: a Dormouse was sitting between them, fast asleep, and the othertwo were resting
-.^eir elbows on it, and talking over its head. "Very uncomfortable forthe Dormouse," thought Alice;
'cnly, as it's asleep, I suppose it doesn't mind."
-re table was a large one, but the three were all crowded together at one corner of it. "No room! No
'com!" they cried out when they saw Alice coming. "There's plenty of room!" said Alice indignantly,
'rd she sat down in a large arm-chair at one end of the table.
-:lave some wine," the March Hare said in an encouraging tone.
: ice looked all round the table, but there was nothing on it but tea. "l don't see any wine," she
':marked.
'There isn't any," said the March Hare.
-Then it wasn't very civil of you to offer it," said Alice angrily.

excenpr 2
-re Hatter opened his eyes verywide on hearingthis; but all he said was, "Why is a raven like a
,', r'iting-desk?"
-Come, we shall have some fun now!" thought Alice. "l'm glad they've begun asking riddles.
I believe
can guess that," she added aloud.
-Do you mean that you think you can find out the
answer to it?" said the March Hare.
Exactly so," said Alice.
'Then you should say what you mean," the March Hare went on.
i do," Alice hastily replied; "at least- at least I mean what I say-that's the same thing, you know."
\ot the same thing a bit!" said the Hatter.
-You might just as well say that 'l see what I

=at' is the same thing as 'l eat what I see'!"

You might just as well s?y," added the
Hare, "that 'l like what I get' is the
"larchthing as 'l get what I like'!"
same
"You might just as well Soy," added the
Jormouse, who seemed to be talking in its
sleep, "that 'l breathe when I sleep' is the
same thing as 'l sleep when I breathe'!"
'lt is the same thing with you," said the
'latter, and here the conversation dropped,
and the party sat silent for a minute, while
Alice thought over all she could remember
about ravens and writing-desks, which wasn't
nuch.

47
EXCERPT 3
The Hatter was the first to break the silence. "What day of the month is it?" he said, turning to Alice:
he had taken his watch out of his pocket, and was looking at it uneasily, shaking it every now and
then, and holding it to his ear.
Alice considered a little, and then said, "The fourth."
"Two days wrong!" sighed the Hatter.
The March Hare took the watch and looked at it gloomily: then he dipped it into his cup of tea, and
looked at it again.
Alice had been looking over his shoulder with some curiosity. "What a funny watch!" she remarked.
"lt tells the day of the month, and doesn't tell what o'clock it is!"
"Why should it?" muttered the Hatter. "Does your watch tell you what year it is?"
"Of course not," Alice replied very readily: "butthat's because it stays the same yearfor such a long
time together."
"Which is just the case with mine," said the Hatter.
Alice felt dreadfully puzzled. The Hatter's remark seemed to have no meaning in it, and yet it was
certainly English. "l don't quite understand," she said, as politely as she could.
"Have you guessed the riddle yel?" the Hatter said, turning to Alice again.
"No, lgive it up," Alice replied. "What's the answer?" "l haven'tthe slightest idea," said the Hatter.
"Nor 1," said the March Hare.
Alice sighed wearily. "l think you might do something better with the time," she said, "than waste it
asking riddles with no answers."
"lf you knew Time as well as I do," said the Hatter, "you wouldn't talk about wasting it. lt's him."
"l don't know what you mean," said Alice.
"Of course you don't!" the Hatter said, tossing his head contemptuously. "l dare say you never even
spoke to Time!"
"Perhaps not," Alice cautiously replied: "but I know I have to beattime when I learn music."
"Ah! that accounts for it," said the Hatter. "He won't stand beating. Now, if you only kept on good
terms with him, he'd do almost anything you liked with the clock. For instance, suppose it were nine
o'clock in the morning, just time to begin lessons: you'd only have to whisper a hint to Time, and
round goes the clock in a twinkling! Half-past one, time for dinner!"
("1 only wish it was," the March Hare said to itself in a whisper.)
"That would be grand, certainly," said Alice thoughtfully: "but then - | shouldn't be hungry for it, you
know."
"Not atfirst, perhaps," said the Hatter: "butyou could keep itto half-past one as long as you liked."
A bright idea came into Alice's head. "ls that the reason so many tea-things are put out here?" she
asked.
"Yes,that's it," said the Hatter with a sigh: "it's always tea-time, and we've no time to wash the
things between whiles." (Abridged)

#E Many 19th century novels had a

message in their titles, e.g. Jane
Austen's Pride and Preiudice or Sense
and Sensibility.
Giue such a title fo Alice. The words in
the box might help you.

reason insanity madness lunacy

illusion common-sense sensibility
fancy imagination

#E Read the following quote and in groups

decide whether Uou agree with it or not,
and why. The words in the box aboue
mighr help.
"The last leuel of metaphor in the Alice
books is this: that life, uiewed rationally,
Alice Liddell as a beggar Lewis Carroll/Charles
and without illusion, appears to be a Dodgson (7832-7898), a
child, a study made by
nonsense tale." (Martin Gardner) Dodgson in 1-858 photograph of 7863

48
t
Jfif A langua ge ptuzzle - game with words and a very modern commentary on language
and literature

3l Work in groups and decide in tahich of the aboue three excerpts you ftnd the ideas
(a)-(e) below about LAMUAGE and TIME. Quote the lines to support your choice.
a) Sometimes people speak to each other without communicating.
b) The meaning of a sentence/phrase comes from word-order. The same words, if
ordered differently, will give another meaning to the sentence/phrase.
c) Sometimes an unexpected juxtaposition, the setting side by side of words creates a
new and striking effect.
d) Context is important for meaning. A sentence may be grammatically correct but it
will have no meaning if the context is inappropriate. This is how nonsense/absurd
Iiterature is written.
e) Time is not only chronological. There is such a thing
as psychological time. This is personal and can make "Mine is a long and sad
you perceive some events as taking place in a tale!" said the Mouse,
longer/shorter time than the clock will record: turning to Alice and
sometimes one class may seem longer than another, sighing.
"lt is a long tail, certainly,"
though both last for 50 minutes!
said Alice, looking down
with wonder at the
E -'t Listen to Mouse's tail; "but why do
Jabberwocky, you call it sad?" And she
a poem mana Lewis Carroll kept on pluzzling about it
Vctorians delighted Twas brillig, and the slithy toves while the Mouse was
in, and then try Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; speaking, so that her idea
to read the jirst All mimsy were the borogoves, of the tale was something
stanza yourself: Iike this:
And the mome raths outgrabe.

" Fury said to a

L-r Answ er these questions: mouse, That he
1, Is this poem written in English? How do you know? met in the
2 Do the sentences look grammatically correct? house,
3 Do they have any meaning? If so, what? 'Let us
4 What part of speech is each underlined word? How both go to
do you know? law : ,f will
prosecute
5 What is the point of interest of the poem: the subject you. Come,
matter or the language? Why do you think Lewis I'll take no
Carroll wrote it? denial; We
must have a
1ili The excerpt on the right contains two word-games: a trial: For
pair of homonyrns and a pattern poem. really this
morning I've
Read the text and with Aour partner: nothing
1 find the homonyms; to d.o.'
2 explain what a pattern poem is; Said the
mouse to the
3 find which of the ideas in (a)-(e) in Ex. III.1 are cur, , Such
a trial,
illustrated here. dear Sir,
:fl Write a 600-word essay on the theme:
*LW, uiewed
no jury
With
or judge,
rationally, and without illusion, appears to be a would be
nonsense tale." Use the TIPS on p.23 and on p.190. wasting
our
breath.'
'I'll judge,
be
I'll ,
o"rodlia
cunnlng
Dada poetry . p,,r$
Fu,v:
This European movement was established by Hugo Ball, Emmy t"*til3,"
."u."?,a
Hennings and Tristan fzara in Zurich in 1916. The collective @Ddeu
name for the group, 'Dada', was chosen randomly from a ,fl
d€atL''
dictionary and meant 'hobbyhorse'. The Dada poets expected
the readers to find Ihe/a meaning in their poems.

49
 A story of Oxford - people and facts known to the 19th-century Oxford community

Read the texts below and work in groups to decide:

in which of the texts you find information about: c) other Oxford people in the 1860s
a) how Alice was written d) Victorian occupational hazards
b) Lewis Carroll e) mathematics and literature
* which of the three excerpts on pages 47-48text D below refers to; I
, " whether Alice is a 'key novel' (one in which the characters are actual persons).
I
tr Alice was the daughter of Henry George Liddell, Dean of Christ Church College, Oxford.
She was born in 1852 and grew up in the college where Charles Dodgson (Dodo in the
book), the mathematics lecturer, was a friend.
tr On 4 July L862, Charles Dodgson and the three Liddell sisters went on a memorable
excursion. As they rowed up the Thames, he started on Alice's adventures. When they were
back at the college, Alice asked him to write down the story. Two years later, she received
the finished version of Atice's Adventures LLnderground as a "Christmas present to a Dear
Child in memory of a Summer's day". Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, with the famous T
illustrations by Sir John Tenniel, came out on 4 July 1865.
q When the tales Dodgson wrote for Alice became famous, he avoided publicity and letters
addressed to Lewis Carroll, Christ Church, Oxford were returned to the post office "not
known". Many people, including Queen Victoria, knew his secret and awaited fresh
masterpieces of nonsense from Christ Church, but what they got was An Elementary
Treatise on Determinants.
E Alice's adventure took place on 4 May, her birthday. On 4 May, 1862 there was exactly
two days' difference between the lunar and calendar months. This suggests that the Mad
Hatter's watch ran on lunar time and accounts for his remark that his watch "is two days
wrong". HiS "lunar" watch alsO aSSOciateS him with "lunacy", (madnesS).
tr For a time it was believed that the Hatter was a burlesque of Prime Minister Gladstone.
But Carroll drew on somebody else: a Mr Theophilus Carter, a furniture dealer in the High
Street of Oxford. He was known as the Mad Hatter partly because he always wore a top hat
and parily because he was full of eccentric inventions. His most famous was an alarm bed
that flung the sleeper onto the floor to awaken him (it had been on show at the Great
Exhibition of 1851). This explains why Carroll's Hatter is obsessed with time and with
waking up the sleePy Dormouse.
E "Mad as a hatter" has its origin to the fact that hatters actually did go mad. The
mercury used in treating felt (a practice now prohibited by law) caused mercury poisoning,
which, in advanced stages, led to hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms.
(After Martin Gardner, ed., The Annotated Alice)

Oxford today

News & Views

Write a short newspaper article with one of these headlines: Report from Oxford:
l}-Year Old Tells Incredible Story or "|.Z-Year Old Lives Dream.

50
 Discoueries and
inentions
aaaoaaaaaaaaoaaaaaaaaaaaaaoaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaoaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

r0s New ideas go through three stages.

S 1 lt's impossible - don't waste my time!'
2 lt's possible but not worth doing.'

t Masters of our own fate

3 | always said it was a good idea.'
Science-fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke

Discussion points.
-l '1, What are the qualities necessary in order to label something an "invention"? Explain
why.
2 Why do you think the 20th century has produced more inventions than earlier
centuries?
3 To what extent do you believe an inventor can be held responsible for the
consequences of his/trer invention?

alll 2
Match the captions and the pictures below.
Discuss the aduantages brought about by the inuentions shown and try to place them
in time. Haue they deueloped from their initial stage?
Morse telegraph recorder Oskar Barnack's original 35 mm Leica camera
Edison's first phonograph The'Ariel' bicvcle

o o

JlIf Work in pairs. Look at the list of ndmes and dates and try to say ushat
inu entions/discou eries these people w ere responsible for.
Galileo Galilei (Italy), 1592 K. Benz + G. Daimler (Germany), 1885
Luigi Galvani (Italy), 1781, King C. Gillette (USA), 1895
Samuel B. Morse (USA), 1838 Gogu Constantinescu (Rom), 1920
Alfred Nobel (Sweden), L866 Alexander Fleming (UK), 1928
Alexander G. Bell (UK), 1876 Henri Coandd (Rom.), 1910

51
-ntr Column A lists some of the qualities an inuentor might need. Match them with their
explanation in column B. Add more qualities and explanations.
trtr
,],
will-power a) concerned with doing practical things
2 down-to-earthness b) showing no emotion or surprise
3 perseverance c) very strong determination to keep
4 matter-of-factness trying
5 determination d) cleverness at inventing new things
6 ingenuity e) the will to do what one wants
7 idealism J) decision to do something
8 independence of thinking s) thinking and acting autonomously
9 i) behaviour according to one's ideals
10 j)
1,1, k)
U

E Prioritize your list.

El tn groups of six to eight, compdre your findings.
tr Report to the rest of the class the fiue most important qualities according to Aour group.
Write them on the blackboard.
El as a class, decide which are the fiue major qualities. Keep a record of the c/ass's
decision, which you will need in Lesson 2.

o
r HOW INVENTIVE ARE YOU?
In groups of four to seven you all receive the same task.
tr Think of how mana:
a/ possible uses you can find for a mug,
b) ways you can find of recovering your house keys which you have dropped down a
drain,
c) ways you can find of opening a bottle of juice without an opener,
d) ways you can find of getting a letter to someone who is closely watched, without the
guards' knowledge,
e) ways you can find of getting the money you need in order to start printing your
school's magazine/enriching the school library.
A Read out your group's list of ideas and write them on the blackboard.
El as a class agree upon senen ideas which Aou consider the most original or the most
practical from the complete list.
tr Rank them.
E The originators of the best ideas reueal their identity. A round of applause for them!

As the inventor of dynamite, Alfred Nobel, a moody yet idealistic Swede, had become a millionaire.
When Nobel's older brother, Ludwig died of heart trouble on April L2, 1'888, a leading French
newspaper misread the report and ran an obituary of Alfred Nobel, calling him 'a merchant of death'.
Upon seeing the obituary Nobel was stunned, not by the premature announcement of his passing but
by the realization that, in the end, he would be considered nothing more than a merchant of death. The
printed summary of his life reflected none of his hopes for humanity, his love of his fellow beings, his
generosity. The need to repair this false picture was one of several factors that led Alfred Nobel to
establish, in his will, the Nobel Prize awards to be given to those who did the most in advancing the
causes of peace, literature, and the sciences.
(From D. Wallenchinsky and l. Wallace,
The Book of Lists)

52
tE
E Practise the following three d,ialogues, bringing each Remembering, Forgetting,
conuersdtion to a natural end. If necessary make use of the Reminding
Useful Language box. I can never remember to ...
7 I've just remembered ...
A: I can't ...... who the inventor of the first long-range missile It has just dawned upon me
was, could you help me? that...
I now realize that ...
B: Of course, it was the German-American Werner von Braun. Oh, I'm so sorry, I really
A: Could you also ...... me what important mission he was in forgot (to) ...
charge of? I'm so sorry I forgot (to) ...
B: You are right. There was something else as well, but I'm I've left my ...
afraid I ...... I'm sorry, it slipped my
2 mind
A: Do you happen to know ...? I was just reminded that ...
B: No, sorry, unfortunately ... Don't forget to remind me
that...
A: You were constantly reminded......
Remind me not to forget
B: Oh, yes, you are right. I now realize ... (to) ...
A: In our business, one isn't allowed to ... I keep forgetting (to) ...
3 Don't let me forget to ...
A: Do you think you could grve me Professor Brown's address? Remind me to ...
B: Well, I'm sorry, I ... Thanks for jogging my
A: But at least the phone number at the Research Institute. __T:l"iI
B: Oh, I now realize I must have ...
A: You keep ...
#
a Work in pairs
Make dialogues based on the following roles and situations, using appropriate phrases
from the Usefiil Language box. The last one has been done for you.
O secretary - boss (about an appointment)
O teacher - student (about homework)
O friend - friend (about the time of a meeting)
O mother - son (about a purchase from a shop)
e.g. Mother: Did you remember to get some fruit juice?
Son: Sorry, it slipped my mind completely.
Mother: You've got holes in your head! \{hy do I have to remind you about
everything?
o
tr'l
tr In groups of six to eight talk about inaentions and discoueries that haue changed our
liaes and the hfe of our planet. You might need expressions from the Useftrl Language
box.
E Think and write down ideas connected with the headings below.
tr Discuss Uour ideas and make a note of the route the conuersation takes.
E Report anything interesting back to the class.
a Erpand upon these ideas in your own essay. You mau choose one of the headings below:
O 'NECESSITY IS THE MOTHER OF INVENTION'
O "ALL THAT GLITTERS IS NOT GOLD"
O "THE ROAD TO HELL IS PAVED WITH GOOD INTENTIONS"
Make use of the Tips for Writing an Essay on page L87.

a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a aa a a aa a a aa a a a a a,\

53
 'Let there be light!'

Discussion points.
-l 1 Giue examples of thtngs around us which were inuented by Edison.
2 Do tae really depend on his inuentions? Explain why.

-Il
EI You are going to read a text reuealing some less-known aspects of the lrfe of this world-
famous inuentor. As you read decide:
1 Which of the qualities agreed by the class in Er. IV of the last lesson did Edison
haue?
2 How else would you characterize him? Choose from:
c greedy c inquisitiue c neglectful : idealistic . pAromaniac ; hot-headed
: dishonest ; persistent c down-to-earth c stubborn . ouerconftdent
He was a maverick, the scrawny boy with the round With only the vaguest notion of how this could be
face, big! blue eyes and broad brow. Mischievous and done, Edison announced with confidence that he'd
inquisitive, six-year-old Tom Edison set the family barn have the answer in just six weeks. The news created
on fire Just to see what it would do' and tried to a sensation; stocks of $aslight companies flickered in
make a friend fly by feeding him a gas producing floom. But, though he worked himself up to 20 hours
laxative. a day the solution wasn't to come for more than a
When he was sent to school he just couldn't year. He tried dozens of different materials as
conform to the routine, so, his mother, a former filaments, including gold, nickel, a fishline and
teacher, began tutoring him at home and soon had coconut hair. In the autumn of 1879, Edison
him reading Shakespeare, Dickens and Gibbon. At discovered that a charred cotton thread would glow
the age of 12 Thomas Alva Edison launched his for t3$ hours. On New Year's Eve, a crowd
business career, hawking newspapers and sundries Sathered in front of his house to see strings of the
on the train that ran between his hometown and magical new lights burning brightly in and around
Detroit. He experimented with chemicals in the Edison's lab.
baggage car until his makeshift lab caught fire' Amid wild public excitement Edison desi$ned in the
Between each daily run, he read in a Detroit library. years to follow lamps, screw-in-sockets, light switches'
"l started with the first book on the bottom shelf and insulated wire, metres, fuses, even the central power
went through the lot, one by one," he boasted later' station.
In the 1860s Edison roamed the country as a The year 1900 saw 24 million bulbs carrying out
telegraph operator. He often neglected his duties to Edison's promise of 'electric light so cheap that only
use the lines for experiments - and once blew up a the rich will be able to burn candles.'
telegraph station while tinkering with a battery.
Hotheaded and stubborn, he never kept a job for long. -'l

Little by little he devoted all his time to maverick /'mavartk / rebel,nonconformist

experiments. In 1869 he patented his first invention: scrawny /'skrc:m/ sldbdnog, uscdtiv
an electric vote counter. When he couldn't find a brow /brau/ frunte
buyer he formulated a policy he followed the rest of mischievous /'mrsJrves/ rdut[cios
his life: "Anything that won't sell, I don't want to inquisitive /n'kwrzatrv/ iscoditor
invent." From his "invention factory" came hundreds routine /r:u;'ti'^n/ rutind
of products. Edison came upon many of his inventions to tutor /'tju:ta(r)/ a instrui, a medita, a pregdti
while looking for something else. His ability to to launch /b:ntl/ a lansa
transform one invention into another invention by to hawk /hc:k/ a face comert ambulant, a rdspAndi
mutation, rather than flashes of inspiration, produced sundries /'sr'ndrv/ lucruri diverse
the phonograph as well as the incandescent light' makeshift /'merk[ft/ surogat, paliatic, simulacru
motion picture projector, and a microphone-like to roam /reum/ a hoindri, a rdtdci, a cutreiera
carbon transmitter that improved the telephone's to tinker /'ttqke(r)/ a drege, a megteri
audibility. to turn one's attention /'ten w,rnz e'tenJn/ a-gi
In 1878 he turned his attention to perfecting a indrepta atenlia
safe and inexpensive electric light to replace oil to envision /In'vi3n/ apreconiza
lamps and gaslight. He was only 31. What he charred /tlo:d/ ars, innegrit, carbonizat
envisaged was a flameless, glowing filament inside screw-in-socket /'sokrt/ prrzd fixd,, cu imp[mAntare
a small, enclosed globe. He would wire his to insufate /'rnsjuleit/ aizola
incandescent lamps so that each could be turned on
and off separately.

54
 m Read the text again. Are the foltowing statements True (T) or False (F)? Write T or F in
the space prouided hy each statement.
1' ...... Six-year-old Tom Edison was an obedient, round-faced, blue-eved, broad-browed
boy.
2 ...... It was his mother, a former school teacher, who helped him with his lessons.
3 ...... Edison started his business career at the age of 12.
4 ...... He was a self-made-man who boasted of having read a lot.
5 ...... Because of his temper, he never succeeded in keeping a job for a longer time.
6 ...... Edison always made sure that his inventions would sell well.
vld- 7 ...... Many of his inventions were made by mistake.
8 ...... Edison promised that he would solve the problem of cheap electric light in six
weeks and he did so.
TS Put the following euents from the text in the correct ord,er lVumber them
from 1-.8 in
Aour notebooks.
a) In 1878, Thomas Alva Edison decided to invent incandescent lamps that could be
turned on and off separately.
b) Little by little he devoted all his time to experiments.
to c) In 1869 he patented an electric vote-counter, his first invention.
I
dJ Edison discovered that a charred cotton thread would glow for a long period of time.
ed e) By 1900 many million bulbs carrying cheap electric light had been pioduced.
din
urs
fl When Edison was six, he set the family barn on fire'Just to see what it would do".
g) As a telegraph operator, Edison roamed the country.
h) He used to experiment with chemicals in the baggage car until it caught fire.
ur^
1n_

rt which of the following subjects are not mentioned in the text.

1, Little
Edison's punishment for his pranks.
2 Details concerning his character and behaviour.
3 His father's opinion of the boy's follies.
4 The success of his endeavour with the electric bulb.
the 5 other inventions of Edison besides the electric bulb.
1es, 6 The sums of money he got for his inventions.
ver
o
Jiil Which two words/phrases are correct for each blank, according to the text? Giue the
correct letters (a), (b), (c), (d).
1 Six-year-old Thomas Alva Edison was a big-eyed, inquisitive child always in
search of some new game.
o/ skinny b) plumpish c) thin d,) fat
2 At school he just couldn't get used to the ......so, his mother started tutoring him at
home.
o/ likeness b) irregularity c) system d./ rule
3 An unpleasant incident happened when he blew up a telegraph station while ...... a
battery.
o/ playing with b) mending c) looking at d/ repairing
4 At the very beginning of his career, he formulated a ...... he followed inro,rgtrout his
lifetime.
a) tactics b) demand c) speech dJ strategy
5 When Edison announced his imminent invention of a cheap source of eleiiric light,
stocks of gaslight companies .
o/ backed off b) almost collapsed c/ rose quickly d/ exploded
6 The inventor was well-known for going from one invention to anothei ny ...... rather
than for having flashes of inspiration.
o/ thinking b) analogy c) relativity dJ similarity
7 In the years following the invention of the electric bulb. Edison ...... lots of other
devices connected to it.
a) contrived b) imagined c) produced d) drew

55
 o "Let there be light!".
I
JT Look closely at the first two paragraphs of the text
H Identifu the genre of this text' I
ET How does the author succeed in
catching the attention of the reader?
out the attitude of the writer towarcJs Edison
and what
ET which are the utord,s that point
is it?
in this text?
tr How, and. to what end", is the iournalistic technique of contrasts employed
EI Could the quotation "AnYthing that u)on't sell
I don't want to wrtte" be applied to the I
usriter of this text. If Yes, whY?

Accidental discoverY
Dr. Ringer, in his experiments at University
College Hospital, London, had found that
a
pure sodium chloride in the
solution containing
proportion in which it exists in the serum of frog's
blood would permit the heart taken from
a dead
But this beating lasted
frog to continue beating'
onty u short time' Then suddenly one day Ringer
to find the heart of a dead frog discovered Ringer's solution, an essential
wai astonished
understandably reagent in medical and biological research'
beating for several hours' He was

JI he World of
ru In groups of four to ftue,,giue you ent? Put
Tomorro w'. Do you think it is goi d'
Aour ideas dow-n. TeIl
the rest"of
dFg Work in Pairs.
partner reads text A belors' and the other
E Form pairs within aour initial groups. one and
phrases needed to explain the functions
text B. pay attention to the uoiabulary ord
adu antages of these gadgets'
point out to aour partner its outstanding
tr Try to act as a saresman foy aour g.adget.
Be ot pt"uasiue as possible'
characteristics and the reul bargain it "p""nts'
partner's gadget' and say whA'
E Decide whether or not Aou are going to buy Aour

tr Extraordinaty Cordless Travel lron

tr The Air-Freshenin$ AshtraY
It is the best travel iron we've ever seen' as
We have great news for non-smokers'
it can be used anywhere with no need for an
especially when they have to share a house
electric power source or batteries, and for
or office with a smoker. This clever new
it can be folded neatly' What's the
travelling-special
ashtray actually draws the smoke down water-activated heating
secret?
through a special filter and charcoal just add
particles which absorb the smoke and sachets are inserted into the iron -
water and the iron heats up' You get about
smell, leaving the air around it fresh and time with one sachet'
20 minutes' ironing
clean. You no longer have to suffer those
The heat is suitable for all known fabrics'
stuffy rooms where stale cigarette smoke
This fantastic iron has a stainless steel
can han$ around for hours' The ashtray is
base and comes with full instructions'
battery-powered, using 2 C type batteries'
Its smart black desi$n means it won't look
out of Place anYwhere.

rflTFr:\wt{l
describe the object you would most like to be inuented' Giue
In no more than 400 words,
aour reasons.

56
 The inquisitive mind - reinventing the wheel
Discussion points.
-l
7t
1 Remember the motto in Lesson 1? What do you think the stages leading to an
inuention are?
2 Clarke also saidthat"Genius is 99% perspiration and 1% inspiration." What do yott
think "perspiration" meens here?

-Il
ffi What words/ideas would you associate with the noun lnnovatio n? A beginning has
alreadu been made for you.

d
v
no
ed to improve

E] PI Listen to the story about an inuentor. When the cassette stops:

tr discuss in groups the possible endings.

of
tr Then listen to the ending and compare Aour ending with the one giuen.
ffi Listen to the cassette again to fill in the missing information in the spaces prouided;
aJ Being persistent, the inventor ...
b) Although nearly 40 years had passed since he had withdrawn from public life, ...
c) Eventually he ...
d) He was amazed at ...
nd e) People in the town didn't want to listen to him because ...
fl Not at all discouraged by ..., he decided to ...
# Answer the questions below.
a) Was the inuentor in any sense an innouator? WhA (not)?
b) Why would someone try to inuent something that already exists?

5
tn

57
 o
anl I
E Read the paragraph below on inuentions, innouations and discoueries.
A from this list. (Two of the words do not ftt.)
FiII in the gaps with one suitable word
.sea omakesdevices oled oexisting rnoticeable tadvice oclear tjob
r innovations I fluid o turn
Now, what is the difference between inventions, ...... (1) and discoveries? The truth is,
there is no ...... (2) division between them. The process is too ...... (3) for that. An
"invention" often appears as a more ...... (4) step forward than an "innovation". The
Iatter is defined as a new assembly of ...... (5) inventions. "Discoveries" are usually made
E
either by the invention of new ...... (6) or by an innovative assembly of existing
equipment with which to observe, measure and demonstrate. Once made, such
"discoveries" in their ...... (7) may be utilized as just one part in the innovative assembly
that ...... (S) up a distinguishable invention'. So, for example, Galileo's invention (the
telescope, which was a new, man-made instrument) ...... (9) to the discovery of certain
planets and stars which were, of course, there. A later innovation was the use of the
telescope at ...... (10).

g Answer the following questions according to the information aboue:

L Is there a clear-cut distinction between what is called an "invention", an "innovation"
and a "discovery"?
2 What are the differences between them?
3 What is the relationship between them?
tEl
-iD
tr You are gotng to hear more about inuentors and inuentions. Before listening to the
cassette, try to answer the following questions:
L How do you think an inventor can prevent his invention being stolen? By
o/ hiding it b) taking out a patent c) insuring it
2 How many patent documents do you think there are world-wide?
a) 120,000 b) 25,000,000 c) 2,7 5O,OOO
3 Which nations do you think have a leading position in the field of inventions?
a) Japan b) UK c) USA
4 How many patents do you think are issued annually throughout the world?
a) more than 600,000 b) Iess than 600,000 c) 600,000
A Listen to the cassette to see if your predictions tDere correct.
g Answer the following questions:
1 How many patents have been granted annually by the UK Patents Office?
2 How many patents are laid out for public inspection in London each week?

Traveller's cheques were conceived by The Americans Christopher Latham Sholes

Robert Harris of the London Exchange and Samuel W. Soule were toying with a page-
Banking Company, England. The first cheques numbering machine for their newspaper when ,E
replaced letters of credit and were accepted they thought of expanding their idea to a
in some 90 cities worldwide. The modern letter-printing machine. Theirs was actually the
traveller's cheque came into existence in 52nd attempt at the invention, but they were
1891, when Marcellus Berry, a financial the first to succeed in makin$ a practical
wizard, devised the counter-signature type typewriter, which they completed in 1867 and
popular today. patented in 1868.

58
 0
nl
tr Match the statements below with the appliances they refer to.
Problems that might arise with machines and appliances.
1 "It's leaking." a) about electrical appliances
2 "There's a burning smell." b) generally about the TV
3 "It keeps flickering." c) very often about electrical machines
4 "The battery is flat." d) about a watch, camera, car,
5 "There must be a faulty connection." e) about machines using water
E A Listen to the conuersation and decide what sort of object is being talked about. Insert
the information in this grid.

OBJECT How do you know?

Give your reasons

g What machines or appliances could make these sounds? Which sounds medn trouble?
a) a banging noise b) a creaking sound c) a ticking sound
d) a buzzing noise e) a drilling noise fl a hissing sound

In 1867, purely by accident, a chef employed

at a Saratoga Springs hotel dropped a small
quantity of thinly sliced potatoes into hot
cooking oil, and instantly the world had a new
delicacy: chips*. Since at the time Saratoga
Springs was the "Queen of Spas", frequented
by the cream of high society, whatever
emanated from there found instant success.
Almost overnight, consequently, the potato
chip became the new rage of Saratoga.
Whether promenading down the wide
avenues or sitting on the huge veranda of the
famous United States Hotel. one was likelv to
see such moneyed people as the Vanderbilts eating potato chips from paper cups. The elegant
'Saratoga chips' remained the delicacy of the wealthy until 1925, when the first plant devoted
exclusively to the making of potato chips was constructed in Albany, NY, by A.A. Walter & Company.
With the advent of mass production, the potato chip, once afforded only by the wealthy, became a
commonplace household item.
chips (A.E.) = crisps (B.E.) French fries (A.E.) = chips (8.E.)

When inventing something, Man tends to recreate the surrounding nature and himself in
some way (the computer = Man's mind; the submarine = a fish; the crane = Man's hand;
the camera = Man's eye ...).
Based on this, write an essaA &00 words) describing the way in which Man tries to
master the surrounding Uniuerse with the help of sophisticated tools that bear close
resemblance to himself. Giue examples from dffirent domains.

59
 ft's a crazy world! I

VVith the class clit,iclecl into fotu' groups tuke u look at one of the Jow' pictu'es each.
-l llf ite clctun:
Your opinion utncentinq the cleuir:e illustrutecl. Can it be described us en "int.tentiott"? Is
it useful? 1s lts inuentor an imaclinatit,e person? lfu'hy (not)?
(loulcl you hare inrenlecl somethinq more efJicient? What ctncl hout?
Reud llour point of t,ieu, to lhe r:1a.ss.

Mufti-purpose tie
No more searching
through pockets.
Just carry whatever
you need in this
eregant cravat.

Personal rain
savel
EverY droP that
falls is Yours
to KeeP'

Helmet umbrefla
Frees your hands to
carry
things on rainy days.

Giving opinions (1)

I believe/think ...
I would suggest that ...
As I see itlln my opinion
i
I To my mind ...
t It strikes me that ...
I
t: I'm totally opposed to ...
t' I'm in favour of ...
T
It seems to me that ...
On balance, I'd say that ...
I feel very strongly that ...
I'm absolutely convinced
wlrrrv
washing for You that...
,uX" care of I tend to think that ...
Vou ;rt:t;.dr. There's no point in ...(-ing)
I think it's worth ...(-ing)

60
 Remember the format for an 'opinion essau' und, arrange pdragraphs A' B, C, and
D
-Il below in the correct order. Answer the questions.

lntroduction Personal opinion and reasons Others'opinions Conclusion

cJ What is the topic sentence in each paragraph?

b) What does it exPress?
c) Whose point of view is expressed in the text?
d) ls "very" a suPerlative?
e) what are the three underlined expressious used for?

My Life - My Point Of View

To my mind, the ideal situation is a satisfactory combination of duty and
pleasure. To
tr
tf'rt u"ry prrpose, I have uiorked har.d to devise a special rack which can be fastened to
practically any type of bicycle. When the washingis done ljust hang it on the new "dryer"
pleasures of
and away I ride. As I qeelit, my invention is the answer to people enioying the
exercisingoutdoors while doing something for cleanliness at the same time. This is no
small thing nowadaYs.
Rt first iight it does seem a crazy idea, like all great ideas, in fact. But, on the other
hand, isn't it even ctazier to waste your life waitingforyour clothes to dry on the balcony
while there's such a fresh breeze outside?
Actuallv, there is something which really worries me in connection with my invention. lt's
street pollution, the exhaustfumes which end up on my washing and make it look dirty. Not
that I can helP it, though.
Well, I suppose I could change my route.
tr On balance, I'd say that the advantages of my bicycle dryer outwei$h the
possible
disadvantages. For this reason, I highlv recommend it to all those hard pressed for time
and, in particular, to bicycle fans with housework responsibilities. lt will never fail
you'

El lt is a perfectly normal thing to try to improve your life in every respect possible. Have
you ever thought how much we miss by doing only one thing at a time? lt would be infinitelv
better if, for example, people could spend fewer hours on their domestic chores. Of course,
l'm not opposed to lending a hand with the housework, only that never fails to leave very
little time, if any, for me to indulge in my favourite pastime, which is riding my bike.
s tr Needless to say, there will always be those who will see my bicycle dryer as an indirect
inuitutiop toinOecent public behaviour. I can see how they shake their heads in disbelief,
F I

canSeetheirreproachfu|lookas|peda|by.They
probably thirrk that nobody should "parade" their
washing in the streets but I feel very strongly that
I'm doing the right thing and I've always done my
best not to offend anyone.

f) Is it a synonym for "it goes without

-'t

3 saying"?i
s) What does the abrupt conclusion hint at?
h) Could you use "all in all" instead?

How the telegraph was invented

Samuel F. B. Morse, a penniless artist returning from
Europe on the ship Sully, got the idea for the telegraph
at a shipboard dinner. Hearing talk of a recent discovery
that men could send electricity over any length of wire,
he spent the rest of the voyage making notes and
drawing diagrams. When he left the ship, he told the
captain, "Well, Captain, when you hear of the telegraph
one of these days as the wonder of the world, remember
the discovery was made on the good ship Sully"'
-Irf
E The essaa 'Ma Life - My point of Vew' contains seueral words in bold tape. Which are
I
they and whit do they-haue in common from a grammatical point of uiew?
A Join the ideas in the sentences below by
using the Gerund (Actiue or Passiue Voice):
The Gerund is a non-finite verb form. '-int is
e.g. At flrrst he had no time but now he
often used after verbs expressing feelings and
has completed his Plans' He has got
attitudes, such as:
round to them. to love, to like, to appreciate, to enioy,
He has got round to comPleting his to fancy (single situations), to wonder,
plans. to imagine, to aPProve
a/ John couldn't use the camera. Now he or
has got used to it. to dislike, to hate, to despise, to loathe,
b) Sue could hardlY wait for Jane to to regret, to blame, to denY, to avoid,
come. She was looking forward to it. to postPone, to risk
c) Michael seldom shows his true self
when others are around. He avoids it' The Gerund has both Active and Passive forms:
Active Voice - achieving
dJ Catherine wants to become an actress'
Passive Voice - being achieved
She is thinking about it all the time.
e.g. He loves meeting her whenever he can.
g Put the uerbs in brackets into the Gerund She hates being disturbed when she works'
Perfect.
It also has perfect forms.
a) He continued digging in spite of (work) Active Voice - having achieved
all the afternoon. Passive Voice - having been achieved
b) She thought Mary was foolish to buy the However, the present form can often be
new computer before (learn) to use it' substituted for the perfect form without
c) She was still hungry in spite of (eat) changing the meaning.
two courses.
d) Roy didn't return the money in spite of Expressions followed by the -ingform: be
(promise) to do so. accustomed to, be used to, committed to, can't
e) She left in a hurry without (utter) a help, can't bear/stand, feel like, it's worth, it's
no good/use/fun, spend/waste time/money
single word.
fhe -ingform may be preceded by a noun,
El Does the meaning change in any of the object pronoun or Possesslve.
aboue sentences (a)-(e) if the present form e.g. I can't bear him/ John arguing all the time.
of the gerund is used? I can't bear his/John's being late every day'

EI Rewrite each of these examples (a)-(fl keeping the same sense. use appropriate gerunds
and choose from the uerbs below-
Ihate o mind o admit r enjoy I dislike I be against o like
e.g. Laura reads all daY long.
Laura enioys reading (all day long)-
a) Timknows very little about the textbook. He said so.
b) Mr and Mrs Smith don't like John. They don't want their daughter to marry him.
c) I didn't want to tell them the whole story, but after a few days I did.
d) lt doesn't bother Dad if you borrow his car'
e) Alice reluctantly waters the flowers every evening.
fl Mark is happy to cook a meal every evening'

Write Aour own opinion essa1 on another of the "crazA inuentions" presented in
Ex' I'
you might look also at Tips for Writing a Good Essay on
Start 6y building your plan.
page t-87 and at the Useful Language box on page 60'

r E
News & Views
Write and design a conuincing aduert to sell the inuention you liked best.
a Collect similar ideas in magazines. Report back to the class'

62
Qre
I ROUND UP Nothing will stay the same

Comment on the following statements:

-l oJ Mankind has progressed at an equal pace throughout its history.
IS
b) Nowadays it is still possible to make outstanding discoveries as an individual.
and c) The human brain can be outpaced by artificial intelligence.
d) The total number of discoveries and inventions is divided equally between men and
women.

EJ
ha
JII
tr You are going to hear a radio broad,cast gtuing statistics about an inuentor's lift. While
listening, try to fi.Il in the following mind map with information about the number of
Aears he needs for certain actiuities and what exactly those actiuities are.
lrms:

works. The lnventor's life

a Listen again.
1' Are the following statements True (T) or False (F)? Write T or F on the lines.
o/ Most inventors spend a third of their life fast asleep. ......
b) It seems that two years of an inventor's life are spent eating. ......
c) The overall number of years an inventor needs in order to learn established
can't
science is 20. ......
l, it's
tey
d) T}:e vast amount of data to be processed makes individual inventors rare. ......
*e 2 Which of the following subjects are not mentioned?
aJ The warm reception inventions enjoy.
time. b) The fact that only half of the world's population throughout the centuries has had
'y day. the chance to discover or invent anything.
c) The huge progress inventions have brought about.
runds d) The fabulous sums of money the inventors receive for their inventions.
'* g Work in four groups. Debate in your group on the following topic. Write d,own the most
interesting ideas. Present Vour group's opinion to the class.
What steps should be taken in order to ensure equal opportunities for both men and
women to become inventors?

r. I.
)n

63
.TTf
ffi Read the Romanian text and ansrDer these questions below:
E Where do you think the text comes from?
tr Why is it important to get its translation absolutely precise?
ffi Translate the text into English.
Experien{e amuzante
Dacd dorili sd demonstrati prietenilor dvs. cdt de puternicd este presiunea aerului iat[ o modalitate
simpld de a o face. Luafi un ou fiert tare qi o sticld goald de lapte. Decojifi oul gi punefi-l pe gura
sticlei.Ruga[i-v[ apoi prietenii sd impingd oul in interiorul sticlei. La inceput vor socoti c[ aceasta
este posibil gi vor incerca sd o facd dar nu vor reugi. Oul nu va intra in sticll deoarece aerul din sticld
nu va putea sd iasd. Presiunea aerului din sticld nu va permite oului sd intre. Ceea ce ar trebui sd
facefi este sI introduce{i un chibrit aprins in sticld qi s[ punefi oul pe gura sticlei. Focul va consuma
oxigenul din sticld. Apoi presiunea aerului exterior va impinge oul in sticll.
Cum s[ scoateti oul din sticla? Dup[ tentativa nereugitd a prietenilor dvs. de a rdsturna sticla astfel
ca oul sd poatd ieqi pe gura acesteia, sufla1i cu putere in sticla intoarsf, cu capul in jos. in momentul
in care vefi indepdrta sticla de la gur[, oul va iegi imediat deoarece presiunea aerului din sticl[
devine mai mare decAt presiunea aerului din exterior.

o
-iL
E} Read the English text below and answer
these questions:
E Where does this text come from?
tr Why is the style different from that in the
Romanian one?
fr$ Tianslate this text into Romanian.

Gloomy November day. The Curies return from

work exhausted. After dinner, as is customary,
pierre returns once again to his office. On his desk, a letter: the secretary of the Swedish
Academy of Sciences informs the Joliot-Curie couple that they have been awarded the 1-903
Nobel prize for physics for their discovery of artificial radioactivity and invites them to attend
the solemn meeting that is to take place on the 11th of December in Stockholm, asking
them to meanwhile consider the news strictly confidential. He also advises them that the
Nobel Foundation regulations request the winners to deliver in Stockholm, within six months
of their nomination, a public lecture concernin$ their work.
Now the atmosphere in the Joliot-Curie family is influenced no longer by the unfriendly
rain and the bitter wind outside. The flat is alight with their happiness.

Accidental scientifrc discoveries

Luigi Galvani, Professor of Anatomy at Bologna University, ltaly, was
working on the effect of electricity on the nerves and muscles of
animals. One day, while Galvani was using a steel scalpel to dissect a
frog, his assistant generated a spark from the electrostatic machine in
the same room. The spark caused an electric circuit to be completed,
whereupon 'suddenly all the muscles of the frog's limbs Were Seen to be
violently contracted just as though they had been seized with a violent
cramp.' The strange and unexpected twitching of the dead frog's
muscles led Galvani to the discovery of current electricity. He referred to
this phenomenon as 'animal electricity', a concept corrected later by
Alessandro Volta. Incidentally, it is believed that it was not Galvani, but
his wife. who first noticed the contraction of the frog's muscles.

64
 e
Jl Read the following quotations and then write an opinion essay on one of them:
1 Imagination is more important than knowledge. (Albert Einstein)
2 I do not know how I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have been only
a boy playing on the seashore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a
smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay
all undiscovered before us. (lsaac lVewton)

l[l Corcect the mistakes in the following sentences:

1 Go on to read.
2 It's worth to spend your money on that book.
3 I hate smoking in the living-room and I told him so many times, but he goes on to do it.
4 The nursery needs painted.
5 It's no good to talk about what's happened.
6 We stopped buying some bread but the shop was closed.
7 At first I wasn't accustomed to work extra hours.
ff Fill in the gaps with a suitable word from this list:
I fortune o cheap o noises . trapped I smelt o able I after I behind o billionaire
o received o forgotten a axe o industry a line I whenever o labelled
Crashing ...... (1) ripped the night quiet on Bagley Avenue in Detrott aI 2 a.m. on 4 June,
1,896. In a workshed ...... (2) his house, Henry Ford had just finished his first automobile
named the Quadricycle ...... (3) its four bicycle wheels. But the man who later made a
...... (4) by his obsession with every detail of manufacturing had ...... (5) to consider the
shed door. The carriage was ...... (6), and Ford was demolishing the door-frame and wall
with an . . .... (7).
Twelve years later, Ford created a car so good and so ...... (8) it put America on
wheels. After that he revolutionized American ...... (9) by perfecting assembly ...... (10)
manufacture. In the process, Ford became the nation's first...... (11) and its best-loved
citizen. ...... (lZl people met and the air ...... (13) of gasoline, it was said, there were
stories about Henry Ford.
At a time when few celebrities ...... (14) much mail, 5,000 people wrote to Ford every
week. The Ford Craze, as the press ...... (15) his popularity, nearly put him in the Senate
and might have swept him into the White House had he been able to string more than a
few sentences together on a podium.

IJTII News & Vlews

Imagtne Aou are working for a newspaper. You are asked to write a story to ftt one of
the headlines below. The story must not be longer than one full newspaper page. Think
of a prize for the best article.

Are the inuentions

around us always
a step forwafi?

Let's invent a new world!

65
 t
"The atmosphere of the mind"

Look at the people in the picture and answer the questions:

-l
EI What are they talking about?
A What might their interests in life be?
g What adjectives would describe them?

-rtE This is how some people at the end of the 19th

century looked upon Americans as compared to
Europeans. Do you think it is true nowadays?
Americans are: Europeans are:
fresh decadent
Puritanical libertine
innocent experienced
natural artificial
nai've sophisticated Afternoon tea in the 788Os

A Read a summa1a ofThe Portrait of a Lady, the nouel written by Henry James in 188L'
and in groups decide:
E whether Henry James seems to adopt the stereotypes above;
tr who ;,,e,,international Americans" (Americans living in Europe and adopting the
European ways) in the novel are (Henry James was one himselfl;
E whether Isabel Archer adopts the European ways'
niece and cousln'
Mr Touchett, an American setiled in England, and his son Ralph are visited by their
lsabel Archer, a young woman from Albany, New York. They both like her so much that Mr Touchett
leaves her a large sum of money in his will tc give her the independence she so much desires. Lord
Warburton, their friend, is a British aristocrat who is very much interested in improvinS the social life
people later will take an active part in politics. He proposes to lsabel, but she refuses
of and who
young industrialist, comes from
him: she wants to see life and the world. caspar Goodwood, a
Stackpole,
America to repeat his proposal but lsabel refuses him a second time. Her friend Henrietta
an American journalist, joins her in Europe, too.
lsabel visits paris and then Florence. Here Madame Merle, an American living in ltaly, introduces
her to Gilbert Osmond, an American art collector. He is a widower who, together with
his daughter'
pansy, have also setled in ltaly. lsabel is so attracted by osmond's manners and sophistication that
she marries him.
The story is resumed after three years. lsabel is miserable: she
realises osmond has married her for her money. She also finds out that Ralph /rnlf/
Pansy's presumably dead mother is in fact Madame Merle and that her Warburton /'w:irbetan/
own marriage had been arranged by Madame Merle to provide Osmond Caspar /'knspa/
with money and Pansy with a stepmother. Henrietta /' henrr' eta/
lt is the spring of !877 ,lsabel leaves for England because Ralph is Stackpole /' sta.kPaal/
dying of tuberculosis. Caspar Goodwood asks lsabel to leave her husband Fforence /'florans/
but she refuses. Her reasons mix Victorian and personal morality: she is Madame /me'do:m/
too proud to admit to her mistake in marryingi Osmond, or to being no lMerle /'ms:l/
better than Madame Merle, she has a strong sense of duty to her I Citbert /'gilbat/ I

marriage vows and she really cares for Pansy' lsabel returns to Rome' -----J

#g Read the text below to find what the ti.tle of this lesson means.
,,Experience is never limited, and it is never complete; it is an immense sensibility, a kind of huge spider-
web of the finest silken threads suspended in the chamber of consciousness, and catching every air-
borne particle in its tissue. lt is the very atmosphere of the mind; and when the mind
is imaginative -
more when it happens to be that of a genius - it takes to itself the faintest hints of life, it converts
much
the very pulses of the air into revelations." (Henry James, The Art of Fiction)

66
 -fi1 Read the quotes below and in groups, answer questions a-e.
tr Which quotes are opinions about Isabel and,
what are these opinions?
tr Which characters are 'spectators' at Isabel's Multiple point of view
'performance'? A person's character is known through
his/her own actions but also through the
E Which characters try to use Isabel? response of the others. In a novel of this
tr Is the Multiple Point of View (see text on right) kind, the main function of secondary
characters is to explain the central
used to "paint" Isabel's phystcal or inner
character.
portrait, "the atmosphere of her mind"?
tr 1s The Portrait a realistic or a psychological nouel?

RATPH TOUCHETT:
qualified hersetf to figure
1 "Take things more in the collection of
easily. Don't question choice obiects by
your conscience so much declining so noble a
... Spread your wings; hand. "
rise above the ground. 7 "l like her very much.
It's never wrong to do She's all you described
that. " her ... She has only one
2 "He wanted to see what
fault. "
81, she would make of her "What's that?"
husband - or what her "Too many ideas."
husband would make of
her. This was only the LORD WARBURTON:

first act of the drama; 8 "... I paid - mentally

and he was determined speakinglmean-the
to sit out the greatest possible
performance. " attention to you.
Nothing you said, nothing
HENRIETTA STACKPOTE:
you did, was lost upon
3 "lsabel's changing every me, "
day ... I've watched her 9 "Do you know I'm very
and I can see it. She's much afraid of it - of
John Singer Sargent,
not the bright American that remarkable mind of
Lady Agnew of Lochnaw, 7892
girl she was. She's yours?"
taking different views, a
different colour, and turning away from her old HENRY JAMES:
ideals. ... I've got a fear in my heart that she's 1O "lsabel Archer was a person of many
going to marry one of these fell Europeans, theories; her imagination was remarkably
and I want to prevent it." active. lt had been her fortune topossess a
PANSY:
finer mind than most of the persons among
4 "l think you are my guardian angel!" whom her lot was cast. " '

L7, "... her soul was haunted with terrors which

MADAME MERTE: crowded to the foreground of thought ... What
5 "She's beautiful, generous and, for an had suddenly set them into livelier motion
American, well-born. She's also very clever and she hardly knew, unless it were the strange
she has a handsome fortune ... I want you of impression she had received in the afternoon
course to marry her." of her husband's being in more direct
GILBERT OSMOND:
communication with Madame Merle than she
6 "We know that he was fond of originals, or suspected. Besides this, her short interview
rarities, of the superior and the exquisite; and with her husband half an hour ago was a
now that he had seen Lord Warburton, whom
striking example of his faculty for making
he thought a very fine example of his race and everything wither that he touched, spoiling
ordel, he perceived a new attraction in the everything for her that he looked at. lt was as
idea of taking to himself a young lady who had if he had the evil eye ..."

IS i tell lfell crud, hidos the lot was cast zarurile au fost aruncate
j choice /tJcrs/ (aici) rar, ales, rafinat foreground /'fc:graand/ prim plan
on)
i to decline /dr'klarn/ a refuzn to wither /'wfia/ a se vegteji
L____

67
 News & Views
Write a short REpoRr FR9M R9ME T
neuspapsy gyfinto
with the headnlr"i, +_ry!ERICAN HEIRESS
SUES FOR DIVORCE?
0
-D Write a 600-word essay to show the strengths and
limitations of the multiple point of uiew chosen by
Henry James for The Portrait of a Lady and its effict
on the rea,der's response to the nouel.
Use the TIPS on page 23 and on page 191.

o
afll Work in groups to find out about the style of Henry
James:
E Haue another look at guote 6 aboue and, answer
these questions: Henry James (7843-7976) drawn by
John S. Sargent and reproduced in
E What strikes you about this ONE sentence? The Yellow Book Julv 7894

tr WhA do you think Henry James chose so manA usords

of Latin or French origin (in bold type) instead of their Germanic equiualents?
Ad Read quote 11 again and decide whether it is direct speech, reported speech orfree
reported speech.
This chart might help you.

Direct speech + "lt's snowing. I can't giet oLtt!"

Free reported speech + lt was snowing and he knew he couldn't go out.
Reported speech - He said that it was snowing and that he couldn't go out.

tr Turn quote 11 into direct speech (interior monologue) and say what effict the free
reported speech has on the reader as compa,red to direct speech.
Pay attention to pronouns and verb tenses. Begin: ... "My soul is haunted with terrors
which ..."
ET Now decide which of the following best describe Henry James's style:
rsimple oelaborate rdirect rlively rformal oartificial rinformal rsophisticated
tr Compare the adjectiues you chose in Ex. W.3 with those you chose in Ex. L3, and
decide whether the language used by Henry James is appropriate to the kind of world
he presents.

Art Nouveau
In the 1890s a new decorative art movement known as Art Nouveau developed,
inspired by naturalistic, organic forms and its main features are sensuous subjects
and fluid lines and shapes. The movement was
developed by sculptors, jewellers, interior decorators
and, most importantly, poster artists. The roots of
the movement were in England, but Art Nouveau
was a truly international movement.
Tiffany
This lamp, whose light glows through the grapevine on
the shade, was made in New York in about 1910 by Louis Comfort
Tiffany. The lampshade is made of dozens of pieces of glass held
together with lead. Tiffany's technique was similar to the one used by
the medieval glass makers.
Tiffany-style objects are very popular, and expensive, even today.

68
 o
Iril Read the text below and,, with Aour partner, decide:
tr whether Whistlen like Henry James, was an "interna,tional American";
A which characteristics of Impressionism are mentioned,;
E what the features of Whistler's e,rt ere a,s d,isplayed, in "The White Girl";
tr what connections are made with literature and with music.

At the end of the 19th century, girl's dress and in the rose she holds in
lmpressionism became a world-wide her hand.
movement and artists stopped painting These characteristics of his style made
classical or Biblical subjects and went for Whistler one of the most avant-garde and
modern-day subjects in the open air, controversial painters of the 19th century.
seeking to capture the fleeting effects of (Adapted from Sister Wendy Beckett,
light and to give the real impression of the The Story of Painting)
passing moment.
James Abbott McNeill Whistler
(1834-1903) was an extravagant character.
He left America in 1855 and travelled to
Paris to train as an artist. He was a dandy
and a wit. When his early work received
more success in England, he left paris in
1859 and moved to London. Oscar Wilde
was one of his closer friends.
Noclutne )n E)ue and Oa/d.. 0/d Eattersea
Bridge shows his interest in harmonious
arrangements of cofour and pattern. lts
mus(cal (rt[e g(ves emphasis to the dim\y
seen background: the transailantic traveller,
as we know from the novels of Henry
James, finds London far more romantic than
the average Londoner.
Whistler hovered on the brink of
lmpressionism during the 1860s. But it was
Japanese prints that influenced his style: he
transfated the two-dimensional qualities,
cool tones, and significant details of 'The White Girl' by J. A. Whisiler (7862)
ted
Japonisme into a highly individual r------- -------'t
treatment of colour harmony. The White fleeting /' fli:ttg/ trecf,tor, pasager
Girl is a great piece of decorative art. nocturne /' nokte'^n/ nocturnd
Whistler focused on subtle colour effects. to hover /'hove(r)/ a plana, a pluti
Into his palette of white, grey and black on the brink of la un pas de
he introduced colour only in the flesh. print /'pnnt/ gravurd,
There is a marvellous subilety in the pafette /'palat/ paletd
different whites: in the thick hanging of subtlety /'sttltr/ subtilitate, rafinament
the curtains; the soft whiteness of the

From tails to tux

Formal evening wear for men used to be the
black dress coat, the swallow-tailed jacket also
known as 'tails'. In 1886, Griswold Lorrilard had
the idea of 'cutting' the tails of the dress coat
and introduced the dinner jacket at his club at
Tuxedo, New York. In American English the dinner
jacket is still called a 'tuxedo' /t,tk'sidau/ or,
informally, 'tux'.

69
I
 A voyage called life

tEt to boast /beost/ a se liuda

-l E You are going to hear about the Mississippi Riuer

straight-faced /'strert'feist/
impasibil, fird sa schi(eze vreo emolie
account la'kauntl relatare
The words in the box wiII help you understand it.
exploit /'eksplcrt/ fapta vitejeascd
El IVow listen to the cassette. While listening, take glamor /'glreme(r)/ (aici) incantare
notes to answer the following questions: licensed /'larsnst/ cu brevet
chant /tJo:nt/ cdntec monoton
E How is Twain connected with the Misstssippi Riuer? feadsman l'ledzrnenl sondor, cel care
sondeazd adAncirnea apei
tr What special tApe of American humour was created? a fathom (about 3.6 m) stinjen nrarin

-Il
A Read the texts a,ccompanying the images below. With Aour partner extract types and
categories of people belonging to the world Twain knew.
A It is said that "in seuenty Aea,rs, the West produced the traditional American who was
uersatile and aggressiuely confident, tmpatient of discipline, ualued not for his birth but
for what he could do; equality of opportunity and the suruiual of the fittest were the
Iifeblood of the new nation." (R.J. Unstead)
What other traits can Aou add to this portrait? Think back to Ex. 1.2.

Frontier towns The Wild West Cotton plantations

A frontier town on one of the In the 1850s, the cowboys who A cotton plantation on the
trails to the West. Hastily thrown made "the long drives" (getting Mississippi. As a crop, cotton
up, these shack towns provided the cattle overland to market) needed large numbers of
lodging and entertainment for became an American legend. In unskilled workers. The
the pioneers and gold the Wild West, every cowboy aristocratic plantation owners
prospectors. Law meant nothing carried a pair of Colt revolvers for controlled a black slave popula-
in the bars and gambling use against Indians, rustlers and tion that rose from one and a
saloons, and many miners were sheepmen whose sheep cropPed half million in 1820 to four
cheated of their gold dust. the precious grass. The hey-day million in 1860. At best, rich
(After R.J. Unstead, of the cowboys lasted only twentY planters were benevolent to their
Age of Machines) years, from 1865 to 1885. slaves; at worst, cruel tyrants.

----- '
:-T-f,:

:_________________________________. l5*.
,- :
-Ela Read the following excerpt from Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
=.tr
EJ
/'hnkelbe ri 'frn/, a sequel fo The Adventures of Tom Sawyer /'sc:je/. Decide if it is
humorous, satirical or sarcastic.

70

I
 supper, and you had to come to time. When you
got to the table you couldn't go right to eating but
Ad.u,.1tur.5
you had to wait for the widow to tuck down her

t'*
y
leberrv
"f
U r-l
r{N[q'i
FiNra',
,+ [r I
head and grumble a little over the victuals, though
there wasn't really anything the matter with them.
rycr,'t Ll2apter t ,'r
dou! hoF e6ou[ De, wr[6out totr [...] Her sjstet Mjss Watson, a toJerable slim old
hate regrl a book by tbe nsoe of " Tbe
AdYentures ol Tom Sawyer," bot that maid, with goggles on, had just come to live with
oiE'l no maiter, That book rs mcde
by Mr Mark Twain, antl be told tbe
her, and took a set at me now with a spelling-book.
truth, Esinl-y, There rm thirgr
Fhich he 6tr.tchcd, but mninly ho
She worked me middling hard for about an hour,
told ihe truth. Thst ir notbing. I
nerc! wtr aDIbodJ but licd, one t;nc
and then the widow made her ease up. I couldn't
or auothcr, sitboDl it ras Aunt l'olly,
or the ridow, or nrry'bc llrry. Auot
stood it much longer. Then for an hour it was
PoJly-Too'e ,\rnt Polly, rhc io-erd
Mary, md tbe Widor Donglu, is all
deadly dull, and I was fidgety. Miss Watson would
told sboql in thst boot-phich ir S€ry, "Don't put your feet up there, Huckleberry,"
Dro6llt ! truc bmk ; witb Bome sLretah-
err,ulraidbclore. and "Don't scrunch up like that, Huckleberry - set
,,r, js rh s: ro^ noa n," rouna *o.oooy)iltl): l:il:\l:",yll1l: up straight"; and pretty soon she would Soy, "Don't
rn,l rt rilrdo re rich lYe gob sir thouund dollam apiee-all gold It wru cn
nwlul rrglrt of mo0€t wheD it qu piled up llell, Jodge Thatcher, he took it
rrr{ Jrlrl rL oul st iolorcst, snd il letahed os tr dollar u day apicce, dl tbe yeer
gap and stretch like that, Huckleberry - why don't
rounct-mofo than a body could tell Rboi to do sitb. Tbe IYjdov Douglbr, rhe you try to behave? "Then she told me all about the
took ,ne lor ber son, sad allowod nhe *ould siriliz€ me but i[ ws rough liyiDt
;
in thc lrou* All rhc time, coueidcriag how digmrl regu)ur rnd aleceut rbc ridow
t& r'r ull lirr wrye; lod ro qheu I couldn't saod it uo longcr, I lit oul I got
bad place and I said I wished I was there. She got
toro ny olri rngs, enil my rugu-bogrbead agrio, str(l ws lree sDd datirfied. Bnu mad then but I didn't mean no harm. All I wanted
was to go somewhere; all I wanted was a change, I

tt 'cu don't know about me, without you have read a wasn't particular.[...] Now she had got a start, and
:ook by the name of The Adventures of Tom she went on and told me all about the good place.
Sawyer, but that ain't no matter. That book was She said all a body would have to do there was to
^rade by Mr. Mark Twain, and he told the truth, go around all day long with a harp and sing, forever
^rainly. There was things which he stretched, but and ever. So I didn't think much of it. But I never
^rainly he told the truth. That is nothing. I never said so. I asked her if she reckoned Tom Sawyer
I seen anybody but lied, one time or another, without
- was Aunt Polly, or the widow, or maybe Mary.
would go there, and she said not by a considerable
sight. I was glad about that, because I wanted him
:rnt Polly - Tom's Aunt Polly, she is - and Mary, and me to be together.
,rd the Widow Douglas, is all told about in that [A little later everybody goes to bed; Huck is in
:cok, which is mostly a true book, with some his room, on a chair in front of the window, feeling
s:retchers, as I said before. lonesome.l
Now the way that the book winds up, is this: Pretty soon a spider went crawling up my
-lm and me found the money that the robbers hid shoulder, and I flipped it off and it lit in the candle,
- the cave, and it made us rich.[...] The Widow and before I could budge it was all shrivelled up. I

)ouglas, she took me for her son and allowed she didn't need anybody to tell me that that was an
,.,ould civilise me; but it was rough living in the awful bad sign and would fetch me some bad luck,
-cuse all the time, considering how dismal regular so I was scared and most shook the clothes off of
rrd decent the widow was in all her ways, and so me. I got up and turned around in my tracks three
,,,1en lcouldn't stand it no longer I lit out. lgot into times and crossed my breast every time, and then
^ry old rags again, and was free and satisfied. But I tied up a little lock of my hair with a thread to
-rm Sawyer he hunted me up and said he was keep witches away.[...]
going to start a band of robbers, and I might join if Pretty soon I heard a twig snap, down in the
,vould go back to the widow and be respectable. dark amongst the trees - something was a-stirring.
So I went back. I set still and listened. Directly I could just barely
The widow she cried over me and called me a hear a " me-yow! me-yow" down there. That was
:oor lost lamb, and she called me a lot of other good! Says l, " me-yow! me-yow!" as soft as I could,
-ames, too, but she never meant no harm by it. and then I put out the light and scrambled out of
Sne put me in them new clothes again, and I the window onto the shed. Then I slipped down to
:luldn't do nothing but sweat and sweat and feel the ground and crawled in amongst the trees, and
: cramped up. Well, then, the old thing sure enou$h there was Tom Sawyer waiting for me.
:Jmmenced again. The widow rung a bell for Mark Twain (7835-7970)

--a

-*l stretcher (coll oq.) mtnciunl to grumble /'grtmb)/ a mormEi to scrunch /'skrtnt[/ a rongdi
/'vfilz/ to gap a se cdsca
I

I eogonatd victuals merinde

dismal /'dvmal/ trist goggfes /'goglz/ ochelari de to flip /fltp/ a da un bobdrnac
I lit out (colloq.) am gters--o protectie to budge /b,tfu/ a se clinti
cramped /krnmpt/ inghesuit to take a set at a se repezila to shrivel /'lrwl/ a se increfi
to tuck down (colloq.) a l5sa capul middling /'mtdlt4/ destul de to snap /snr,p/ a trosni
ln Jos fidgety /'ft$tti/ agitat

71,
 a Pick out from the excerpt
statements that show how Huck
felt about:
1, social conventions:
oJ living in a house
b) table manners
c) clothes
2 education/learning
3 religion
:Ev* l.r I
g What are Huck's substitutes for
social conu entions, education,
religion?
E Huck's colloquial, natural
Ianguage is indicative of the
common world he knew with
day-to-day contact with
adventurers, Negroes and A Mississ ippi steamboat
Indians. Mark T\arain's merit is
to have turned it into a literary language.
Spot the seemingly ungrammatical language used by Huck in paragraphs 1 and 2. Work
with Aour partner. The categories in the chart will help you.

Double subjects
Double negatives

Misuse of tenses
Lack of subject-predicate agreement
Wrong word order

Misuse of words (change of meaning or spelling)

#E "My books are water. Those of the great

geniuses are wine. Everybody drinks
water," are the words of Mark Twain.
Wtth Uour partner interpret that statement:
E in terms of subject, and
tr in terms of language.
# EI Why did Twatn try to render in writing the
rhythm and intonation of the spoken
Ianguage?
The sounds of the calliope /ke'larcpi/ (a kind

-iL of steam-powered piano) on board announced

as far as eight miles away the approach of
#E Take another look at the ftrst paragraph the steamboat. The paddlewheelers also
of the excerpt in Ex. III.1. offered the people of the river towns another
Huck speaks about the point of view kind of entertainment to the river's music -
adopted in The Aduentures of Tom the floating theater - the storied showboats.
Sawyer. He didn't use literary labels, of
course. But you can.
E lVame the point of uiew.
ubjective na rration (f rst-pe rso n n a r rative )
tr Is it the sdme point of uiew as in S
t
i

The story is told by one of the characters

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn? shortly after the conclusion of the events.
2 The speaker is addressing us, the general
a Read the Point of View on the right and public, not himself or another character.
decide why Twain preferred it for Huck Finn? 3 The account is very subjective.

72
 o
Jl The Aduentures of Hucktebercy Finn has been called "a novel of escape".
Read the following summary. With Aour partner, decide who escapes from ttthat ancl
where.

Huck, the twelve-year unschooled hero, is under the motherly protection of the Widow
Douglas and her sister, Miss Watson. When his drunkard of a father appears to demand the
boy's fortune and eventually to kidnap him, Huck escapes to Jackson lsland, where he
meets Miss Watson's runaway slave, Jim. They start down the river on a raft. The voyage
takes them a thousand miles downstream as the Mississippi flows through a constanily
changing panorama. Each time Huck becomes entangled in "civilized" life in the riverbank
towns he confronts violence or hypocrisy and has to flee to the raft and his friend Jim for
safety. The boyish, innocent world of Huck and Jim ("the river world") is contrasted with "the
shore world". Finally, iim is free, while Huck, whose fortune is safe since his father is dead,
decides nevertheless he has to be on the move again. He starts for the Indian territory.

IJil
tr Tianslate into Romaniun:
The Mississippi River, with "nobeginning andno end", is the setting, the backbone and
! 2. Work practically one of the characters of the novel The Aduentures of Huckleberry Finn The
"river" world, with Huck's boyish dreams, is opposed to the "shore" world, with its
violence or hypocrisy. The voyage down the Mississippi is a flight at the conscious level.
But in another sense, at the unconscious level, Huck takes a second kind of voyage - the
voyage of quest, of discovery and impticitly of initiation and growth. The novel ends with
the words:
"l reckon", he concludes, "l got to light out for the Territory ahead of the rest, because
Aunt Sally she's going to adopt me and siuilize me, and I can't stand it. I been there
before."
A Does the last sentence of the nouel (see Ex. W.1) mean that Huck has grown up? Wrtte
one paragraph.
'X' El Imagine Huck at 40 Aears of age. Write a description of him in no more than 300 word,s.
brown canvas to blue denim. 1994 A Nevada miner lost a pair
L872 Jacob Davis, a tailor. adds of pants deep underground in
teans have come a long!way ... metal rivets to keep pants the 1920s. A geology student
pockets from tearing away. found the pants - stiff as a
L567 Sailors from Genoa, ltaly, board - in 1994. Levi Strauss &
L926 Jeans geniuses at the
wear cotton trousers. The French Co. awarded the student a orize
H.D. Lee Mercantile Co. are the
call Genoa - and people from for his discovery.
first to replace the original
there - "G6nes." That name (from National Geographic
button fly front with one that zips.
sticks to the sailor's pants. World, Feb. 1995)
L947 The Blue Bell Overall
1695 In Nimes, France,
(a kind Company rounds up a tailor,
businesses make cloth. Tailors Flt to bc trlcd
who goes by the name of Rodeo
nounced
n A\l;1,.-
^ Jeaos bavc
sew pants from serge de Nimes -;G=
ach of Ben, to design jeans for cotoe 1
F F
- French for "cloth from Nimes". cowboys. that feeljust right in
toog way,
i^+N-\ lr
r-1 \il/uI
J.WgU
How do you
,l5u
Eventually "de Nimes" becomes wer bco ?
H I

another "denim". the saddle and look great with

:iustc - boots. Called Wranglers, these
,'vboats.
1853 A salesman named Levi jeans become best sellers in
Strauss travels northern Texas.
California during the Gold Rush.
1964 The Smithsonian
At first he tries to sell miners
Institution in Washington, D.C.,
heavy cloth to make their tents.
adds jeans to its American
'rative) But the miners turn him down.
history collection. That doesn't
tracters What they really need, says one
mean that jeans are history.
events. of them, is strong pants that
Over the next few years, jeans
) general won't rip. Strauss turns the cloth
grow even more popular in
racter. into trousers. Several years later
America. Shrlnk'em
he switches his fabric from

73
 -IL
Arts
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaOaaaaaaaaaa.
E

"Art does not reproduce what we see; rather, it makes us see."

Paul Klee, painter, I879-I94O

Responses to art

Discussion points.
-l
tr Look at the following cartoons. Work with Uour partner to find, the key to the humour in
each situation.
'l may not, know much about A Surrealist family has 'l lell you, lerb, torty-nine 'Sooner or later it wag
art,, but, I know what I the neighbours in to tea. people can't, be wronq.' bound to come to lhisl'
wouldn'L like to dueL.'

A What ftetds of art do the cartoons refer to?

Et Group these words from the ftelds of art with the appropriate cartoon:
o choreographer r design r oil-painting o to cast r palette . canvas I modelling
o to sculpt o statue r pointed shoe r sketch o graphics o polished bronze
. perspective I water-colour
#tr Cartoon 2 (in Ex. I.1) presents a Surrealist family. What do you think Surrealism means?

FiIl in the missing prepositions to find out things about some other artistic schools:
-Il tinto tof tby oin .on tto ofrom owith tfor
Still-life painting (Rom. Naturd moartd) is the depiction ...... (1) an arrangement of objects.
Naive art refers to untrained artists ...... (2) a sophisticated society.
The abstract. It is generally used ...... (3) any art that does not represent recognizable
objects.
Post-Impressionism rejected certain principles specific ...... (4) Impressionism, e.g. the
preoccupation ...... (5) momentary effects.
Art Nouveau /o:t nu:'vea/ (Rom. Arta 1900) decorative style flourishing ...... (6) 1890 to
World War L
Surrealism /sa'rrahzem/ (Rom. Suprarealism) an artistic trend but also a life-style that
relied ...... (7) certain ideas of Dada and Freud. It was meant to free both the viewer
and the artist ...... (8) exploring the world of the subconscious. Andr6 Breton, its
founder, said that it tried "to resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream
and reality ...... (9) an absolute reality, a super-reality."

afil In Ex. II, you came across the words: Surrealism and,Art lVouueau.
Match the following words, also of French origin, with their explanati,on, then translate
them into Romanian:
1 clichd /'kli;!e/ a) too willing to believe without proof
2 mdtier /'metre/ b) great tiredness
3 raison d'4tre /,reuon detra/ c) (fmt) masterpiece
4 fatigue /fa'ti:g/ d) a reason for existing
5 nai'ue /nar'i:.v / e) (derog.) an idea used so often
6 chef-d'oeuure /[e1' dz'^vre/ that it has lost its expressive force 71

fl (pomp.) the trade/type of work which

one does, or to which one is suited

74
 .T
E One morning, while sorting out his bills and signing cheques John Ennis, absent-
mindedly started to twist one of the paper clips. It was the beginning of an unusual
aaaaoaaaaao. experience.
i us see." Read the text to see what kind of erperience the author had. Notice also the French loan
t79-1940 words in the text.

Like many another artist, After lunch I felt I was ready

I began with still-life studies. to tackle lhe raison d'6tre of almost
First, a simple wild flower all sculpture ever since the Ancient
from the hedgerows. Greek - the human figure.
tour in Those old cliches of the post- My first effort, recognisable as being of
lmpressionist movement, the nai've school, I dismissed it as derivative.
I needed a more sculptural approach.
a bowl of fruit ...
Twisting this way and that,

,( 'i
It\ J't
'1
destroying clip after clip,
I finally emerged with a work
t I call "Reclining Nude".

Encouraged, I felt I could now tackle

the more modern styles.
... and a bottle My realism period, which I reached
and glass. at 3.15 p.m., is notable
for Cyc ist and "Commuter 7984"
Ig Now only the highest level of the
just about took care of sculptor's art remained. Could I meet the
That
challenge? With trepidation I tackled the
still life. At this point I recognised
most difficult style of all - the abstract. I'm
reans? that, as a late starter, I
no art critic just a common-sense sort of
would have to try in haste -
chap who knows what he likes when he sees
many styles and periods
it: but I don't think the results are at all bad.
before submitting to the Royal
First, "Linear Abstract with Kinks" ...
Academy. I tried, and swiftly
bjects. rejected, the Gothic ...
... and I think I can say without boasting,
able
my chef-d'oeuvre, "Landscape with Holly Bush
by a Windswept Pond".
. the u
Then there seemed nowhere to go.
for
But finally, after concentrated struggle
)to against sore fingertips, mental fatigue
and metal fatitue, I achieved my revolt
t 't against abstract art. The critic cannot
\ver fail to agree that in this figure - | call it
fs :1 "Trombone Solo" - | have triumphanily
'-a
ream { caught up with the art world's latest
fad: the return to naturalism.
(after Reader's Digiest, April 1984)
... but unadventurous. For a
while I thought portraiture might "l
tclip clam[
;late be my m1tier - so for some
time I struggled with the ;r
lhedgerow gard viu
problem of providing an eye. f
to submit to a se supune derivative /dt'rlattv/ not
rf
| fiudecatii cuiva) original or new
reft[a(r)/ to tackle /tnkl/
/
{r tad /frd/ moft
a aborda

A Without looking back at the text, name: a) at least three loan words; b) three art trends
ich used in the text
I Compare results with your partner

IJ
 g Role play. hnagine "the clip sculptures" were displayed in a gallery.
In teams of three, take the parts of an English Gallery guide, a Romanian uisitor who I
does not know English, and an Interpreter The uisitor asks questions in Romani.an about
each clip scttlpture. The interpreter translates the questions for the guide, the guide
answers in English, and the interpreter translates them back. Change parts after a
tuhtle.
8 tr Read the text below to do the Take Away actiuity.
Let's talk about translating! You may say "Simple! Take a dictionary and solve the
problem." But is it really that simple? Look at an example from the text in Ex. IV.
"Like manA another artist, I began with still-Iife studies." You know all the words, but
you feel the beginning is a little bit different from "Like manA a,rti,sts, ..."
The word"kink" may be translated into Romanian by nod, risuciturd, incretiturd, cutf,;
spasm, cdrcel; ciuddlenie, trdsnaie; (textil.) ochi; (tehnic.) cot. Which of the meanings would you
choose?
When faced with text in the original language the Still Life - Violin and Music
translator must ask the following important questions: by William Harnett (The
1 Do I know the meanings of the words? Metropolitan Museum, New York)
2 What does the author mean?
3 How does he or she say it?
G
Translate the titles of the "clip scttlptures". (You are luckier
than most translators 0s you also haue the uisual support!)

William Harnett (1848-1892), born in lreland but brought up in

Philadelphia, was the leading American painter of trompe l'oeil
lllusionism /,tromp 'laui r'lu:ganizan/ (pictorial technique meant to
deceive the eye). He became a celebrity, for a while, among Broadway
journalists who frequented the bars where his paintings were exhibited.
One of these happened to represent a still-life arrangement of various objects that included a dollar-bill
which looked as if it could be literally lifted out of the picture and taken away in one's pocket.

0
Pair work. Here is a picture by the
-L Belgian painter Rend Magritte
(1898-1967). What does it tell yott?
Which school of painting did Magritte
belong to?

tEr News & Views

Choose from:
E Use unexpected materials to make Aour
own sculpture, e.g. branches, leaues, @
nltts, feathers, chalk, eggshells, apples, o
o
sl
etc. Giue the sculpture a name. Aduertise c

it for Aour newspaper in no more than

300 words.
)c
U;

a Wrtte an article (400 words) in whtch you o

describe an unusual/interesting sculpture a
'=
you haue seen. u
o
o-

o
o

son of Man by Ren6 Magritte (1-964)

76
I The sounds of the world & the world of sounds

Discussion points.
-l If you had to select speciftc sounds/nolses of our
Earth to be receiued by alien ciuilizations that
knew nothing about us, what would you choose?
With Aour partner, name four sounds/noises that
you think may represent our ciuilization.

arl
E In 19TT the first Voyager spacecraft left Cape
Canaveral on a long journey into space. It carried a
record which included a number of musical pieces.
Some of the titles are given below.
CopU them into your notebooks.

a) Bach's Brandenburg Concerto Number 2, first

movement
b) "Johnny B. Goode," by Chuck Berry
c) New Guinea Men's House Fixing the gold-plated record, bearing a
d) "Flowing Streams" (Chinese song) selection of Earth's music, to Voyager 2.
e) "Dark Was the Night" by Blind Willie Johnson Decoded images of the first message
fl The fifth movement (cavatina) from purposely beamed to outer space.
Beethoven's String Quartet in B flat, Number 13
(Opus 130) Bach lba:kl
New Guinea /nju:'grni/ Noua Guinee
A Which tDere, in your opinion, the reasons for the string quartet /'strirl'kwc:'tet/
selection of the musical pieces mentioned aboue? cvaftet de coarde
Remember they are supposed to say something B flat /'bi: f'lrt/ si bernol
about our world. opus /'aopasl pl. opera l'oprel operir.

El g Listen to the real criteria which the selection

op, lucrare

uas based on. Check to see if they are similar

to yours. nocturne /' noktz;n/ nocturna
A Suppose Aou are asked, to suggest a piece of score /skt;(r)/ partitura
piercing /' ptasnl/ pdtrunzdtor
music/song and one image, typical of Romania, to
exquisite /lk'skwrzrt/ desavArqit
be put on the record and on its couer. What would
technical excellence /' teknrkal
you choose? Discuss with Aour partner 'ekselans/ mdiestrie tehnica
brass parts /bro:s/ al5muri,
instrumente de suflat din alama

The Covent
Garden Theatre,
the London
theatre devoted
since the mid-
19th century to
opera, now known
as The Royal
Opera House.

# The Metropolitan, New York, USA, built in j_966

JTT-
E Read the fotlowing about the impression a Romanian soprano left on a Couent Garden
audience:

77
 dramatically raven-haired Romanian soprano play the
tragic courtesan Violetta. But I hadn't realized until he
said it that her very youth, her newness, was part of
the thrill. "Lovely when they can do it so youngl." lt
was not just Gheorghiu's voice, which is
heartbreakingly pure and expressive, nor her acting,
which is spirited. Covent Garden is used to fine divas.
But the magical thing which had brought him, and me
back again to queue for returned tickets had a lot to
do with the fact that Angela Gheorghiu is in her very
early 20's; fresh, spontaneous, excitinS because she
is excited by it all.
The Royat Opera House in Covent Garden seating plan These things percolate into the performance itself'
There is a man I sometimes see, up under the roof of In a world of roles so demanding that young lovers
the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden. He is an often have to be played by the only people who can
amphitheatre regular, one of those modest phantoms sing the part - stoutish middle-aged men and women
of the opera who are the mainstay of the cheapest - there is always huge excitement over a young singer
seats. whose voice is mature but who will not disappoint
And one night this yea(, as we puffed up the final anybody's romantic eye even through the most
fliglit of stairs to iack-knife ourselves into the steep, powerful opera-glasses. Besides, it is never certain
cramped rows of red seats for Verdi's 'La Traviata' how long a new voice will last: so these discoveries
this man said to me, a little out of breath, "You're sharpen the sense of occasion. They make you gasp
going to love this. Boring set, very static chorus, but more at the vocal fireworks, and bring tears more
Angela Gheorghiu! lsn't it just lovely when they can do quickly to your eyes at the deathbeds.
it so young..." (After Libby Purves' article Glorious Voices,
I knew. lt was my second trip to see the new, published in High Life, 1995)

mainstay /'1pernster/ spri.jin, reazem thrill /0rrl/ cnrtrtie puternicd to percotate /'ps:keleft/ a se strecura
spirited /'splrrtrd/ plin de tenrperanent diva /'di:r':r/di','a. primadona stoutish /'stauli!/ trupeq, gras

Pcu'aphrase the uords written in italics in the abotte text.

The critic mentions seL,eral of Angela's attributes uhich enhance the quality of the
petformcrnc.e. frincl them and rank them according to the importance they are giuen in
the te:r,t.
Reacl the fottottting short paragraph uthich belongs ruith the abotte text:

They love the music and the high drama of opera, not the social glitz of the stalls and Grand Circle'
Rather than go once a year in a dinner jacket, they choose to go often and cheaply, sweltering in the
summer, suffering roof-leaks in the winter. To my mind, they are the critics who really count.

With Aour purtner:

dlsczrss uthat it is about (re.ferring to the Royal Opera House Seating Plan);
,r-i
E.r

fir clecide uthere exuctly in the text it should be included.

prodttce e short aritten summerA of the uhole article in Romanian for somebody who
does not speak English.

ENGLISH LIBRARIAN Excuse me, is this the book you are interested in?
"/s
ROMANIAN STUDENT yes, thank you, but can you alsO answer a question, please? why did you ask
this the book you are interested in?" instead of "ls this the book in which you are interested?"
E.L. Well, in some situations it is possible to place a preposition at the end of a sentence. This is frequent
especially with wh- questions, relative clauses, exclamations, passives, and some infinitive clauses.
R.S. Can you give me some examples, please?
E.L. Yes, of course. "Who are you speaking to?", "What a mess we're in!", "Don't worry' He's being
looked after.", "She's realry interestingto tatk to."This use is very common in everyday informal English.
But there are people who feel it is better to avoid putting the preposition at the end, even if this results
in a sentence which sounds very formal, as for example: "To whom are you speaking?"
R.S, Thank you very much. When using prepositions, l'll be more awa're of who I am talkingto!

78
ry the
Intil he
rrt of
"tt

trng, Art Outside The Gallery

divas. Art in Public Places
ro me
ot to Public Monuments Murals
very Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Washington DC Whereas much modern art tries to communicate
3 Sne
important truths to as wide an audience as possible,
murals tend to have greater relevance to people living
itself.
nearby than to outsiders. Murals are often painted by
--t5
local people (generally under the supervision of a
can
trained "community artist").
omen
srnger
nt

:arn
nes
gasp
U

Voices,
1995)
-----'l
I

--Uf a I

---__l

Wall Mural, The Barbican, Plymouth, Devon

) Street Furniture
rt in Lamp posts, letter boxes and public benches exist
Built with private donations on land Siven by the primarily to serve a useful purpose but they can have
government. The long, polished stone wall bearing the an inspired elegance and a quality of craftsmanship
names of all the soldiers killed in the Vietnam War, that raises them above function to art. Some street
appears to emerge from and then recede into the furniture too, by virtue of its survival from an earlier
earth. The striking design by Maya Ying Lin, then a age, serves as a capsule of social history.
Yale senior, was selected from L,421 submissions.
Graffiti

rho

i, "/s
Graffiti means little scratches in ltalian. lts modern
lquent nreaning describes anything scribbled or sprayed on
to a surface in a public space. Pictorial graffiti are
seen by some as vandalism; others as a creative art
d form. A number of New York subway graffiti artists
f,

rglish. have recently become almost cult figures in the

rnternational art world. "Riot gates", the corrugated The camel is not a very apt symbol for comfortable
u lts
steel shutters in front of shop windows, are popular seating, but here it makes the nrost distinctive street
\vorking spaces for graffiti artists. furniture in London.

79
 Where does art begin?
anl
"Painting is a blind man's profession. He paints not what he sees,
but what he feels, what he tells himself about what he sees." E
-l Is art I'crlurul or I'Iurt-ntucle'l
Pablo Picasso

E Discussion points.
Look at this picture and answer the questions
below.
1 What do you see in it?
2 Who made it?
3 Does it have a purpose?
4 Is it ART? ad
5 Does the saying "Beauty is in the eye of the tr
beholder" apply here?
a I{ous read the two paragraphs below and say
E which paragraph is generalized writing and Giving opinions ll
which is personalised writing; They say that ... but ... (informal)
tr what role the phrases in bold type in It is believed that ... but ...
People think that ... but ...
paragraph 2 perform;
People often claim that ... but
E what is the purpose of the topic sentence. what they do not realise is ...
Contrary to what is (generally)
You will be asked to write similar believed, I would say that ... (formal)
paragraphs during this lesson.

Topic Sentence: Art is made by Man - it involves the OPINION: I think that art is indeed a product of the
artist's intention, skill and will. human mind and skill. I doubt that nature can ever
Summary of ldeas: We see wonderful things in nature. achieve the subtlety of the artistic masterpiece.
Sometimes, they are simply breath-taking. They are' Contrary to what some people believe, I would say
wonderful to us because we see "things" in them: that, in this case, Man supersedes Mother or
beautiful combinations of colour and graceful shapes, nature. In my opinion, art uses nature and is
pleasant sounds, etc. This is "nature". Never "art". always the outcome of human endeavour.
Art comes to complete the beauty of nature. An artist Or In my opinion, nothing can compare to nature.
is a person who decides to make a product that will People often claim that art is man's supreme
give pleasure to others and who also has the talent achievement, but what they do not realise is that
and skills to do it. In order to achieve this, the artist artists only try to copy nature. No painting will give
looks for the material, decides what he wants to do you the sense of mystery a sunset does, and no
with the material and spends long hours giving material music will give you that unique feeling when you
form to the idea in his mind. hear the rain pattering on the leaves of a tree.
Nature is the greatest artist there is.

-Il Is art Imitcttion or the Cs.se nce ot'what it represents? I

I
,t

E Read uthat BrAncuqi wrote: "AII my ltfe I haue tried to render the
I

essence of flying.TofIV ... what happiness!" and in your groups

dnswer the questions:
1 Do good artists reproduce every detail of an object or do they
try to find its essence?
2 Look at the statue on the right. Did Brdncugi come close to
success? Why (not)? I
3 Is art for the eyes only? Is it for the mind too? Look at the
motto for this lesson.
A In your groups write two short paragraphs: one to summdrize the discussion in
Ex. 11.7, and,the other to giue Uour own opinions about whether artis IMITATIOIV or the
ESSEME of what it represents.
g
Look at the Useful Language box above and at the opinion essay on p. 61.

80
 -Itf
Wlrat is the Purpost' rl',-lr,?
) sees,
qoae " E Read the statements below a,nd, in your groups d,ecide which one best anstpers [he
)icasso question' "Why do artists produce works of art?".
L Works of art imitate and interpret nature and so they give Man the feeling of
controlling nature.
2 Works of art express the artist's feelings and ideas.
3 Some works of art try to convince people to adopt a certain attitude.
They are ofte.
more efficient than sermons, lessons or TV talk ihows.
4 works of art give us pleasure and make life more interesting.
5 Works of art pay well on the art market.

Ad Look at the pictures below and read, the two texts alongsid,e.
tr IVow work in groups to d,ecide on the purpose
for which the objects in the pictttres were
made.

Billboard Art
By definition, a public poster sells a product
or promotes a political or charitable cause.
When it does none of these it is called
"billboard art". Helen Chadwick made a
beautiful poster showing only tulip heads: it
makes a wonderful contrast to the traffic
going past and it is a patch of colour in thjs
urban area. Another artist, Willy Doherty
had the idea of taking a black and white
photograph of a man's eyes; he then
superimposed the words: "Iam ruthless
and cruel / lt's written all over my face / I
am proud and dedicated" The subject is a
terrorist and the message is ironic. The
good thing about BILLBOARD ART is that bilfboard /'brlbt;d/ afiq stradal
you can enjoy it while waiting for your bus
or simply walking in the street.

Grand Designs of Grop Art

by Gary Sledge
You are flying in summer skies and then, all
of a sudden you see, covering the fields
beneath you, three giant sunflowers!
A tractor, a plough, a mower and a disc
are artist Stanley Herd's brushes;
sunflowers, Soya beans, oats and other
plants provide the colours of his palette.
With these tools he works the earth into
portraits and still lifes.
Herd calls his work "crop art" and in
spite of its size, his art is less permanent
than oil on canvas: it changes with the
seasons. "l like to think that my earth
pieces prove you can do something
beautiful and in tune with our planet and The flowers are made of strategically ptanted
yet leave no trace. To me that is art." says sunflowers, Soya beans and clover in a 2O_acre
Herd. field near Eudora, Kansas.
he
g write two short paragraphs: one to summarize the discussion in Ex. III.l ancl 2 and the
other to giue uour own opinions about the purpose of art.

81
-iL
s
KIIE$EIEI
I
r,\ ilil( liilrtl rli'r'l1tt'tit'lit't' tll)r\s ;r:'l tli-r 1' "1il '

good look at this aduertisement and at the painting uhich inspired it, and
in
E Take a
grouqs ansuer these questions:
in common?
I What are the elements the advertisement and the painting haveconnects
z What in the activity of (name of the company, e.g. Mantucelli) it with Da
Vinci's painting?
Da Vinci's painting
3 Do you think the association of the name of the company with
Whv?
-uk.t the advertisement more effective?

MANTUCELLI Mona Lisa bY Leonardo Da Vinci

Contact Lenses,
Via Cavour, Rome
tel. 987 654 fax 543270
=arrr,,r,rrr,rr,r,,,ttttttttttttttttttttttttllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllltll

A Read this text and answer the questions:

E What kind of connotation is the advertisement above based on?
tr What would you miss from the advertisement if you did not associate
it with the
painting?

A poem uses language in a Certain way' Very

particular poem in the large family of poems
poets have written since the beginning of time'
often it builds up meaning with the help of
connotations, ideas you associate with a Similarly, in painting there are 'si$ns' that tell
particular word and which are not to be found in you that a paintin$ is a painting and not a movie,
any dictionary. For instance, most people or a poem or anything else. These 'si$ns' are
associate home with safety. This is linguistic colour, frame, etc. You associate and compare
connotation. the painting you are looking at with the other
paintings you have seen so far.
But any poem makes use of another type of
connotation, namely literary connotation' There Another way a work of art uses artistic
are signs (rhyme, or rhythm, or simply form) connotations is by making explicit or implicit
which make you think that what you are reading reference to other well-known works of art' The
is a poem and not a novel, or a play, or an more one knows, the more artistic connotations
essay. These 'signs' are called literary one sees in works of art and the more pleasure
connotations and they make you include that one derives from discoverin$ them'

Ex. Iil'L and 2; and

tr Write two short ParagraPhs: one to summarize the discussion at
EXPERIENCE art giues you.
another one in which You giue Aour own opinions about THE

giuing opinions about it'

choose one work of art and write three to four paragraphs aour
on p'1'87 '
Use the opinion .rluy on p.61 and the Tips for a Good Essay

82
T Current issues in art

Discussion points.
-- 1 Are works of art unique or mass_produced,?
2 who are the people who purchase works of art?
all
tr Scan texts 1, 2 and 3 and, work in groups to d,ecid,e:
1 what kind each one is. Choose from:
0/ museum leaflet b) short story c) tapescript
d) magazine report e) newspaper article fl minutes
2 what the topic of each is. Choose from:
a/ auction sales b) new trends in art c) censorship
d) forgery e) types of art forms
3 if all the titles are appropriate. If one is not, suggest another.
TEXT 1 TEXT 2
Arts organizations Art markets
Money, censorship and native American artists were the by Geraldine Norman
key concerns at the Third Montana cultural congress held The super-rich have decided to go back to
September 13-76 at Montana State University in buying modern pictures. lt was totally
Bozeman. "working Together: New Directions for the 9os" unexpected. All that Sotheby's and Christie's
was the theme for the congress which included workshops had on offer were art works from owners who
and general sessions on issues ranging from artists in the were prepared to sell at any price. Dealers,
schools to cultural tourism, from community arts who have done hardly any business for the last
development to computer networks that would enhance 18 months, were in no mood to buy. But private
arts education. But every second topic on the program collectors started to raise their hands again.
seemed to contain the word "grants" in its tiile, and the Regular as clock-work every November and
really big topic, censorship of the arts, was clearly on the May, the two big auction houses mount their
tip of everyone's tongue because the censorship that major sales of modern art in New york. The
currently threatens the arts community is the denial of vast auction rooms, both located in Manhattan,
grants to artists who produce works deemed obscene.
can accommodate some 1,500 bidders.
blasphemous or otherwise offensive. Maybe the bodies were slighfly more tighily
In his address to the congress, National Endowment for packed two years ago but at last week's
the Arts, chairman John Frohnmayer attempted to silence auction, the players looked to be the same _
those artists who feel that he has sold out to the rich, of uncertain age and multinational.
Philistines by having artists sign a pledge that what they (The Independent on Sunday,31 May !gg2)
produce using NEA grant money will not be obscene. lf a
court later declared the work to be obscene, the artist
would be required to return the grant money before being
censorship /'senzaltp/ cenzurd,
grant /gro:nL/ bursd
eligible for another grant.
Montana's representative pat Williams insisted that to deem /di:n/ a considera

artists must remain free to create what they need to blasphemous /'blesfemes/ blasfemdtor, hulitor
create - and that sovernment financial support is essential endowment /ln'dai_im ant/ inzestrare. dotare
to ensure a thriving artistic community. Through their work, to sell out to smb. a se vinde cuiva
pledge /ple$/ angajament
Williams said, artists let the rest of a democracy know
where its problems are and sugSest solutions. thriving /Irawq/ prosper
(Yokoi, A Quarterly Journal of the Arts,
deafer /' di:le(r)/ negustor
bidder /'btda(r)/ oferrant
Autumn 1990)

Going! Going! Gone! Christie's is another well-known firm of London

Sotheby's /sa9bis/ is an important firm of fine art auctioneers founded in L766 by James Christie.
auctioneers in London. lt was founded in l-744 by a Both have outlets not only in Great Britain but also
bookseller, Samuel Baker, with its present name in the USA.
coming from John Sotheby, a later partner of the firm. (From English Life from A to Z\

a a a a a a a a a aa aa aa a a aa a a a a aa aa a a a a a a a aa 11 a a rlr

83
 TEXT 3
The British Museum
This is a real exhibition about deception materialized,
Jfr
about lying things wherever and whenever they were
made. lt traces the surviving evidence for such
deception across a broad spectrum of time and place,
from the Far East to the West Coast of America, from
ancient Babylon and Pharaonic Egypt to the present
day. The exhibition is not a history of crime, nor does
it discuss morality - rather it addresses the difficult Bt
question, "What exactly is a fake?", by examining over
600 fascinating objects - fakes, replicas, copies,
facsimiles, counterfeits, antiques and others which
elude precise classification. includes a pirate Rolex watch and other products
The exhibition opens with a group of famous fakes which are imitations of famous brand names. Finally,
including the amazing 'Etruscan' sarcophagus which the exhibition looks at the many and varied
so brilliantly deceived that it was bought by a great techniques used to make and unmask fakes.
museum and displayed as an ancient treasure. A
more problematic piece is a beautiful Chinese jade EXHIBITION INFORMATION
horse's head, once condemned as a 1930s fake, and 9 March - 2 September 19gO
which has re-emerged as a masterpiece of Han Rooms 49/5O, Upper Floor Admission f,3.
sculpture.
The exhibition demonstrates how since history
began people have been rewriting it to their deception /dt'sep[n/ inqeldciune
advantage. Examples include fake inscriptions buried take /'fetk/ fals
in attempts to establish the antiquity or importance of facsimile /fak'srmeli/ facsimil, copie
a place or person, and convincing documents faked by counterfeit /'kaontefit/ imitatie
nationalists to create spurious histories and customs antique /e.n'ti:k/ obiect de artl vechi
for their countries. Forged letters which ruined to efude /i'lu'^d/ a eluda, a evita
politicians and retouched photographs which removed sarcophagus /so:'kefeges/ sarcofag
them from history altogether are seen alongside forged /ft:$d/ ndscocit, falsificat
examples of clever wartime counterfeiting. The heyday iade /$etd/ jad
of faking came in the 19th and early 2oth centuries spurious /spjuarrss/ fals, nefundamentat
when there was a huge expansion in the market of enamel /r'nreml/ email
antiques and works of art, as demonstrated by a ivoty /'aweri/ ivoriu, fildeq
remarkable selection of brilliantly deceptive brand name nume de fabricafie, marcd
craftsmanship ranging from Byzantine enamels and Babylon /'babilan/
musical instruments to furniture, Gothic ivories and Pharaonic / fearet' onrk/
Rembrandts. A section devoted to modern times

#
IEI E Listen fo The Auctione er and say what the song euokes about auctions.

anl Noun Verb Adjective

E Read text 3 and work in groups to: 2 to deceive ?
El trna the reasons why fakes are mad,e; ? /2 to counterfeit counterfeit
El ft.U in the chart on the right: forgery to forge 2

A Read texts 1, 2 and 3 and,, in groups: e to lie ?

tr list the drguments for and against ?

CENSORSHIP, AUCTIONING and ? /? to fake

"
/"
COUNTERFEITING. Add Aour own. Present ? to replicate replicated
llour conclusions to the class.
? to copy copied
tr decide whether these issaes are releuant
?
to Romania and to what er,tent.
#g Work in groups to decide what it takes to be a successful auctioneen counterfeiter or
censor in the fteld of art. Would you like to be one?
#4 choose one of the three topics you discussed at Ex. III.2a) and usrite about it. Use the
suggestions in Tips for a Good Essay on page 187.

84
 o
WANT TO PLAY DETECTIVE?
-T Read the article below and work tn groups to decide why the heist (robberil took place
and who you think must haue done it. Present your conclusions to the class. Consider
these factors:
a) chronology of euents; b) description of robbers; c) motiue for robbery.
Use your imagination to supplement the information in the article only where necessarry.

Boston - The early hours of March lg.

thieves, to steal the lesser Degas pictures
1990: a brazen robbery team loots the
Isabella Stewan Gardner Museum of
treasures valued at $300 million.
THE GREAT rather than far more valuable works. It
suggests that the robbers may have been

The nearly five-year quest to solve

what has been labelled the biggesr ar1
theft in history has led down many dead
BOSTON under orders to steal the Vermeer and the
Rembrandts, and then fieelanced the rest.
"We don't know the message." said
ends, investigators and museum officials
say.
There was, for example, the former
ART HEIST Daniel Falzon, the FBI's ageni leading
the investigation. "We don't understand
the shopping lisr."
The Gardner thefi was not discovered
museum employee who left abruptly and
failed a lie detector test. And the one
until the first staff members arived
nearly flve hours later, by which time the
time Irish Republican Army gunrunner
robbers had made a getaway, taking with
who was reported inclined to discuss
a big art theft before he was shot to them the videotape fiom surveillance
cameras. Fingerprints fiorn the crime
death. And the con man who had
scene have yet to be matched to anv
masterminded a bungled museum theft
possible suspect.
with haunting similarities to the Gardner
robbery.
But investigators were not devoid of
clues. The two guards. while badly
So far no sign of the missing works,
shaken, were able to provide r;o..
which included one of the few known
works by the lTth century Dutch master
descriptionof the robbers. One had a
shiny dark moustache, apparently fhke,
Jan Vermeer, two Rembrandts, one of
them the artist's only seascape, five and a "possible Boston accent". The
Degas and a Manet.
other also had an apparently fake
moustache. Their unifbrms and shrelds
The theft seems to have generated
may also have been bogus, although the
little underworld street talk, as if some
fearsome crime clan had clamped a lid
FBI spent many fruitless hours in
costume shops and flea markets trvins to
on, or killed the actual thieves, which Exciting Leads, but No Real trace them.
may, in fact, be another possible clue.
The hold-up occurred on a Sunday Clues, in 1990 fheft Both robbers carried on their belts
square black radios, one of which
moming, the night after St patrick's Dav.
crackled with barely intelli_eible voices
in itself another possible clue, said Anne
Hawley, the museum director, who reciting police-type code numbers.
suggesting the presence of lookouts. a
senses a possible political dimension to For the next hour and 2l minutes, getaway crew and transf'er vehicles.
the case. according to electronic records of their
Shortly before 1..24 a.m., two men in
Among the mysteries is what use
movements, the two thieves, and could be made of the pictures, given their
uniform, claiming to be investigating a possibly other confederates, roamed the notoriety. "What does a thief do with a
disturbance, persuaded a guard to open galleries, snatching a painting from Vermeer'J" asked William McMullin, a
the museum's side door on palace Road. an easel, slicing others from their spokesman for the FBI in Boston. ..you
Tricking him into summoning his frames. teiring another from the wall and
only partner from rounds in the galleries,
don't just roll it up and walk into a
then abandoning it, apparently as too
the intruders, who displayed no guns, _eallery and say, 'Can I have $30 million
unwieldy. for this?"'
handcuffed the two guards and taped This was especially puzzling, as was (Adapted from the lrttentcttiortttl
them to pipes in the basement. Herttld
the decision, by obviously aft-savvy Triburte, l7_l g Dec 1994)

heist lharctl spargere to handcuff smb. /'hrendcnf / a pune cdtuqe cuiva

brazen I'bretzenl indrdznet easel /'r.zl/ gevalet
to loot llu:tl a prdda unwieldy /nn'wi;ldi/ masiv, greoi
employee /rm'plcri:/ funclionar, angajat savvy /'srvi/ priceput
gunrunner contrabandist de anne to freelance /'fri:lq:ns/ a lucra pe cont propriu
con man /'kon meen/ escroc getaway /'geta'wer / fuga, evadare
to mastermind /'ma:stamarnd/ a planui. a organiza surveillance /'sa:'verlens/ supraveghere
bungled /'bnrlgld/ de mAntuiala bogus /'beuges/ fals
undetworld /'nndawalld/ lurnea interlop2i flea market /'fli:ma:krt/ piala de vechituri, talcioc
to clamp /'klremp/ a prinde, a fixa to crackle /krnkl/ a pocni, a trosni
he
to summon /'s,,lmen/ a rnobiliza

aaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaoa aaaaaoaaaatr.

85
 ROUND UP The Arts Guide
-l flJ Scan the tert below. It is the first part of a leaJtet on the J. Paul Getty Museum in the
United States. Which of the following pieces of information are \VOT to be found in the
text?
a) The new museum was built as a recreation of an ancient Roman villa.
b) The museum is a private collection opened to the public.
c) The gardens of the Getty Center are patterned like Roman frescoes.
dl The valuable art collection of the Getty Vilta is opened daily to the public.
e) The Getty Center also includes a grant program.

ART COLLECTIONS like frescoes found in Pompeii and

The J. Paul Getty Museum Herculaneum.
J. Paul Getty (1892-1976) was an
The Getty Center, opened to the public in
American businessman who became very
December 1997, situated in the foothills of
rich and set up The J. Paul Getty Museum in
the Santa Monica Mountains, features a
California where he kept his very valuable
new J. Paul Getty Museum, and
art collection. Mr. Getty lived most of his
extraordinary gardens. All of the foliage and
adult life in Europe, where he began
materials of the Central Garden are being
collecting art in the 1-930s. The Museum,
selected to accentuate the interplay of light,
dedicated to visual arts, located at 17985
colour and reflection. The Getty Villa in
Pacific Coast Highway in Malibu, between
Malibu is now closed for renovation and will
Sunset and Topanga Canyon boulevards
re-open in 2001, having as a main focus
was opened to the public in January 1-974
Greek and Roman antiquities. The gallery
in the Getty Villa. lt is approximately 25
space of the new Museum at the Getty
miles west of downtown Los Angeles.
Center is more than twice that of the
Museum of the Getty Villa in Malibu. The
The Building itself is a recreation of an
Getty Trust also offers people opportunities
ancient Roman villa. lts plan is based on
that of the Villa dei Papiri, which stood
to more fully understand, experience, value
and preserve the world's artistic and
outside the city of Herculaneum overlooking
cultural heritage through five institutes and
the Bay of Naples. The villa was completely
a grant program.
buried, as were Pompeii and Herculaneum
by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in
AD. 79. In the 18th century the villa was
accidentally rediscovered, but it was left 60
feet below the earth. A floor plan and notes
made during the 18th century explorations
were the basis for the Museum's plan.

The Museum's Gardens (interior and

exterior) include trees, flowers, shrubs, and
herbs like those that might have been found
growing 2,000 years ago in Rome.
lllusionistic wall paintings in the gardens
and elsewhere in the Museum are patterned

ffi f,l Group uork: a debate.

The theme of this short debate is "Priuate Museums Should Be Forbidden". Decide if
Aour group uill support tt or will speak against it. Work with your partners to present
three arguments in fauour of your decision, then start debating with a team that takes
opposite sides.
i:' : Reud the second part of the leaflet to see what works of art Aou can admire at
the J. Paul Getty Museum and how they are displayed.

86
 THE COLLECTIONS
Sculpture and Works of Art. Decorative Arts. This
The collection features collection includes furniture,
European sculpture from the carpets, tapestries, clocks,
n the Renaissance to the end of silver, porcelain, and other
;n the the 1-9th century. small objects made for the
French royal household.
German furniture and
ceramics are also on display.
Photographs. The strength of
Manuscripts. European and this collection lies in
Byzantine manuscript European and American
illumination is represented. photographs dating from the
early 1840s to the 1950s.

PLEASE NOTE:
tc In Paintings are displayed in The five two-storey pavilions which are designed around an

rills of galleries with natural open central courtyard, house changing exhibitions and the
expanding permanent collections.
ia skylights. Visitors are free to Gallery talks, lectures, films, concerts, and art
view works of art demonstrations are offered by the Museum as well as by
I
t chronologically or in random other Getty organizations. Special viewing hours for school
1e and groups, lively family programs, and interactive media will also
lrng * sequence. be offered to the public.
f tight, Admission is free with $5.OO for parking.
't

rd will
US
m Express opinions about the way in which uisitors are helped to understand and,
experience art i,n "The J. Paul Getty Museum". Refer to:
ery
C special exhibits or special groupings of exhibits and their display
v
O other opportunities offered to the public
he EI Write a paragraph to summa,rize the information in the museum leaflet (Ex. II.1 and J)
nities Use the topic sentence: The "J. Paul Getty Museum" is not an ordinarA museum.
,'alue

and
all Read the excerpt from a leaflet on the Belgian painter Rend Magritte. With a partnen
translate the text, selecting the best Romanian equiualent from those giuen in the box.

"Exploring the world of the subconscious,

Magritte created a distinctive, silent world in
caractenstlc
which the every-day co-exists with the fantastic,
world lume. univers
where familiar and innocent objects are brought
j co-exist coexistd, existd aldturi/laolaltd
together in uncomfortable or alarming
combinations, where they assume vast I uncomfortable incomod; stingherit, jenat;
proportions and strange powers or appear to I nepldcut
I to assume a-gi asuma; a lua, a capata; a simula;
metamorphose before our eyes."
(Hayward Gallery, 1992) i a presupune; a-qi aroga, a-gi insuqi.

o
JIII
E Translate the following qttotations into Romanian:
"Painting - another way of keeping a diary." (Pablo Picasso, Spanish painter, 1881-1923)
"Architecture - frozen music. " (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German poet and
scientist , '1.7 49-1.832)
"Mttsic - Loue in search of a word. " (sidney Lanier, American poet,'1.842-L881)
"Sculpture - an art that takes awaA superfluous materia,l." (Michelangelo Buonarroti,
;f Italian sculptor, painter and architect, 14T5-1564)
ent "Literature - news that stays news." (Ezra Pound, American poet, 1885-1gTZ)
kes "Poetry - the best words in the best orden " (S.T. Coleridge, English poet and critic,
1,77 2-1,834)
"Dancing - the poetry of the
foot. " (John Dryden, English poet, 1681-1200)
A In groups, choose two of the aboue quotations and giue Aour opinions on them.
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a o a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
ryrl

87
 JDI at tn to between
I
tr Remember these dedicated r' visual arts
examples from the
leaflet text on the
located r' 17985 Pacific Coast Highway
Gettg Museum? r' Malibu -I
r' Sunset and
Topanga Canyon boulevards

l,low tick the corcect boxes in this grid.

by for tn into on out to with

To pay cheque/the day
a pair of shoes
one's own life
To write a pen
the stage
somebody
nk
To put trial a olane
power/words/an asylum
shame/death/bed
a difficult position
of a job

fl Filt in the missing prepositions:

"One has to eat one's own words. I remember I used to assert, perhaps I even wrote it:
"Everything that can possibly be painted, has been painted, every brush-stroke that can
possibly be laid ...... (1) canvas has been laid ...... (Z). The visual arts are ....j. (3) a dead
end." [...] what...... (4) myself, then! what am I doing, bursting...... (5) paint? I am a
writer, I ought to stick...... (6) ink. I have found my medium...... (7) expression; why,
...... (8) the age ...... (9) forty, should I suddenly want to try another? Things happen, and
we have no choice. If Maria Huxley hadn't come rolling up ...... (101 our house ..,... (1f )
Florence ...... (12) four large canvases, one ...... f13l which she had busted, and
presented them ...... (1.4) me because they had been abandoned ...... (f 5) her house, I
might never have started painting a real picture ...... (16) my life."
(From D.H. Lawrence, Making Pictures)

JI News & Views

Group work
Think of a CD or cassette to accompanA Aour class newspaper. Create a two-minute
story composed only oJ'sounds. Diuide the tasks among the group members. If posstble,
record the succession of noises composing Aour story.
E5 Choose the ideas frlr your story. Think of the various sounds that you need and ways to
produce them. (Ordinary objects can offer unexpected possibilities.)
m Write the script of the story. Read it to the class after you have presented the 'sound
script'.

.T
I

88
 The map behind the map

-l tr Look at the photo on the right.

Imagine it is a hot summer noon early in the 19th century.
You are returning from a distant farm and you have to
walk all the way home. Remember there are no buses, no
telephones, no refreshment stall; not even any houses.
What do you see, hea,r and smell? How do you feel?
A Thomas Hardy's novel ?"ess of the d'Urberuilles /'tes ev 6e
'dn:bevrlz/ ts a network of comings and goings. But
although every step its characters take is along real roads, KEY TO PLACE.NAMES
to or from houses, villages and towns that are identifiable Hardy's Wessex
Hardy's Name Real Name
in contemporary Britain, the names these bear are
imaginary. Hardy called the region "Wessex" and used it
Marlott Marhull
Kingsbere Bere Regis
as a location for other novels, too. Sandbourne Bournemouth
Follow the heroine's route on the map of Hardy's Wessex, Melchester Salisbury
while reading her story.

TTARDY,S WESSEX
OF l-HE NOVELS AND POEMS

it:
can
ead
a

and
11)

ures)

Tess is the 16-year-old beautiful but poor on the wedding night shocks Angel, who
daughter of a large family in Marlott. Her emigrates. Tess ends up toiling on a farm.
tle, father, stupidly believing in his noble descent, Back home, she finds her family totally
refuses to work. Tess is obliged to find work impoverished and her father dead. They leave
with the d'Urbervilles, a newly-rich family which for Kingsbere. Alec, who has already appeared
bought its name. Alec d'Urberville seduces several times and had been refused, now
Tess who returns to Marlott and gives birth to convinces Tess to follow him to fashionable
a child who dies. The vicar refuses to bury the Sandbourne. Angel, full of remorse, returns
baby whom Tess herself baptizes Sorrow. Tess and finds Tess has, unwillingly, gone back to
finds work as a dairymaid at Talbothays, where Alec. In an act of despair, Tess kills Alec and
she meets Angel Clare. They fall in love with for a brief week finds happiness with Angel,
each other and get married. Tess's confession until the police find and hang her.

Read the text on page 90 on early \hctorian farming. Answer the questions:
-Il
E What kind of life was in store for the young rural population?
A How might poor farmers of that time have looked upon technological progress?

89
 Whole families laboured long days in Jiz
the fields to maintain their meagre E

existence. Though women and children

often did lighter tasks, it was hard,
back-breaking labour. Mechanization
brought major efficiencies to farming
but had devastating effects on the
employment of farm workers
and caused much rural
poverty.

The farmworker's family

endured appalling conditions.
Work was seldom regular and
never well paid. A ruthless
landlord could do as he liked
and evict workers and their
families from their homes.

anl
ET Work with Aour partner to match the beginnings and endings of these sentences. When
you haue finished, you will haue a paragraph on Thomas Hardy and the literary trend
he belonged to.
1 Thomas Hardy is part of ... a) ... which also determine the outcome of
2 Naturalism developed ... human effort.
3 The writers in favour of naturalisrn b) ... the Greeks' view that man is a
dwelt particularly .. victim of Blind Destiny.
4 Hardy's tragic philosophy was c) ... out of Realism.
influenced by ... d) ... the literary trend called naturalism.
5 To it he added personal guilt, luck e) ... on the deficiencies of the social
and coincidence. ... environment and the shortcornings of
human beings.

A Read the Point of View below, which is the one Ilardy aclopted in his nouel. Why did he
prefer it to a first-person point of uieta?

Omniscience /Dm'nrsiens/ or third-person-narrative

1 The story is told from the author'spoint of view. He knows all. He can tell us as much or as little as
he chooses.
2 Some authors comment openly on the characters and the action. Others make their point only
through selection, arrangement and phrasing.

British composerc
Sir Edward Elgar (1859-1934) Raf ph Vaughan /' v t'^r't / Williams (1,87 2-1-958)
His work marks a reawakening of British musical Founder of the nationalist movement in 20th
genius, largely dormant since the death of century English music. His study of English folk
Purcell. Traditional in manner, his music has all music and his interest in English music of the
the opulence of late Romanticism and is imbued Tudor period dictated the development of his
with a powerful personal melancholy. In 1899 he idiom away from the dominant German style of
achieved international fame with the orchestral his day. He incorporated modal elements based
Enigma Variations. He wrote the music for the on folk song and medieval scales, and a new
patriotic song 'Land of Hope and Glorl. He drew rhythmic freedom of his own, into a highly
on the beauty of the Malvern Hills, where he had personal and characteristic English style.
a cottage, for inspiration.

90
 -n
ET Tess's final journey is a symbolic one.
to intercept/'rnte'sept/
a opri din drum
prostrate /'prostrert/
culcat
Read the excerpt below (ignoring for turnpike /'ts'^npatk/ causeway I'kt:zweil
the moment the numbering and the barierd la intrarea unui drum pietruit
notes 1-18). By what means did orag unde se percepe taxd slab /sleb/ lespede, dald
Hardy create not a photograph of the turt /ts:f brazdd, de
/ iarba to bide lba:dl a rdmAne,
to grope /gre<:p/ a a sta
landscape but a certain mood?
orbecdi hereabouts /'hiere'bauts/
sheer /!rc(r)/ vertical, prin preajma
perpendicular

CHAPTER LVIII
[...] To walk across country without much regard seemed to be still out of doorse. The place was
to roads was not new to Tess, and she showed rooflesslo. Tess drew her breath fearfully, and
her old agility in the performancel. The Angel, perplexed, said - "What can it be?"
intercepting2 city, ancient Melchester they were Feeling sideways they encountered another tower-
obliged to pass through in order to take like pillar, square and uncompromising as the
advantage of the town bridge for crossing a large first; beyond it another and another. The place
river that obstructed them. lt was about midnight was all doolsll and pillars, some connected
when they went along the deserted streets, above by continuous architravesl2.
lighted fitfully by the few lamps, keeping off the "A very Temple of the Winds13," he said.
pavement that it might not echo their footsteps. The next pillar was isolated; others composed
II-hen
The graceful pile of cathedral3 architecture rose a trilithonla; others were prostrate, their flanks
trend
dimly on their left hand, but it was lost upon forming a causeway wide enough for a carriage;
them now. Once out of the town they followed the and it was soon obvious that they made up a
'ome of
turnpike-road, which after a few miles plunged forest of monolithsls grouped upon the grassy
across an open plain. plain. The couple advanced further into this
t Though the sky was dense with cloud a pavilion of the night till they stood in its midst.
diffused light from some fragment of a moon had "lt is Stonehenge!" said Clare.
hitherto helped them a little. But the moon had "The heathen temple, you mean?"
alism. now sunk, the clouds seemed to settle almost on "Yes. Older than the centuries; older than the
rl their heads, and the night grew as dark as a d'Urbervilles! Well, what shall we do, darling? We
gs of cave4. However, they found their way along, may find shelter further on."
keeping as much on the turf as possible that But Tess, really tired by this time, flung herself
their tread might not resound, which it was easy upon an oblong slab16 that lay close at hand,
to do, there being no hedge or fence of any kind. and was sheltered from the wind by a pillar. [...]
'l he All round was opens loneliness and black6 "l don't want to go any further, Angel," she
solitude, over which a stiffT breeze blew. said, stretching out her hand for his. "Can't we
They had proceeded thus gropingly two or three bide here?"
miles further when all of a sudden, Clare became "l fear not. This spot is visible for miles by
conscious of some vast upward structure close day, although it does not seem so now."
in his front, rising sheer from the grass. They had "One of my mother's people was a shepherd
[tle as almost struck themselves against it. [...] They hereabouts, now I think of it. And you used to
carefully entered beneath and betweens; the say at Talbothays that I was a heathenlT. So now
surfaces echoed their soft rustle; but they I am at home18."

two meanings: something that s'6 mixed sensations (you can "see" 13 implies the idea of primitive
needs a lot of effort; and a not only "feel", loneliness and religion, worshipping nature rituals
'show' (suggesting the idea of a solitude). This stylistic device is 14' 1s rare words both derived from
role she assumed) called synesthesia / stnas' \izia/
-
the Greek word " lithos" - (stone)
58) implies obstruction, obstacle, 7 several meanings: harsh and 16 it is in fact the Stone of
interdiction coming from cold; not friendly; rigid (stiff as Sacrifice, suggesting death
:h
society/civilization (i.e. "city") corpses) 17 suggests her being rejected
folk 11 suggest the ambiguity of
8' s' 10'
by
associated with Christian relision; Christian religion as a sinner (see
:ne the end of the sentences hints at space (an open/closed, space) note 3); also in contrast with the
IS the loss of trust in it 12 specialized term in architecture name "Angel"
eof suggests a closed space or (the top beam which unites two 18 in familiar surroundings; but also
ased primitivism; it has an ominous pillars) a real house whose elements were
)W echo mentioned before (doors, roof, etc.)

A What impression has the excerpt teft on you? IVame three things in the excerpt that haue
contributed to this impression.
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a d],

o1
)L
 g Description may be centralized around some feature or quality of the object described.
The result is a DOMINANT IMPRESSION. One of the stylistic devices to obtain it is
SYNONYMY.
I
"Stonehenge". Copy the
Work in teams to extract from the excerpt stylistic sAnonyms
grid below and write them in the SYMNYMS column.
for I
Accentuation
Connotation Synonyms Homonvms
Lexical Stylistic
accentuation accentuation

EI Read the notes below the excerpt in Ex. III.1. They include other stylistic deuices used by
Hardy to create the dominant impression. Wth Aour partnen decide which notes (their
number) to write in the grid (Ex. IIL3). The 'Remember' box below will help you.

CONNOTATION is the suggested, implied or associated meaning which comes to mind when we see or
hear a word; ACCENTUATION is the means by which the author points out the message; and LEXICAL
ACCENTUATION refers to the use of those words which are strong through their own content or words
which are rarely/unexpectedly used; A HOMONYM is a word that has both the same sound and spelling
as another but is different in meaning (e.g. party - 1. petrecerei 2. partid).

#E If you take a closer look at the grid in Ex. III.3, you will notice that Hardy builds up a
series of connected images that have in common an essential element of the description
- the stone.
I
Find in the excerpt examples to support the uarious uses of "stone":
C as a construction material
O as a setting and the suggestion of time immemorial and rituals
O as an obstacle. an interdiction
C showing the eternity of nature vs. Man's ephemerality, civilization and human vanity
O expressing Hardy's philosophy about the indifference of nature to suffering
ffiE Write a pdragraph (250 words) to proue that there is a link between Zess's experience
and nature elements (the world of sounds, colours and lights).

o
.D Read below the ftnal paragraph of the nouel (A) and the last stanza of Hardy's poem
The Convergence of the TWain (B), written on the loss of the Titanic ltar'trenrV. Giue
short answers to the questions that follow.
E "Justice" was done, and the President of the Immortals, in Aeschylean phrase, had
ended his sport with Tess. And the d'Urberville knights and dames slept on in their
tombs unknowing..."
E "Till the Spinner of the Years
Said 'Now!' And each one hears,
And consummation comes, and jars two hemispheres."
E What do the above two excerpts have in common?
tr Who decides Man's fate? Can man control his fate?

e
afil Write a 600-word essay to show how the setting serues Hardy's purpose in Tess of the
d'Urbervilles.

IEII News & Views

Write a news item utith the title "Dairy Maid on Trial", using the informdtion in the
Iesson.

92
I The search for beauty

Look at the images below. They represent the sa,me man. Read his thoughts, written in
-l italics. TaIk with Aour partner to answer the questions:
E What kind of a person d,oes he seem to be? Characterize
him in three adjectiues.
A What are his likes, d,islikes and interests?
"One should either be a work of art, or
wear a work of art."
"It is only the supefficial qualities that
last. Man's deeper nature is soon
found out."
"The first duty in life is to be as
artificial as possible. What the
second duty is no one has yet
discouered."
"To loue oneself is the beginning of a
lift-long romance."
"l trea,ted art as the supreme reality and
Iife as a mere mode of ftction."

-Il
tr Read an excerpt from the play
The Importance of Being Ernest to see if your guesses in Ex.I are true for the
characters in the play. Its author is dramatist, poet and essayist OSCAR FIMAL
O'FLAHERTIE Wlll.S WILDE /'oske(r) waildl(1 854-I 900)

THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING EARNEST (Act lV) Bracknell, but this engagement is quite out of the
LADv BRAcKNELL: Kindly turn round, sweet child. (CECILY question. I am Miss Cardew's guardian, and she
presents her profile) Yes, quite as I expected. There cannot marry without my consent until she comes of
are distinct social possibilities in your profile. The two age. That consent I absolutely decline to give.
weak points in our age are its want of principle and its LADv B.: Upon what grounds may I ask? Algernon is an
want of profile. The chin a little higher, dear. She extremely, I may almost say an ostentatiously eligible
largely depends on the way the chin is worn. They are young man. He has nothing, but he looks everything.
worn very high, just at present. Algernon! What more can one desire?
ATcERNoN: Yes, Aunt Augusta! JAcK: lt pains me very much to have to speak frankly
LADv B.: There are distinct possibilities in Miss to you, Lady Bracknell, about your nephew, but the
Cardew's profile. fact is that I do not approve at all of his moral
Arc.: Cecily is the sweetest, dearest, prettiest girl in character. I suspect him of being untruthful.
the whole world. And I don't care two pence about (ALGERNON and CECILY look at him in indi!,nant
social possibilities. amazement.)
LADv B.: Never speak disrespectfully of Society,
l---- -------'l
Algernon. Only people who can't get into it do that. (Io chin /tln/ barbie restraint /rt' stretnt/
CECILY): Dear child, of course you know that Algernon not to care twopence restrictie, constrdngere
has nothing but his debts to depend upon. But I do /'ttpans/ a nu-ti pdsa tutelage /'tju:tahS/
not approve of mercenary marriages. When I married nici cdt negrul de sub tuteld
Lord Bracknell I had no fortune of any kind. But unghie
I
ward /wc:d/ pupil5
never dreamed for a moment of allowing that to stand ostentatiously celibacy /'sehbesi/
in my way. Well, I suppose I must give my consent. /,osten'teiJesli/ cu celibat, burldcie
nlc.: Thank you, Aunt Augusta. ostentatle Cecily /'seseli/
I-ADY B.: Cecily, you may kiss me! guardian /'go:dian/ Algernon /'nlganen/
cEcrly: (kisses her): Thank you, Lady Bracknell.[...] tutore Gwendolen /'gwendelrn/
LADv B.: To speak frankly, I am not in favour of long efigible /'eh$abl/ bun earnest /' e:ntst/ onest,
engagements. They give people the opportunity of de insurdtoare senos
finding out each other's character before marriage, Oxonian /ok'saunien/
which I think is never advisable. (fost) student la Oxford
JAcK: I beg your pardon for interrupting you, Lady

93
 LADv B.: Untruthful? My nephew Algernon? lmpossible! knowledge she has been 35 ever since she arrived at
He is an Oxonian. the age o'f 40, which was many years ago now. I see
JAcK: t......1 My decision, however, is unalterable.I no reason why our dear Cecily should not be even still
decline to give consent. more attractive at the age you mention than she is at
LADv B. (Io CECILY): Come here, sweet child. (CECILY present. There will be a large accumulation of
goes over). How old are you, dear? property. [...] (But) my dear Mr. Worthing, as Miss
cEcrLy: Well, I am only 18, but I always admit to 20 Cecily states positively that she cannot wait till she is
when I go to evening parties. thirty-five - a remark which I am bound to say seems
LADv B.: You are perfectly right in making some slight to me to show a somewhat impatient nature - | would
alteration. Indeed, no woman should ever be quite beg of you to reconsider your decision.
accurate about her age. lt looks so calculaling. (ln a JAcK: But my dear Lady Bracknell, the matter is
OP(
meditative manner). Eighteen, but admitting to 20 at entirely in your own hands. The moment you consent
mov(
evening parties. Well, it will not be very long before to my marriage with Gwendolen, I will most gladly allow
Poor
you are of age and free from the restraints of tutelage. your nephew to form an alliance with my ward.
cond
So I don't think your guardian's consent is, after all, a LADv B.: (rising and drawing; herself up): You must be
slum
matter of any importance. quite aware that what you propose is out of the
trade
JAcK: Pray, excuse me, Lady Bracknell, for interrupting question.
ano
again, but it is only fair to tell you that according to ncx: Then a passionate celibacy is all that any of us
cono
the terms of her grandfather's will Miss Cardew does can look forward to.
reig;r
not come legally of age till she is 35. LADv B.: That is not the destiny I propose for
worl.(
LADv B.: That does not seem to me to be a grave Gwendolen. Algernon, of course, can choose for
TI
objection. 35 is a very attractive age. London society himself.
(TUC
is full of women of the very highest birth who have, of (Pulls out her watch). Come, dear - (GWENDOLEN rises)
willi
their own free choice, remained 35 for years. Lady - we have already missed five, if not six, trains. To miss foun
Dumbleton is an instance in point. To my own any more might expose us to comment on the platform.
(18i
Engl

A With Aour partner, sum up the ideas of the aboue excerpt in two sentences (euen one). OP
Aesl
tr Does that proue anything? (The quotations in Ex. 1.1 will help.)
conr
4 Find two examples in the excerpt to support the following statement: Rap
Dan
"Wilde's drama restores to the theatre the sparkling comedy of manners, which had (18:
been unknown since the time of Richard Brinsley Sheridan. But Wilde shifts the focus of Cha
attention from comical situations to intellectual humour." are
the
E What does the title of the plaA,The Importance of Being Earnest, suggest? effe
ffi C! Tatk with for
Aour pdrtner about the socia/ sfotas of the characters in the excerpt and a
r

poe
possible setting for this scene.
-El Ast
Jr

Oscar Wilde believed that the artist's only task is to create beautiful things. mar
Match the half sentences below. The resulting paragraph points fo possible conseguences sup
of pushing the cult of beauty too far. rsa
a) ... and seeks to create an artificial one.
1 "Art for art's sake" is a phrase b) ... or as an alternative to life. her
suggesting that ... indt
2 Throughout the 19th century it became ... c) ... need a work of art is an end in itself and
not be didactic, politically soc
3 Qscar Witde w&s orre qt its teaders. romm\\\eil or mora\.
wor
Art. not hfe. Art instead of )ife, ... mo
d) ... as a work of art.
4 Life as art, or ... e) ... a guiding principle for many o'
5 The artist withdraws from life ... writers. Mo
to
ffi
-intr Work with Vour partner. Scan the next page, then answer the questions at the top,
tas
wil
ste
arc
drawing on information in aII parts of the page.
to
A IVow: fur
WA
tr Discuss what might haue been the general atmosphere in Britain at the end of the L9th ho
century. oe

tr ldentifu personalities connected with the trend called Aesthettcism /i:s'0etisizam/.

In what waA were they connected with it?

94
 END OF THE CENTURY
1, Why did Ruskin encourage the Pre-Raphaelites?
a 2 What characterized the opposite life style (of the aristocracy)?
o 3 Did any of these people also work in other fields? Name them.
O 4 How did poets and craftsmen understand the term "beautiful"?
5 What other publication appeared during this period? Was it different from this one?
a 6 Whom did Pater's ideas influence?
a 7 Why did Oscar Wilde become the target of Punch?

O Political and social Encouraged by Ruskin, the

movements Pre-Raphaelites (D.G. Rossetti,
Poor people lived in appalling E. Millais, William Morris, Burne-
conditions, which soon became Jones, etc.) strove to recapture
slums. Workers organized into the spirit of medievalism and
trade unions, claiming better pay romance in contemporary as
and better living and working well as historical scenes,
conditions. By the end of Victoria's imparting their beauty and
reign, about a quarter of all nobleness.
workers were members of unions.
O Walter Pater (1839-1894)
The Trades Union Congress The photograph shows a small
A scholar and critic who
(TUC) was formed in 1868. bedroom furnished bv William
supported the idea that art
William Morris was one of the Morris.
should aim only at beauty, ("art
founders of the Socialist League
for art's sake") have no moral
(1884). He described a socialist beautiful" said Morris. purpose and ignore social
England in utopian terms. The movement set new
problems. Pater wrote in an
standards of craftsmanship and
O Poetty artificially polished and'beautiful'
simple design, revolutionizing
Aestheticism in poetry is closely style and he was a revered
English taste and domestic
connected with the Pre- master for the Aesthetic
architecture.
Raphaelites. William Morris, Movement.
Dante Gabriel Rosetti O The Pre-Raphaelite
The Yellow Book - an English
(1'828-L882) and Algernon /,pt' i:' r nfailart/ Brotherhood magazine with a provocative
Charles Swinburne (1837-1909) started before 1850. lt was an yellow cover (1894-1897).
are among them. Many poets of anti-Victorian movement of poets
Aubrey Beardsley brought it
the period strove for beautiful and painters.
celebrity through his illustrations.
effects in their verses rather than A group of young artists, tried
The publication was
for sense; that is why most to bring English art back to a representative of the English
poems seem artificial. greater "truth to nature", to the
aestheticism.
simplicities of the 15th century
John Ruskin (1819-1900)
(before Raphael, the great O Oscar Wilde - an lrish writer
As an art critic, he delivered
Renaissance master). and champion of "Art for art's
many lectures in which he
sake", was long the "folk hero"
supported the idea that great art
of the Aesthetic Movement. A
is always moral. As a social critic
supporter of dandyism, he
he attacked the materialism and
cultivated affectation and an
industrialization of the Victorian
extravagant style of living and
society. He tried to make the
dressing. "l have put all my
working class aware of their
genius into my life. I have put
moral and artistic frustrations.
only my talent into my writingls,"
O The Arts and Crafts Wilde said.
Movement appeared in reaction The cartoon on page 93
to Victorian ugliness and bad appeared in Punch, an
taste. lt was centred around illustrated periodical founded in
William Morris (1834-1896), who t84!, famous for its humour,
started his career in an satiric caricatures and cartoons.
architect's office but soon turned For many years it proved a
to production of beautiful faithful mirror of the changing
furniture, fabrics, glass and times.
wallpapers. "Have nothing in your
houses that you do not know to The Blind Girl by Sir John Everett
be useful or believe to be Millais (1-856)

a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a o r o ol,
,

oq,
tv
 #g Fill in the blanks to clarifu your ideas
about AESTHETICISM.
. a genuine search for beautY
I sentimental archaism
o affectation and mannerism
. movement in art
r eccentricitv of dress
.,aestheticism", which in its The pattern above is from one of william Morris's
The word
original and general sense implied having wall-papers'
or showing a highly developed sense of F--- --------r
beauty, .u-e to"be"applied particularly to lto posture /'postJe(t)/ apoza
(1) in the 1880s of last century, L--- ------J
i

T
a ......
heavily influenced by Ruskin, the Pre-Raphaelites and Pater. ...... (2), adopted as the
ideal of beauty, was carried to extravagant lengths and often accompanied by affectation
of speech andmanner and ...... (3). Its enthusiasts were much ridiculed in Punch and in
Gilbert and Sullivan's opera, Patience (1881). At its best, aestheticism was a revitalizing
influence in an age of inequality, oppression, hypocrisy and philistinism. It was ...... (4)
and its followers did much to spread the appreciation of the artistic among their
countrymen. At its worst, it deteriorated into posturing...... (5), and a kind of silliness
which is not whollv dead. T

Entertainments and theatres

The Victorian A$e shown in London opened in 1896), though
experienced a great football was already becoming a mass spectator
expansion in the sport. There were also circuses and pantomimes,
number of theatres as musical shows and popular opera.
well as a considerable With the new century, leisure and business
rise in theatrical alike were being transformed by the telephone
standards. This and the gramophone, the motor vehicle and the
expansion in 'serious bicycle. lf the extremes of poverty and privilege
drama'was helPed bY were a legacy of Victorian Britain, the Edwardian
a marked return of Age (1901-1910) saw the full development of
respectable and rich the middle classes. As the patrons of a retailing
audiences to the revolution marked by the arrival of the chain and
theatre. On the other the department store, the middle classes formed
hand, those with average incomes could regularly the basis for a new mass consumer society,
afford to attend the music hall or enjoy the dependent on advertising and integrally linked to
novelty of the cinema (the first moving picture the growth of a popular Press.

0
Oscar Wilde used Ianguage not only to A PARADOX is an apparentlY self-
-n express the feelings and ideas of his contradictory, even absurd statement
characters, but also as an important part of which, on closer inspection, is found
his plays in its own right. Wilde is mainly to contain the truth reconciling the
remembered for his wit, manifested brilliantly confl icti ng opposites.
in the form of memorable paradoxes.
g Translate these Wde paradoxes into Romo'nian.
(play - An ld.eal Husbana
a) Questions are never indiscreet. Answers sometimes are.
b-) We all in the gutter, but some ofus are looking at the stars' (play - Lady
"""
lMndermere's Fdn)
cJ Experience is the name everyone gives to their own mistakes. (play - The Importance
of Being Earnest)
al fftot tittte tent of blue/\4lhich prisoners call the sky. (poem - The Ballad of Read'ing
Gaoll
eJ There is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and that is not
being talked about. (novel - The Picture of Dorian Gray)
?! Doyou haue a story or experience relating to any of the paradoxes aboue? Tell it to gour
partneti

96
 In the neu)s
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaoaaaaaaoaaoaaaaaaaaaa

A newspaper is a market where wisdom sells its freedom.

Stephen Crane

-l
f In brief
J
Discussion points.
-l 1, Do you read a newspaper every day?
)n 2 Which are your favourite newspapers?
I whv?
tt 3 Which Romanian newspapers would you
recommend to a Romanian speaking visitor
to your country? Why?

Work in pairs.
-Il
E Here are some of the best known British
newspapers.
How manA of them haue you heard ofl Haue
Aou euer read any?
A Work in groups.
Read the list of contents of The Guardian, below
left, and the explanation of the words in the box
below right, and then decide on the following:
E Which sections of the newspaper would, you
choose to read?
tr Under which headings would you place an
article about:
o pollution of the North Sea
o exchange rates and the Stock Market
o the Oscar Awards
o a report on yesterday's debates in Parliament
o reform in Central and Eastern Europe
o choosing the host country for the next
Olympic Games

PRESS TERMS
article a complete piece of writing in a
newspaper or magazine
feature a special article in a newspaper
editorial the article that fives a newspaper's
opinion on a news story
column an article by a particular writer that
regularly appears in a newspaper
obituary a formal report that someone has
died, usually with an account of his or her
life
report an account of a piece of news
appointments positions or jobs as advertised in
a newspaper
analysis a detailed examination of a subject,
including thoughts and judgements

97
-nl Here are some mini items from ffte News in Brief section of a newspaper. an
E S*tm them and match them to the appropriate headlines.
El nead them and react to them with expressions from the lJseful Language box below.
g What kind of story do most of them couer?

o. cAT v
€r
Gunman Kills
o @
CHINESE
o
: TRAP Club Doorman .WHISPERS
'A Model
Ford
o 0
o o Aintun to
,: Guards Stabbed DownPour saved Rescue D.C.
: Over Haircut Rule
'' ed slice of historY
'.-...--.-.--.-

tr Roman documents saved by tr Earwig, a Burmese kitten, El Five prisoners upset for
rain from a bonfire lit by fleeing was rescued by firemen after religious reasons about a new
troops almost 2,000 years ago climbing into a washing machine. policy requiring inmates to cut J
have been found by archaeole Owner Diane Willows, of their hair, stabbed five guards at I

gists. The site at Vindolanda Fort Maidenhead, Berkshire, heard a South Carolina state prison
on Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland, his miaows as the washer filled and took three hostages. Four of
has yielded about 400 post-card- up with soapy water, stopped the injured guards were in
size thin wooden pages which the machine but could not open serious condition with head,
will go on show at the British the door. chest or back wounds; one was
Museum in London. not seriously hurt.
tr A bill to rescue the District tr A private man in the public E A slx-sroNE pensioner,
of Columbia from near-certain eye, Harrison Ford believes that Dorothy Pittaway, 64, of Tividale,
bankruptcy, imposing strict new society's obsession with West Midlands, escaped jail
spending controls and stripping stardom is a symptom of its when police refused to send her
away powers from the Mayor and illness. "l've been very lucky. I there on health grounds after
the City Council, will be signed love what I do. I traded Warley magistrates sentenced
by the President next week. anonymity but look what | $ot her to 2O days for non-payment
for it. " of her poll tax.
E Fine Bank Holiday weather tr Engineers have halted tr A murder hunt has been
was blamed yesterday for work on bridge repairs after launched after the doorman at
explosions in the fuel tanks of being told they would disturb the Plaza nightclub in
two cruisers on the Thames evil spirits if they dug under a Handsworth, Birmingham, was
which injured five people. Chinese restaurant in Llanrwst, shot dead. Police said Keith
north Wales. Copeland, 36, was killed by a
single shot to the head.

Expressingl surprise/curiosity Expressing apploval / rcliet Expressing indifference

Really?/Oh, no! I agree ... So what's new ... (informal)

Good lord!/Heavens!
My Goodness! Fancy that!
l'm sure that was ...
It's a good thing that
Not another story
about... Jtr
Well, I never!/Never! Thank goodness ... l'm not (really)
Th at' s am azi ng/extrao rd i n ar y! What a relief! interested in stories
I don't believe it! At long last! about ...
I find it incredible/surprising! l'm not (really)
I must say that comes as a total surprised
surprise!
l'd like to know what happened in
the end ...
lwonder if/what ... (formal)

98
 Work in pairs. Read the headlines in Ex. III. Identifu and discuss the features mentioned
-iL in the REMEMBERI box. Two examples are done for you.

Headlines
Most headlines are written in a special style which is a direct result of restrictions on space, or of the
need to attract readers' attention. This style makes use of syntactical conventions such as: noun
phrases, strings of nouns, omission of articles, dropping of the auxiliary to be in passive
el constructions, use of infinitives to express future events or plans, simple tenses instead of progressive
or perfect forms, Present Simple to express both present and past events, words used both as verbs
and nouns. Word choice often results in an exaggeration of the meaning; short, snappy and rhyming
words are preferred. Headlines can sometimes be puzzling and difficult to understand because of the
use of uncommon words or abbreviations or because of cultural allusions and plays on words.
e.g. infinitive to express future/plan no article non qualifying

CLINTON
A
to Rescue D.C.
AA
Gunman kills Club Doorman
i
noun annrJiution
Y
Present Simple instead of Present Perfect

#
The words in bold below occur frequently in newspaper headlines.
-D
E Mafth each headline word (column 2) with its meaning (column 3).
The headline (column 1) can help you.
of

Example of headline Headline word Meaning

American plan aid to Colombia 1 aid a) to attack verbally

2,000 jobs axed 2 axe b) hurried journey
MPs back Blair policy 3 back c) quarrel, dispute
e, Bid to save the Tories 4 bid d) an attempt
Man held after station blast 5 blast e) ambassador
City council clash over homeless 6 clash 0 help
Prisoners in dash to freedom 7 dash g) explosion
Peace talks reach deadlock 8 deadlock h) to support
American envoy taken hostage 9 envoy i) failure to reach agreement
Bishop lashes TV violence 10 lash j) to surprise glreatly, shock
Police raid hippie camps 11 raid k) to enter and search
Jobless figures stun City 12 stun l) to cut, reduce

A Expand the headlines aboue into full sentences, inserting all missing elements (articles,
genitiues, auxiliaries) where necessarA and changing the uocabulary as appropriate.
e.g. MAN HELD AFTER STATION BIAST
A man was arrested after an explosion at the station.
JOBLESS FIGURES STUN CITY
The figures for the number of people unemployed have shocked/greatly surprised
- the financial experts in the City of London.
g Translate the headlines into Romanian. Which are easier to translate: the heudlines or
al) _ the expanded uersions? Why?
ffi
afil Read the following headlines and make whateuer changes would clarifu the meaning.
, Enruged Cow
to : BABY Iniures Farmer
"
Minels lefuse :
try
Juvenile court to
";;it"g"a.ftttoant "
',y!th -!*-": .- ,
_-l r::'_ _ :'

: ,.' DHUNKEN

I
TWO SHIPS Squad HelP Dog ., Stolen painting , D?NEBS PAID
,' found bilreE
!
COLLIDE, Bite Victim ',,1, $l,ooo LA9T YEAI
,;
f,----
ONE DIES
-_-,:
-- -t t -::ii-. , --r-i
::- -- -,--: - __--t-_:- __r-{.,e:;:r,- _-,..jj:-- r- - r
-.-." ..:----i-

99
 The eyes and ears of society

Discussion points.
-l 1, What idea is suggested by the picture?
2 Who or what could the octopus stand
for?
3 How would you relate the title of this
lesson to the topic of the unit?

-rlE Work in pairs.

Do you think the life of a iournalist is
easy?
What kind of responsibilities must a
journalist take?
Choose from the following qualities those
Aou would consider essential for a
journalist:
enquiring mind lively mind alert

common sense vigilant

appetite for information impartial

good listener creative

open-minded reliable

accurate self-confident

flexible prompt
JOURNALIST
T
E Would gou consider taking up this profession? Do you think gou hdae the necessarg
qualities?

tg
-n-
E Listen to some opinions expressed at a semindr on the role and. gualities of a iournalist.
Which of the qualities listed in Et. II.7 are also mentioned bg the speaker? Wite d'oun
ang other quo.Iities that he mentions.
A vwtch of the following statements cofiespond. to the speaker\ opinions of iournalism?
Write T (True) or F (False).
1 Media is defined as a combination of newspapers' magazines, radio and TV. .....'
2 Journalists should report quickly and accurately what they have found out. ." '
3 The press should be, as far as possible, impartial and report events objectively. ......
4 A newspaper's main role is to entertain. ...'..
5 There is practically no difference between the way in which newspapers on the one
hand and radio and TV on the other, inform the people' ...'..
6 Newspapers which rely on the sensational, gain the respect of their readers' " "'
7 There shouldn't be special laws for journalists, as they are only the representatives of
everyone else in society. ......
8 A journalist's lile, )rowever exciting, may sometimesbe quite dangerous """
100
 ffi g Erplain the meaning of these expressions and idioms in the recording.
1. ... flick your eyes to a headline ...
2 ... without any political bias ...
3 ... you have to have a nose for it ...
4 ... not to be slow-witted ...
5 ... their life is not all honey and roses ...
6 ... that's the harsh side of life ...
4 Here is a transcript of the last part of the recording. Scan it to see what opinions of
I journalism are giuen by the speaker. Write down the one Aou a,gree with and be
t
prepared to defend it.
J{
I suppose one definition by a famous editor in Britain ... a good definition of news is that
ilU news is something someone doesn't want printed ... and that's a fairly good definition. I
think the other point about the media in a free society is this, that - again I quote a
journalist who was himself a politician and a member of the House of Lords in Britain -
.) when speaking of the British Government, he said: the Government, like all governments
in a democratic society, is in favour of freedom of the press but not too much of it. I
think that too is a very wise remark.
I would also add what Tom Stoppard, the British playwright, said about what he
called 'Junk journalism" - that means journalism that isn't really very good and is like
junk food; it doesn't feed you very well. But he said, junk journalism, the fact that it
exists at all is often a sign that there is no one to say that junk journalism isn't possible,
for, as long as you have a free press, everything is conceivably correctable, it can be put
right. If you don't have a free press, anything nasty can become conceivable and
sometimes it can't be put right. These are things worth thinking about, I think, and
perhaps the last one I'll quote is Harold Evans, one-time editor of The Sunday Times in
l Britain who said the free press ... of the free press: "The right to be free is also the right
to be wrong. Free press doesn't mean a perfect press. It actually means also an
imperfect press." That's worth a lot, I believe, I think it's a true saying.
#E You may haue noticed some characteristics of spoken language while listening to the
cassette. Point out some of them in the transcript aboue. Here are some clues:
l o words belonging to the spoken register o repeating the same idea in different
r hesitation markers Well, En etc ways
o incomplete sentences a frequent interruptions
r frequent repetition of the same set . colloquial expressions rather than
phrase: You know, You see formal ones

Class debate: "Hou) does the young generation see the press?"
-iL
E Express your opinions on the following points. You may make use of the lJseful
Language box in Unit 3, Lesson 4.
1, Newspapers are of vital importance in modern society.
2 Newspapers are more important than television.
3 What gets published is selective and can be biased.
4 The ideas promoted by newspapers and their language have a big influence on
people. Newspapers not only inform, they also educate and entertain.
5 Newspapers cannot publish whatever they want as, in doing this, they may offend
people and find themselves engaged in long legal battles.
ffi E Read on the right about the
Media Empires, examples
of cross-me dia ownership. Rupert Murdoch (News lnternational)
Indiuiduals now sometimes Many newspapers in Australia, the U.S.A., and the U.K., among
own the majority of the them The Times, and The Sun, Satellite TV (Sky and 8SB), three
dffirent forms of the Australian Television companies, Fox Inc (multimedia), oil and
investment companies.
medta in a state besides
Conrad Black (Hollinger lnternational Inc.)
other importanf ossefs. 250 newspapers in Canada, the U.K., and the U.S.A., including the
of This worries manu people. Daily Telegraph (London) and Ihe Chicago Sun-Times as well as
Why? What is your Standard Broadcasting (Canada).
opinton?

101
 As early as 1562, in Venice, ltaly, a monthly newspaper was issued
which was sold for a "gazette", a small coin. In 1631 the first French
newspaper was actually called La Gazette and in time the word gazette
became interchangeable with "newspaper" in many languages.
The Oxford Gazette 15 November 1665. This was the first issue of the
oldest British periodical. lt was printed in oxford where the Royal court
and Parliament had moved because of the Great Plague in London.

E "Heal the Press"

Read the following commentary in The International Herald Tribune and then try to
suggest other waAS of improuing the image of the press. Look at the REMEMBERT box.
Start with "lt's high time/It's about time ..."

I wish that every newspaper could have at the bottom of the front page a little column
headed 'Something Good Today'. There is so much misery in the newspapers and it says in
effect that we are sinking deeper into the quagmire. And while all these things are true, it's
not the whole truth. lt's time we began to think positive and try to learn more from those
who do good. They are here, let's cheer them!
(Alex Hailey, lnternational Herald Tribune)

We use lt's high time, and lt's about time to express present or future wishes or to express our
impatience about things that haven't happened yet. Both expressions are used with verbs in the past
tense to give opinions. Remember that although the verb is in the past tense, part of the sentence
refers to the present. The meaning is that, in the speaker's opinion, we should do something right
now. The phrase lt's high time is a bit stronger than lt's time, and it suggests that something is late
or overdue.
e.g.: John, it's high time you talked to your mother and told her what really happened.
The speaker thinks that John should talk to her immediately and should have done so earlier.
It's time my parents bought a new car.
The speaker thinks that his parents can finally afford to buy a new car.

I was a bit puzzled by the quotation from the commentary published in the
lnternational HeraldTribune. Why did he use a verb in the past after wish?He's
hinting at the present, isn't he?
TEACHER When expressing wishes with reference to the present or the future, the verb that
comes after wish is in the past, especially when expressing regret that things are not
different or when referring to unreal, impossible situations:
I wish I could speak several foreign languages.
I wish I had tnore time to read.
We wish you weren't leaving.
For wishes about the past, the Past Perfect is used.
Now she wishes she hadn't said that.

News Agencies
Newspapers get much of their news from the reporters and cameramen at t22 domestic and
same sources, viz. the largest news agencies in 65 foreign news bureaus. lt has some 10,000
the world: Associated Press (AP), United Press subscribers - newspapers, radio and TV stations,
International (UPl), based in the USA, and and other agencies which pay to receive and use
Reuters in the UK. None of these is owned, AP news and photos in 115 countries. lt is
controlled, or operated by government. AP estimated that about two million people get most
(founded in 1848) is the oldest agency of their news directly or indirectly through AP and
internationally and the largest. lt maintains UPI.

f
La a a a a a a a a a .. . a a a . . . . a . a a a a a a .. .. a a

lo2
 Quality or popular?

British national newspapers can be divided into two groups: "quality papers", or
-l "broadsheets", and "popular papers", also known as "tabloids".
E Read the information in the box below and write down some of the characteristics of
these two kinds of newspapers under the headings "Broadsheets" and "Tabloids".

tto
box.
rr'11_ ^
L IJV

rys In
:. it's
)se

'ibune\

r-Jr
$

past
cc
ht
late

,t'.

tN

rre not

Broadsheets are quality papers which Tabloids printed in half broadsheet size
include long, information articles and (406 mm x 513 mm) , are also called the
editorial comments, and comparatively "popular press". Generally they contain
few illustrations. Their main aim is to short articles and lots of photos. They are
provide readers with comprehensive read for entertainment rather than for news.
coverage and analysis of the international the emphasis being on sensational scandals,
and national news of the day. They use a glamorous people, soap operas, 'showbiz'
and gossip, sport. They use simple language,
nn
formal, serious tone, a wide vocabulary and
standard English. The best selling quality though this is sometimes cryptic for
tions,
papers are The Daily Telegraph (over foreigners because of the use of slang and
r use
1 million copies per day), The Times word play. The Sun is the best-selling (over
most (about 500,000), The Guardian, and 4 million copies per day), followed by The
) and The lndependent (over 400,000). Daily Mirror (over 3 million), and The Daily
Mail and The Daily Express (over 1-.5 million).

103
 A Read reports A and B and decide which comes from a broadsheet and which from a
tabloid. Giue reasons for your choice.

tr tr
Britons die as gun TWO BRITONS SHOT DEAD
maniac runs amok AT HOTEL II{ MOROCCO -E
An elderly British couple holidaying in Morocco have been
*
Two British tourists died and two others were shot dead in their hotel bar, allegedly by a policeman who
wounded when an armed policeman ran amok in a believed his wife went there to meet other men.
Morocco hotel. Martin and Margaret Gower were killed when the off-
Builder Martin Gower and his wife, Margaret, from duty inspector opened fire on drinkers in the Tarik Hotel,
Ruislip, Middlesex, both in their sixties, were killed Tangier. He had earlier killed his wife and wounded his
instantly when the man, who had already murdered his brother-in-law at their home in the city, police said. A hotel
wife and shot his brother-in-law, began firing employee said that the alleged gunman. Mustafa Hamouch,
indiscriminately at the holidaymakers in the bar' shouted Allahu Akbar! (God is Grear) each rime he fired.
Two other Britons were injured in the bloody attack at A spokesman for the Foreign Office said last night that
Mr and Mrs Gower. both in their sixties and from Ruislip,
the Hotel Tarik in Tangier.
Middlesex, were random victims. "We don't believe that
Police say the shootings seemed to be a crime of the couple were singled out as Britons or as tourists or that
passion by a demented husband, Mustafa Hamouch, the hotel was targeted."
a 30-year-old police inspector, who thought his wife's British guests still at the Tarik Hotel with their travel
frequent visits to the hotel meant she was being company First Choice have been transferred to other
unfaithful. He first shot her dead at their home and left accommodation or offered flishts home.
her brother and another man seriously injured. Then,
dressed in civilian clothes, he set off for the hotel, r--- -------'l
apparently to aven Staring run amok a-qi pierde controlul, a o lua razna
wildly, he stormed sPraYed shooting sptee ploaie de gloan{e, rafale de
the bar with gunfire. er under impuqcdturi
tables, he caught sight of the terrified British couple to spark a manhunt a declanga o actiune de
and fired several shots in their direction. Confusion urmdrire
surrounded the events and after the shooting spree the allegedly se presupune (doubtful whether it is
policeman escaped in panic, sparking a massive really true)
manhunt, police said. random victim victimd intAmplStoare
target (v.) a viza, a tinti

-Il
E Read the chart to see the main waAS in which the two reports dtffe, when giuing the
same piece of information.

Lexical/stylistic Tabloid Broadsheet

cholce in

Headline . ambiguous: Eritons die ... (how many?) . clear statement: (who, what, where)
o strong words meant to shock and attract Two Britons shot dead at hotel in
attention: gun maniac, rLtns amok Morocco
. whole story in a nutshell
Opening . extension of headline: strong words: die, o factual, to the point, cautious in
wound, armed policeman, ran amok venturing an opinion (who and why);
o gist of story in bigger, blacker print allegedly by a policeman, who
believed ...
Body . long sentences . normal length sentences
. strong adjectives and adverbs: bloody, . matter-of-fact presentation of
demented, unfaithful, wildly, terrified, nouns: details
gun maniac, mLirder, crime of passion, o no strong words, no added "colour"
confusion, shooting spree, panic, manhunt
. verbs of motion in quick succession
suggesting the drama of the scene: storm,
spray, dive for cover, spark
Conclusions . abrupt closing . objective appraisal of the overall
situation

t04
 A Both in quality papers and tabloids journalists have to observe certain standards of
professional ethics.
E Look through the two reports and write down words and phrases which show how
concerned they are to giue accurate, ft,rst-hand information.
tr Which report makes the most direct references to sources? Why?
TAD
,tt\ JITf
UU
o have been
#E Work in pairs. Place the phrasal uerbs from the sentences below into one of the following
ceman who four groups A-D. The fi,rst one (from Report A, Ex. 1.2) has already been placed for Aou.
rther men.
ren the off- Group A: Beginning or leaving
larik Hotel,
ounded his Group B: Rejecting or Preventing
id. A hotel
r Hamouch, Group C: Stopping or Cancelling
re he fired.
t ni-eht that
Group D: Decreasing
rm Ruislip,
relieve that
nsts or that
1 He set off for the hotel, apparently to avenge himself.
2 The impact of the editorial was beginning to wear off.
heir travel 3 All the press was there to see the space shuttle take off.
d to other 4 Keep off fishy stories and everything will be fine.
5 He dashed off after the cameraman but it was too late.
6 Large crowds gathered at the airport to see their favourite team off.
7 Reporters have gone off using typewriters; these days they all use word processors.
8 We'll have to call ofT the meeting.
9 Subscriptions have fallen off recently.
10 She has broken off her contract with The Obseruer.
dropped off dramatically.
1,1, Sales have
12 She wouldn't be put off once she had made up her mind to be a war correspondent.
A In the fotlowing sentences, replace the und,erlined words with phrasal uerbs, using look,
put, turn and the aduerbial particles below.
r down . away rin . on o down
.up .up o through .up .up
I off r forward r into r off r out
he 1 I would have liked to see his face when she refused him.
2 He always saved money for a rainy day.
3 The lights are off. They must have gone to bed.
4 Only one man came to rescue us, the rest just watched in silence.
5 You'll have to write everything they say.
6 I lost his phone number. I'll have to see if I can find it in the phone directory.
7 We'll be very happy to glvc you accommodation whenever you are visiting our town.
8 I always check my work carefully before I hand it in.
9 Come and visit me when you come to Britain next year!
10 You never know when he may appear in the middle of the meeting.
1,1' I simply can't make her change her mind now that she has taken her decision.
1,2 They produced all the arguments for people to consider.
13 The cause of the explosion has been carefully studied by experts.
1,4 Could we possibly pgqtpone the meeting till next week?
15 "How did everything end?" "Everything worked fine, thank you."

Fleet Street, in the City of London, for so long known as the "street of ink", is still an important centre
for publishers, but the advent of new printing technology has prompted most national newspaper
publishers to move to new sites - many of them in Docklands. Only the Daily Express still has its head
offices in Fleet Street. lt is therefore inevitable that Fleet Street will eventually be better known for the
rolling presses of the past than for being the hotbed of today's news.

105
 It's all in the papers

AII the following words are related to newspapers. Haue Aou come a,cross them in the
-l preutous lessons? Check if you know their meaning and then ftlI in the blanks below with
the right word.
rissue tcolumns rreports olayout teditorial cpuzzles lperiodicals oweekly
I cartoons o obituary . daily I headlines I advertisements o appointments
r feature (article)
L Have you read the Ottoman prince's ...... in The Sunday Telegraph? He died last
Friday.
2 Jim Davis's ...... made Gaffield as famous asTom and Jerry or Mickey Mouse.
3 The board decided to change the magazine's page ...... in order to make it more
attractive.
4 Just Seuenteen is a......magazine for teenagers. It comes out every Friday.
5 The Znd April ...... of Newsweekmagazine covered the Oklahoma City bombing.
6 I've only read the ...... as I haven't had time to read the whole paper.
7 Most of the American ...... newspapers are published rain or shine, even on
Christmas Day or Thanksgiving.
8 Of all the ......, women's magazines have the largest circulation.
9 Many people read the financial ...... to find out about the rate of inflation.
10 All the newspapers in the world have had ...... on the tragic air crash.
1,1, If you are looking for a job, why don't you read the ...... pages?
1.2 He never reads the newspapers; he only tries his hand at doing the ......
13 Did you read the ...... on personal computers in The Alew York Times?
1,4 Readers complain that more and more space is allotted to ......
15 By reading the ......you will form an impression of the quality of this newspaper.

Lesson 3 showed some of the main differences between the way of writing in tabloids
-Il and in broadsheets.
Look at the pictures and the notes on the next page and use them to write an article for
either a popular or a quality newspaper. Prouide a catchy headline, too.
Before you start, take the following steps:
L Skim the notes in the box to see what the story is mainly about.
2 Group the information under the headings: WHO, WHAT HOW
3 Decide which type of newspaper you are going to write for and be consistent in terms
of lexicaVstvlistic choice.
4 Think how to use and refer to available fi rst-hand information.
5 Prepare a list of appropriate adjectives, adverbs and
verbs to use when writing your article.

106
 Melvyn Eddison, 47
. original, eccentric millionaire
. winner of f1,000,000 on the National Lottery (in the UK the National Lottery is run by a
the company called Camelot)
,ta with . born in Lower Broughton, an unattractive district of Salford (Greater Manchester)
. left school at 1-5 - never liked it
klv o cannot read or write beyond signing his name
. worked as motor mechanic, dustman, milkman, insurance collector, paint-factory worker
o got married at 17 to his girlfriend Patricia
. father of three children
;t o owns a red-brick semi-detached house in the UK, a villa in Spain, and a seven-bedroom
chateau in France called Camelot, worth f170,000;
o Mother: "Melvyn has the gift of the gab" (the ability to speak well);
e . friend: John Biesty, 46, business partner
. John about Melvyn: "There was a time when we mortgaged everything we had";
. Melvyn about John: "l'm a double jackpot winner. I've got Camelot and I've got John. One
means LL.25 million for me, the other is beyond price. Without John, how would I ever
know what a contract says?"

anl Read following aduertisement for Camelot, Meluyn's property in

intends to
the
seII.
Fra,nce, which he

E Compare the aduertisement with the picture on the preuious page. Do yott think the
aduertisement does justice to the picture?

Luxurious holiday place, kingly residence set in gorgeous surroundings. ldeally situated for
birdwatching, fishing, and walking. Huge lawn in front. Comfortable drawing-room, log fires.
f.
Fully-equipped bathrooms and kitchens. Well-stocked cellar. Vintage wines from own vineyard.
Apply to Mr Alvin Brooke, Cherry St., Oldham, tel. (0161) 725294
ds
a What do you notice about the
Ianguage of aduertising in
e for general?
g What features characteristic of
aduertisements can Aou
identifu in the three
erms aduertisements on pages 107
and 108?
H in terms of language:
o conciseness
r figurative use
o wordplay
r superlatives
I abbreviations
E in terms of ideas/message:
a persuasiveness
o value for monev
r exotic places
r hinting at pleasure,
comfort
I cherished possessions
. presence of loved ones

107
 I

.ilt-
-al Work in groups.
Choose one of the topics below and prepare an acluertisement for a newspaper or
magazine for young people. Your aduertisement shottld include a picture as well as a
suitable text.
I The Perfect Holiday I Sports Equipment r Food for Pets
o The Car of the Future o Beauty Creatn o Ketchup
r An Efficient Vacuum Cleaner I Magic Window - Cleaner . A New Airline

am
The first English newspaper was the weekly The first American newspaper, Public
Corante which appeared in 1621,. The flrst daily, Occurrences, was published in Boston, on 25
The Daily Courant, was issued in 1702. The September 1690, but it was suppressed after
Oxford Gazette, first published in l-665, has had the very first issue. The first newspaper to be
the \onges\ \\te. pub\\shed on a regu\ar basis was The News
Then follow The Daily Post (1719), The Daily Letter, issued in L7O4, which survived for 70
.)ournal (1720), and The Daily Advertiser (1730). years.
At the beginning they all reported news, There are more than 9,000 newspapers, of
without any comments. In 1704 the first which I,7OO are dailies. There is one national
editorials were published, some of them signed newspaper, LISA Today, with a circulation of about
by such famous personalities as Swift and Defoe. 1.2 million copies. Before recent developments
lt seems The Daily Advertiser was the first in technology, it was very difficult to distribute a
newspaper to include paid advertisements. Ihe newspaper nationwrde, which is why the idea of a
Times, or 'The Thunderer'as it was nicknamed, national newspaper hasn't really worked in
was first published in 1785, making it Britain's America until now.
oldest daily newspaper. The Observer, first There are also papers like The Wall Street
published in 1791-, is the oldest national Sunday Journal, The New York Times, and The Washingon
newspaper in the world. Post that are read all over the country.

108
 ROUND UP Youth magazines
Discussion points.
-l L What youth magazines
do you read?
What kind of articles
do youth magazines
carry?
What do you usually
look for when you
browse through a
youth magazine?
(celebrities' private
lives, clothes design,
advice page, scientific
reports, travellers'
tales, posters)

-rlE A group of stud,ents haue prepared a set THE STARS AND YOU MASTERMIND
of materials for their school magazine. A SMILE A DAY PROBLEM (P)AGE
What fields of interest do they couer? CAN U SPELL IT WRITE?
DID YOU KNOW?
Read the headlines for sections A-E below
READY, STEADY, GO!
and guess uthich of the feature sections on
QUESTIONS WITHOUT AN ANSWER
the right each belongs to.

tr Mystery Of The Missing Fleet

)a
The mystery began one summer, during an experiment involving I2,OOO pigeons, out of
which 6,000 failed to come back home as expected. These pigeons were not the ordinary
pecking-for-crumbs street variety. They were carefully fed, trained-for-races, homing birds, a
breed with endurance and speed, used to finding their way home from great distances.
Twelve thousand of these birds were released in Denmark, at a place they had never seen
before, and they were expected to return to their home-base in Germany. But 6,000 of them
failed to return at all. Why? What was to blame? "Solar flares" said one spokesperson for
the pigeon racing company. Supposedly, flares from the sun had disrupted the Earth's
magnetic field and interfered with the pigeons' navigation.
Solar flares are sudden outbursts of energy from the Sun. They send radiation and
charged particles far out into space and they are known to disrupt radio communications,
while being also very dangerous for space travellers.

#E A student reporter had to answer the seuen points below before giuing the final
Romanian uersion of text A aboue. How would Aou answer them?
1. pecking-for-crumbs (pigeonsl. Can this be rendered by a similar Romanian
construction or do we have to replace it by a whole clause?
2 carefully fed, trained-for-ra,ces, homing birds. Which word is translated into
Romanian first? Is there a Romanian word for homing or does it have to be
paraphrased?
3 supposedly. Any one-word Romanian equivalent?
4 flares from the sun had disrupted the Earth's magnetic fteld. Could the verb
disturbed be used instead of disrupted? Why (not)? Check in the dictionary.
5 they are knoun to - By whom? How do you translate this into Romanian (personal
or impersonal construction)?

109
 tr According To Astrology
g Here is a horoscope for the week which is translated into English from a Romanian
magazine. There dre seueral things to be corrected in grammar, spelling, word orden
and choice of words. Spot the mistakes in the text for Uour sign and rewrite it.

Aries people have just been through a Libra people haven't any time to think
lot of trouble last week. Energetic as about their own problems. lt's time
they are, they have great plans to they leave their melancholy away and
change their luck; or at least they look forward to meet new
hope it. opportunities that look very
favourable.

Taurus people will show one more time Scorpios will have to put on lots of
how obstinate they can act when confidence to cope with the hardly
they'll refuse a decent offer out of times they are going through. But they
which they could easily make tsOO. do have good friends and even what
And f, 500 are a lot of money ... they are looking for seems hard to
find, they'll find soon.

Gemini h Sagittarius people, although quiet

a
,/lr1\S
'')J',1"\
nosy and talkative, are good friends.
K take the
The advice which they give prove
L(\t exPected
they'll ha always useful, so their friends can
the right choice. rely on them.

Cancer people will receive good news Capricorn people are planing
about a trip, but they may be important business meetings; to
disappointed once they get to see the manage in doing whatever they want,
place and they may be wondering what they'll have to forget about everything
are they doing there after all! else.

Leos will show once again how much Aquarius people will have a
they like to take up responsibility and celebration that they wait for for a long
they'll be there to remember the time. With their marvellous sense of
others what they have to do and to humour they'll be the guests of honour
help them do it. and they'll enjoy very much.

Virgo people will be in danger of Pisces people will be happy to hear I

loosing some of their best friends if that very good news are waiting for
they go on being selfish. All they have them, too. They needn't to worry about
to do is give up their pride and let the a thing as all the planets seem to be
others to see how much they realy working in their favour. So all they
care. really have to do is seize the chance.

E Creature Feature

tF ruERds oNe rurNc l

HATE IT5 GRAFNTf I

110
 tr Amazing But True
#4 Read the two items below and try to find, similar ones to include in a youth magazi,ne in
English.
' The Chinese one kwan note printed in the 14th century was 92.8 x 33 cm. It is 73
times larger than the smallest note, the 1O bani issued in Romania in 1gI7.
' Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia, is the largest town in the world. It spreads over
about 41,000 square km, covering an area 26 times greater than that of London, and
about the same size as Switzerland.
tr Quiz
#E How manA can Aou answer? Prepare Aour own qttiz for the Engtish school magazine.
1 Which is the smallest country in the 5 What city has the heauiest traffic in the
world? world?
2 Who was Guy Fawkes? 6 Who invented television?
3 Which are the three tallest buildings 7 Where is the longest underground track?
in the world? 8 Which language has the richest
4 What is the word "pub" short for? vocabulary?

afil Magazines for teenagers usually have an agony page or a probtem jile in
which you can find an answer to your personal problems and *orri.r.
Read the two letters sent to Hil magazine asking for aduice.
E What would Aou answer to letter I?
#A In about 70 word,s, write Aour answer to letter 2.

Am lBeing Selfish? o Me
Could you please help me? I'm really confused. I

? | don't know what

want to phone one of the helplines, but am unsure to
re been going out
how they work. lf I were to phone from home, would
the number be put on the phone bill? My parents n I see him, he
t?ilirrtfi#.r..n,,
check all the calls, so they would know I'd phoned'
The helpline I would like to phone is Childline, but my
wants to go and
having friends, b
problems seem silly compared to others. So would it ver has time for me. l,ve
been ill for a cou
be selfish for me to take up their time? I've been told
the lines are free. ls it true? | can't afford too much
tha..rn:i ;"; i,"nJ#'#1,;l$?'..
se to see how I am. I
in a phone box. Also, I'm scared that the person who
some sort of familv
answers the phone mi$ht recognize my voice and tell
my parents. Please give me some advice.
tell me about them. What
Robert (76)
Sarah (77)

aiL The iirst issue of a school magazine in English is due to come out in a
few days but
some of the students in charge haue not hand,ed in their materials yet. Look it the
example_below and try to imagine uhat the ed,itor tells each of them.
e.g. AndretD's cartoon is still unfinished. The editor saAS: "Don't you think it's time you
finished it? "
1 Mary's interview with the headmaster hasn't been typed yet.
2 Carmen promised several tirnes to bring some of her-poems.
3 Tina, the "agony aunt", has not answered all the letters.
4 There are still spelling mistakes in Victor's travel notes.
5 John has again forgotten to develop the holiday photos.
6 You haven't done all the illustrations.
7 Joey's desk is a mess and he can't find this week's Top of the pops.
8 Lydia has failed to come up with any suggestions for the quiz yet.
9 Dan has not finished the translation from Mircea Eliade.
10 Bobby's old camera broke again and he couldn't take any photos of the winners.

-D News & Views

Prepare a set of materials for a. "yottth page" es pe,rt of your project
for the Aear Make
sure you haue uariety (at least 3 dffirent types of maieiials) an-d uie the register
appropriate to each of them.
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a aa a a a a a a a a a a aa a a a a a ao aa atl

111
III
 Ghallenging the audience

Work in groups. Imagine a Roman inuasion in Cleopatra's Egypt. Make an

-l dnnouncement to warn the population and describe the terrible inuaders.

-Il E Look at the Irrit*o*t^J*"^J niir',^u' rsrpr. rx pAr.^luL

LE6ENDAREI RT€INT CLIOPIIRA, OTSPlT CART 5 A
cartoon strip. SPUS cl.0AcA AR fr AVUr )tAsut HAr scuRl ul,i Ptc.

Are
Cleopatra
and Caesar
presented as
in your
history
Iessons? Giue
reasons for
uour answer
FOPORUT TTU A COIaIR1JII
flRAIIDEU I
r(,Rtut Drr Hm0s I
rtxru | o8tu$,uRt I

A Not only
cartoonists,
but also
writers,
sometimes
create new
personalities
for historical
figures. Do
you think
this is the
right thing
to do?
TaIk with
your partner
about this.
Giue reasons.

-El
E Read an excerptfrom Caesar and Cleopatra (1901) by George Bernard Shaw
llctl(I856-1950). See how Shaw presented the two legendary figures.
Caesar is addressing the Sphinx, unarDare that Cleopatra is asleep between
its paws.

ACT I
rHE GIRL: (who was wakened, and peeped cautiously from her nest to see who is speakin$: Old
gentleman.
oAESAR: (starting violently, and clutching his sword); lmmortal gods!
THE GIRL: Old gentleman: don't run away.
cAESAR: (stupefied): "Old gentleman: don't run away!!!" This! to Julius Caesar!
rHE GIRL: (urgently): Old gentleman.
cAESAR: Sphinx: you presume on your centuries. I am younger than you, though your voice is but a
girl's voice as yet.
rHE GIRL: Climb up here, quickly; or the Romans will come and eat you.
cAESAR: (runningforward pastthe Sphinx's shoulder, and seeingher): A child at its breast! A divine
chlldl
THE GIRL: Come up quickly. You must get up at its side and creep round.
cAESAR: (amazed): Who are you?
rHE GIRL: Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt.

1,1,2
 CAESAR: Queen of the Gypsies, you mean.
CLEOPATRA: You must not be disrespectful to me, or the Sphinx will let the Romans eat you.
Come up. lt is quite cosy here.
CAESAR: (to himself): What a dream! What a magnificent dream! Only let me not wake, and I

will conquer ten continents to pay for dreaming it out to the end. (He climbs to the
Sphinx's flank, and presently reappears to her on the pedestal, stepping round its
right shoulder.)
CLEOPATRA: Take care. That's right. Now sit down: you may have the other paw. (She seats
herself comfortably on its left paw). lt is very powerful and will protect us; but
(shivering and with plaintive loneliness) it would not take any notice of me or keep
me company. I am glad you have come: I was very lonely. Did you happen to see a
white cat anywhere?
CAESAR: (sitting slowly down on the ri{ht paw in extreme wonderment): Have you lost one?
CLEOPATRA: Yes: the sacred white cat: is it not dreadful? | brought him here to sacrifice him to
the Sphinx; but when we got a little way from the city a black cat called him, and he
jumped out of my arms and ran to it. Do you think that the black cat can have been
my great-gre at-great-gra nd mother?
CAESAR: (staring at her): Your great-great-great-grandmother? Well, why not? Nothing would
surprise me on this nisht of nights.
CLEOPATRA: I think it must have been. My great-grandmother's great-grandmother was a black
kitten of the sacred white cat; and the River Nile made her his seventh wife. That is
why my hair is so wavy. And I always want to be let to do as I like, no matter
whether it is the will of the gods or not; that is because my blood is made with Nile
water.
CAESAR: What are you doing here at this time of night? Do you live here?
CLEOPATRA: Of course not: I am the Queen; and I shall live in the palace at Alexandria when I
have killed my brother, who drove me out of it. When I am old enough I shall do just
what I like. I shall be able to poison the slaves and see them wriggle, and pretend
to Ftatateeta that she is going to be out into the fiery furnace.
CAESAR: Hm! Meanwhile why are you not at home and in bed?
r sA Rtust$I.0. ftelk! CLEOPATRA: Because the Romans are coming to eat us all. You are not at home and in bed
I JA AOHII dA TU AT A'v -'
-i I CA POPORULTIU
iJ': either..
,t i/N ttARt P0P0R | ,
CAESAR: (with conviction): Yes I am. I live in a tent; and I am now in that tent, fast asleep
and dreaming. Do you suppose that I believe you are real, you impossible little
dream witch?
CLEOPATRA: (giggling and leaning trustfully towards him): You are a funny old gentleman. I like
you.
CAESAR: Ah, that spoils the dream. Why don't you dream that I am young?
CLEOPATRA: I wish you were; only I think I should be more afraid of you. I like men, especially
young men with round strong arms; but I am afraid of them. You are old and rather
thin and stringy; but you have a nice voice; and I like to have somebody to talk to,
though I think you are a little mad. lt is the moon that makes you talk to yourself in
that silly way.
CAESAR: What! you heard that, did you? | was saying my prayers to the great Sphinx.
CLEOPATRA: But this isn't the great Sphinx.
CAESAR: (much disappointed, looking up at the statue): What!
CLEOPATRA: This is only a dear kitten of the Sphinx. Why, the great Sphinx is so big that it has a
temple between its paws. This is my pet Sphinx. Tell me: do you think the Romans
have any sorcerers who could take us
away from the Sphinx by magic? paw /pct/ labir
cAESAR: Why? Are you afraid of the Romans? to peep /pf'^p/ a privi pe furig
cLEopArRA: (very seriously): Oh, they would eat cautiously /'kc:lesli/ prevdzdtor
us if they caught us. They are to clutch /klntl/ a ingflca
barbarians. Their chief is called Julius utgently /' zt$antli/ insistent
Caesar. His father was a tiger and his to presume on /pn'zju:m/ a te bizui pe
mother a burning mountain; and his cosy /'keozi/ comod
nose is like an elephant's trunk. plaintive /' pletntl / plAngaref
(Caesar involuntarily rubs his nose.) to wriggle /'rryl/ a se zvArcoli
They all have long noses, and ivory stringy /'strrygi/ v6nos
tusks, and little tails, and seven arms sorcerer /'sc:sere(r)/ vrajitor
with a hundred arrows in each: and trunk /trnqk/ trompd
they live on human flesh. tusk /tnsk / coll
i Ftatateeta /ftata'ti:ta/ Cleopatra's nurse
L___

113
 A Work in pairs to find the information you need in the aboue excerpt and ftll the gups in
the RoIe Cards.

You are Cleopatra, the

Qu
around ...... (1) years
l- of a
talking
talking totn Caesar
/-co-^- and
^-- you address
general' You are
, the great Roman
You have a """ (2)
""'. (3) in superstitions_ n. qrlun him ...... (2) you
you behave rather
around ......(1) y"u'" of age' ...... (4), thinkins ontl of
(3) to find Cleopatra there but doin; ;;;t,yo, ...... (5) you
voice. You are very ' feel """ (6) anJwourd
You think rike to-have somebody
you will soon ..'..' (4) the situation' to tark
Cleopatra is a ."." (5) girl' You teach her to behave l3^l:l are
rmagine
terribty scared of the
them as some ......(Z)
Romans. you
not """ (7) your identity' All in all, you ...... (g)
like a ......(6) You do not the romantic ngu,J
i;;;L;#:: ##:. ,t,
confusion created' All in all you are
enjoying the funny
, .r"OiOf" ...... (8) being, rather than super
the hero

the audience exPects'

ai|
E REINTERPRETING HISTORY Compare some historical facts about Caesar and Cleopatra
and how they appear in Wlliam Shakespeare's plays.

Facts of History Shakespeare's treatment of histoty

Cleopatra /kli:a'pretra/ (57-30 BC), Queen of Antony and Cleopatra a historical tragedy,
Egypt; the eldest daughter of Ptolemy Xlll /'tnlami/, presenting the strong love of the great soldier
famous for her beauty, ambition and cleverness. - Antony and the mature, beautiful Queen.
Her father died in 51 BC, appointing her and her Stirring Caesar's anger, Antony is pursued and
younger brother, Ptolemy, joint heirs of his killed in Alexandria. Cleopatra, fallen into the
kingdom. She ascended the throne at the age power of Julius Caesar, takes her own life. The
of 77 . Two years later, her brother drove her out dominant note in the play is that of
of Egypt. magnificence and grandeur.

Julius Caesar /'si;za/ (IO2-44 BC), a great general tulius Caesar a Roman tragedy, presenting the
and statesman, orator and historian in ancient Rome. events of the year 44 BC. Shakespeare revives
A disputed figure in his time - brave, wise, generous the stature of Caesar after his assassination,
but also arrogant, ambitious and tyrannical. In 47 BC, as seen through the eyes of various
Caesar arrived in Alexandria in pursuit of Pompey associates. He underlines Caesar's greatness
/'pompi/, his enemy. He became Cleopatra's friend but also shows some of his weaknesses.
and reinstated her on the throne. ln 44 BC he was
murdered in the Senate House in Rome.

A Think back to Ex. III.2. Work with Aour partner on Shaw's presentation of historical
figures as compared with historical facts or with Shakespeere's Roman plays. Why did
Shakespeare and Shaw treat the same historical facts dffirently? Write one paragraph.
#g The true subject of the play is not events but an idea, in this case, the discrepancy
between the accepted legend surrounding historical personalities and what lies beneath.
Take a look at the excerpt in Ex. III.I and with Aour partner jind three instances in
which Shaw deglamorizes history, challenging the audience. Refer fo: linguistic means
(use of imperatives, use of common language), stylistic means (echo-words,
connotations, parentheses), situations, and gestures.

#
Role play - The Interview
-D Roles: Caesar, Cleopatra and a present-day Reporter. Caesar and Cleopatra bear the
characteristics we know from history (see Facts of History, Ex. IV.1). The Reporter, who
is mainly looking for the sensational for his paper, asks their opinion on the way
Shakespeare and Shaw presented them in their plays. Imagine their reactions, attitudes,
gestures, etc.
Two more characters may also be impersonated - Shakespeare and Shaw. They will
give their views on how they looked upon history, and they may answer questions.

1.1.4
 tn *F
afil Collect items of information about G.B. Shaw from the following fiue sonrces, to urrite a
seuen-line dictionary entry for the great dramatist.
ROOTS His Caesar is such an example. FABIAN SOCIETY
Shaw was born in Dublin of English Henrik lbsen (1828-1906), Founded in 1884 and named after
Protestant middle-class stock. Norwegian dramatist. He wrote in a the Roman general Fabius
Being an lrishman like Sheridan, period when the art of the theatre Cunctator ('the Delayer'), it
Swift and Wilde, he had a native had declined everywhere in Europe. advocated socialism through
gift of eloquence and wit, and - His early plays treated social parliamentary reform instead of
much helped by his interest in problems with startling boldness. total revolution. Shaw wrote many
music - a sharp ear for the tones ln time his work became essays for the society and
and rhythms of contemporary increasingly psychological, remained throughout his career an
speech. Shaw was really engaged anticipating the 20th century in its advocate of public ownership of
in acquiring the education for which handling of inner conflicts, self- resources and of a more equitable
he had no opportunity in Dublin, deceptions and frustrations. lt was division of social wealth.
haunting the National Gallery and this social realist phase which
the British Museum. most influenced Shaw. Shaw LEGEND
introduced lbsen's art to the British Shaw was adept at creating a
THE LIFE FORCE public, particularly in his book lhe public legend, a sort of caricature
tra From Bergson and from Lamarck's Quintessence of lbsenism. in the eyes of the man in the
school of evolution, Shaw derived a Influenced by lbsen, Shaw street; he even contrived the
belief in a sort of 6lan vital, a performed a revolution in the adjective 'Shavian' to describe his

i
motive spirit which drives mankind theatre by abandoning the 19th own personality. But Shaw remains
onward. The Life Force takes many century emphasis on plot and an important dramatist who was
forms, the highest being the Mind. turning to the drama of discussion. awarded the Nobel Prize in 1925.

rdl
tried and failed to pass lrish Home Rule bills.

l
I

The lilsh lssue Tension continued. Civil war seemed imminent

Between 1869 and I874 the Liberals passed but was averted by the start of World War l. In
several acts to improve the lrish situation. In I92I Home Rule was granted to Southern
1879, the lrish Land League was formed to lreland. Northern lreland remained part of Great
rel press for land reform. lt was led by Charles Britain, with limited self-government. In 1937,
rsl Parnell, a campaigner for Home Rule (self Southern lreland became a sovereign state and
government). In 1886 and 1893, the Liberals was renamed Eire /'eera/.

,f IfiIl
.{9r
-4!-

E Shaw's plays need to be read as well as seen. He wrote lengthy prefaces and gave
_l massive detail for stage directions.
Why did Shaw consider it necessary to draw on both the dramatic and nouel forms?
a Read these notes on Cleopatra that Shaut wrote to see if they are meant for (a) the stage
t director (b) the actors (c) somebody else? Drscrzss with Aour partner.
12.
Cleopatra was only sixteen when Caesar went to Egypt; but in Egypt sixteen is a riper age than it is in
England. The childishness I have ascribed to her, as far as it is childishness of character and not lack
h.
of experience, is not a matter of years. lt may be observed in our own climate at the present day in
many women of fifty. lt is a mistake to suppose that the difference between wisdom and folly has
anything to do with the difference between physical age and physical youth. Some women are younger
at seventy than most women at seventeen. lt must be borne in mind too, that Cleopatra was a queen,
and was therefore not the typical Greek-cultured, educated Egyptian lady of her time. [...] | do not feel
bound to believe that Cleopatra was well educated. Her father, the illustrious Flute Blower, was not at
all a parent of the Oxford "professor" type. And Cleopatra was a chip off the old block.

E Support Shaw's statement'I must warn my readers that my attacks are directed against
themselves, not against my stage figures' utith a,rguments picked out from the aboue text.

News & Views

Create a catchy newspaper aduertisement for a production of the play Caesar and
Cleopatra.
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

115
 Voices in verse
-Il
At First Sight ... Presentiment - is that long Shadow
-l
E Read the three poems. After each reading, - on the Lawn
E
put doutn Aour first impressions in note form. Indicative that the Suns go down -
The Notice to the startled Grass
That Darkness is about to pass -
#E
Walt Whitman (L8L9-1892)
g
I celebrate myself, and sing myself,
And what I assume you shall assume,
For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.
I loafe and invite my soul,
I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.
My tongue, every atom of my blood, form'd from this soil, this air, a
Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their Pioneer
parents the same, Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) together
l, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin, determi
Hoping to cease not till death. [...] Colorad
A child said What is the grass? fetching it to me with full hands; faces in
How could I answer the child? I do not reflect t
know what it is any more than he. Era Pound (188+1972) these sr
I guess it must be the flag of mY of the j<
The apparition of these faces
disposition, out of hopeful green in the crowd
stuff woven. Petals on a wet, black bough.
Or I guess it is the handkerchief
of the Lord,
A scented gift and remembrancer
designedly dropt,
Bearing the owner's name someway
in the corners, that we may see
and remark, and say Whose?
Or I guess the grass is itself a child, to loafe a hoindri
the produced babe of the designedly anume
vegetation (...) dropt = dropped

A When you read a poem what do you expect to find in it? 4

Choosefrom this list, then rank the list according to your expectations:
c rhyme ; a beautlful topic
. a special arcangement on the Pdge . Aour own ideas
c rhythm c something to learn
. a. special kind o.f language c ple asant fe eling s/emotion
fl You may find poems that include all or some of the things above. But they are not a
"must" for every poem. Every individual poem is unique. Poetry does not have a general
recipe. Nevertheless, there are several things to remember. Some of them are mentioned
in the text below.
With llour partnen translate into Romanian the topic sentences in italics.

Be willing to be surprised. Things often happen in poems that turn them around.
Remember that poems exist in time, and times change. Not only the meanings of words, but whole
ways of looking at the universe and Man's role vary in different ages.
Assume there is a reason for everything. Poets do make mistakes, but in poems that show some
degree of verbal control, it is usually safest to assume that the poet chose each word carefully; if
the choice seems peculiar to us, it is usually we who are missing something.
Take a poem on its own terms. Be prepared to hear things you don't want to hear. Not all poems
ffiE
are about your ideas, nor will they always present emotions you want to feel.
(After A Preface to Poetry, Carl E. Bain, Jerome Beaty, J. Paul Hunter)

11.6
 -Il On Second Thoughts ...
Haue a second look at the poems in Ex. 1.1. Work in three groups: A, B, and C to
complete the tasks assigned to your group.

Group A

E Start with Walt Whitman's Song of Myself . With Aour partner, decide uthich tt,ords
should be stressed when the poem is reud aloud. Underline the words you choose.
ffiE Who is the "1" and who is the "you" in the poem?
g Read this paragraph. Then look at the images and texts below. What is the connection
between them and the quotation?
"Whitman's life work is Leaues of Grass, a collection of poems. One of the earliest
inclusions was the poem Song of Myself. The book passed through several processes of
change and growth. It is a "work-in-progress", which the poet revised continuously until
his death."
a b c
Pioneer families travelled The Pony Express Transcontinental Railway
together across the plains, In 1860, a quick service mail Triumphant completion of
determined to reach their goal - started between the West and America's first transconti nental

il
'21
Colorado, California, Oregon. The
faces in this early photograph
reflect the courage with which
the East - the Pony Express.
Riders carried the mail on fast
ponies. Fresh ponies were kept
railway. The Union Pacific built
westward, the Central Pacific
eastward; the lines met at
these settlers faced the hardships at stages so that riders could Ogden, Utah, in 1869.
S of the journey westward. change on to them and keep
going at full gallop.
l.

I
I
I

j I

4 Though today Whitman's poems are considered remarkable achievements, they were
very controversial in his time, being completely different from anything written before.
With Uour partner, match the columns below to see how the poet transposed his beliefs
into poetry.
L Freedom belongs to all persons a) The language of the street and the
irrespective of their social degree, race market place has its poetic rights. The
or condition in American society. style must be simple and deuoid of
a
People must also be liberated from all poetic ornaments.
rneral
types of spiritual bondage. b) Poetry must also be liberated from the
tioned
2 Reality is a continuous flux without bondage of metrical pattern. FREE
beginning or end. VERSE is the best way to express it.
3 Real language is constructed by simple c) The poet must giue free and full
men and it belongs to them. expression to his own self.
4 The identity of America existed not in d) This reality can be suggested bU long,
her geography but in the interior of her flowing lines.
new democratic man. Whitman knew
himself to be such a man. To discover
himself was to discover America.
#E Although Whitman rebelled against standard poetic devices, there is evidence of his
conscious artistry. Consistency is provided by: alliteration, assonance and repetition, the
present form, the use of the conjunction 'and', and of 'catalogues'.
With Aour partnen look for an exa,mple for each of these six deuices.

1.1.7
 Searching for an American identity
Noah Webster (1758-1843), an American lexicographer compiled the
famous Compendious Dictionary of the En!]ish Language (1828).
Webster was a strong believer in "American education for Americans".
He tried to get people to talk less like the British and more like people
in his native state of Connecticut. As a result of his efforts, the
spelling of many words was simplified - for example," plow" instead of
"plough" and "labor" instead of "labouf'. Webster wrote The American
Spelling Book (1783), the most popular schoolbook ever published.
The spelling book united Americans in a common language.

Group B #l
E Read this, then answer the question: 'What kinct of poetry cctttld such a person write?'
Emily Dickinson lived for the last 25 years of her life as a recluse, hardly ever leaving
her home and grounds in Amherst, Massachusetts. Of her L ,175 poems, only seven were
published during her lifetime.
A Reacl Emily Dickinson's poem aguin. With Aour partner, answer the questions around, it.
a/ Does it matter that used for its real
bears no title? meaning or
b) Why are certain Presentiment - is that long(Shadow)- does it stand for *l
something?
words capitalized? I

c) Why did the The Notice to the

fl Why plural?
poet make the That Darkness is g) Why not 'showing' or
first line 'suggesting'?
the longest?
be startled?
d) Do dashes play any part? Read the
poem aloud as if it had no dashes, to il What is the overall impression the poem
leaves on you? Is its length important?
tell the difference.

#g Do you think Dickinson's 'uoice' is a

classical or a modern one? Why?

*
Mary Cassatt (1845-1926) was an American painter
who worked mostly in France with the lmpressionists.
The Japanese painter Utamaro (1753-1806) inspired
many of the themes in Cassatt's paintings and prints. -m
ln Woman Bathing Cassatt transported Utamaro's
bathers and kimonos to French boudoirs.
E
ffli
Group C
JI
E IMAGISM was an Anglo-American poetic
movement founded in 1.91.2 by a group led
by the American poet Ezra Pound, who JE
lived mostly in Europe.
Compare the Credo below with the poetrA Aou haue read so far.

The lmagist Gredo 3 Allow complete freedom of subject.

L Use the language of common speech, 4 Present an image, but avoid vagueness.
but use it exactly. 5 Produce poetry that is hard and clear.
2 Create new rhythms for new moods. 6 Concentration is the essence of poetry.
a,rlD a a a a a a a a a a a a a a o a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a

118
 a Read Pound's poem below
again.
Discuss with your partner:
E what "ima,ge" is created?
tr what ideas of the Credo
are present in it?

The apparition of these

faces in the crowd
Petals on a wet, black
bough.
The Subway, George Tooker

#g Read the text below, then scan the Info box on Mary Cassatt. WhV do you think
artists were attracted by Japanese arts?
HAIKU is an old Japanese form of three lines of frve, seven and five syllables. It
expresses a single idea, image or feeling
re without comment, relying on suggestion rather
The falling flower
than on explicit statement; it is a kind of I saw drift back to the branch
t miniature 'snap' in words. The haiku attracted Was a butterfly.
the interest of the Imagists. The example on Moritake (7452-7540)
the right is a translation of a Japanese haiku.
#4 Read Pound's poem again. Is it a haiku? Giue reasons.

E Read what Pound wrote of the origin of his poem. WhU was he not satisfted with the first
two uariants?

Three years ago in Paris I went out of a "Metro" train at La Concorde, and saw suddenly a beautiful
face, and then another and another, and I tried all that day to find words for what this had meant to
me, and lcould not find any words that seemed to me worthy, or as lovely as that sudden emotion ...
I wrote a thirty-line poem, and destroyed it because it was what we call work "of second intensity".
m Six months later I made a poem half that length; a year later I made the following sentence:
? "The apparition of these faces in the crowd/Petals on a wet, black bough."
I daresay it is meaningless unless one has drifted into a certain vein of thought. In a poem of this
sort, one is trying to record the precise instant when a thing outward and objective transforms itself,
or darts into a thing inward and subjective.
(Gaudier-Brzeska, 1916, pp.100-103)

#E Do you think the illustration in Ex. 2 aboue suits Pound's poem? WhV (not)? Write a
short paragraph.

JIII In your group, scan the notes you made for the jirst reading of the poem you chose.
you understand the poem dffirently now? Report Aour findings to the class.

EI
JT Turn to the first page of this lesson. Read the poems while listening to them.

Write a paragraph (300 words) in which you

-D describe Aour experience of reading poetry.
Ezra Pound

make a pact with you, Walt Whitman -

IE' News & Views have detested you long enough.
Choose come to you as a grown child
from:
E Who has had a pig-headed father;
Write a haiku in English to include in
I am old enough now to make friends.
Aour newspaper. Illustrate it. It was you that broke the new wood,
a Read the poem A Pact by Ezra Pound. Write Now is a time for carving.
a short commentarA on it (10 lines) to be We have one sap and one root -
used in the literary section of your newspaper. Let there be commerce between us.

119
 Changing realities
aaaaaOaaaaaaaaaaaOaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaOaaaaaaaaaaOaOaOaaOaaaaaaaOaO. ril

To err is human but to make a complete mess of things you need a computer.
The Farmer's Almanac, 1-978

Beaming us into the future

-l E Look at the following pictures. What aspects of laser technologA are illustrated?

IE Listen to the cassette and tick the aspects mentioned.

g What others were mentioned?

0El
all On the cassette you will hear a physics teacher talking about compact discs. While
Iistening, take notes in your notebook upder the headings in the table. The illustrations
below will help you.

1 CDs 2 How CDs work 3 Recording CDs 4 Digital recording 5 Why CDs are special

120
}

.TTf
E Haue Uou eaer seen a hologram? What's special about it?
Fill each gap in the text below with one of the following words.
t a a a a a a a a . "{, ochanges ophotographic orecord oobject oplate tchemicals oreflected odirect
a exposed I beams o laser beam
lputer.
L978 Holography is a ...... (1) process in which lenses and mirrors are used to direct and focus
a ...... (2) The image of an ...... (3) is recorded on a ...... (4) which is covered by an
emulsion of light-sensitive ...... (5) The plate is ...... (6) both from ...... (7) laser light and
Iaser light ...... (8) by the object. Chemical ...... (9) take place in the emulsion when the
two ...... (10) meet, making a permanent...... (11) of the object.

o o

\
:l

Underneath view Side-on view of rings Top view of rings Real object Hologram
of rings

IEJE Each of the following sentences summarizes one of the sections Aou are going to hean
While listening, mdtch the section with its summary. One sentence contains information
which is not on the cassette. Which one?
1, Because a hologram achieves an exact recording of the light waves reflected from an
object, what we get when the image is reconstructed is a very strong illusion of
reality.
2 The very convincing three-dimensional image of an object, called a hologram, is
obtained by a laser recording on a flat plate of photographic film or glass.
3 The word hologram means "whole picture". Thus, if a plate is broken, each piece has
the whole image on it, not just the part it showed originally.
4 Reconstruction of a hologram differs depending on whether it is a "reflection"
hologram, lit on the front of the plate, or a "transmission" one, lit through the plate.

unreconstructed
hologram

,rface transmission hologram

Of CD
How a hologram is reconstructed

Look at this example.

/ layer -n
A "Take your personal stereo in case there is no radio." (possibility)
'layer B "There will be one, I'm sure."
A "If you don't take it, you can be sure there won't be one!" (condition)

l2r
 E Filt in the blanks in the following sentences
with "if" or "in case". (Jse the REMEMBER! I
box to help you. 1, ln case introduces a reason clause
1 I'm taking my alarm clock ...... I need to when you mention a possible situation
wake up early. which is someone's reason for doing
2 ...... you don't take any cassettes, you're something. Use present and past
bound to feel bored. tenses after in case. You can also use
3 It's always useful to have a mobile phone Should + inf. This adds the meaning "by
with you in a car ...... you break down or chance ".
get stuck in a traffic jam. I wrote down the price in case I should
forget it.
4 Do give me a call ...... you are going to be 2 You use in case to express something
late. someone does or did in order to prepare
5 I'm packing my laptop so that I can do for a possible future situation.
some work ...... the weather is bad while You use if to express something
we're away. someone does when and if the situation
6 You can be sure it'll hurt you ...... the actually arises.
dentist doesn't use the laser drill on vour Take your umbrella in case it rains.
tooth. Open your umbrella if it rains.

A Look at these examples:

u) She was worried that the Channel crossing might be rough, so she took a sea-
sickness pill.
She took a sea-sickness pill in case the Channel crossing was rough.
b) The best way of coping with seasickness is to lie down.
If you feel seasick yott should lie down.
lVow rewrite thefollowing sentences utith if or in case,retaining the meaning of the
original.
1 You might find a new CD, so take some money.
2 It might be dark when you get back, so don't forget your torch.
3 To get a high-quality sound, you should use a sound processor.
4 Take the advertising leaflet with you. You might need it.
5 For an interesting experience, you should try a hologram exhibition.
6 These stores are good places to get multimedia options at amazingly low prices.
Tick the information you haue had in this lesson.
-n 1 I the way CDs are recorded 8E ttre differences between laser and
2 E where you can find holograms ordinary light
3 ! areas where laser technology is used 9 I *hy holograms are such true-to-
4 ! how a CD player is constructed life images
5 ! how holograms are constructed 10 E ttre special qualities of CDs
6 ! quality of digital recordings 1,1, ! how the laser beam was discovered
7 E ttre way CDs work 12 ! holograms are 3-D images

hologram car

Prepare a three-minute presentation on the subject Vou are most interested in. Choose
from:
o The advantages of a CD player over a cassette recorder
o The difference between a photograph and a hologram
o The advantages of using lasers in surgery
Use the information yott hat,e learned and add your personal knou,ledge of the subject.

t22
 I Inside the machine 980's PC cat .:"e
se
ation
Discussion points: beetle
)tng
-l 1 Computers have been creeping into our dog humans

) use lives for quite a time now. Mention

ing "by some activities in which Man relies on
computers.
- ' :\/
hould 2 Think of the Man-computer
ti* ':*... fish
E
+;- _{(
partnership. What are the differences fifth generation chimpanzee
:hing between Man and computer? What is , earth -'t.
computer
)repare worm ': .
each of them good at? What are their k mouse dolphin
limitations?
:uation
Match these two columns to obtain meaningful sentences about the impact of computers
-Il on society.
;.
1 In the near future, the average person a) in the way it handles and stores
will increasingly come information.
2 Even those individuals most detached b) face to face with computers in the
from the march of technology course of everyday life.
3 Soon, there will be a PC in almost every c/ justas there is now a telephone, radio
home, or TV set.
4 Human society is undergoing a radical d/ will be aware of its progress.
change e) but it could turn out to be one of the
5 This may not seem particularly most stupendous developments that
earth-shaking Man has known.

JTTf
E Read the fotlowing statements and say whether Aou agree with them or not.
1 The computer is the most up-to-date creation of the 20tl' centurv.
2 A computer is an intelligent, creative machine.
3 A computer is an all-purpose machine.
A lVow read the following text about computers and fiIl in each gap with one suitable
and word.
Most people think of ...... (1) as very modern ......(2) but actually the theory of computers
'to- was worked out nearly two centuries ...... (3) by a man called Charles Babbage.
He ...... (4) several calculating machines which he called engines and
...... (5) building several of his designs but he ...... (6) finished any of them.
r'ered Ada, Countess of Lovelace, Lord Byron's daughter, wrote the following
about Babbage's machine: "lt can do whatever we know how to
order it to perform." This ...... (7) is still subject to debate whenever
the question of machine creativity or artificial ...... (8) is raised.
...... (9) a dishwasher doesn't have to be told how to ...... (10)
dishes, nor does a lawnmower have to be told how to
...... (f 1) a lawn. But while a dishwasher can only
wash dishes and a lawnmower can only mow
lawns, a single computer can ...... (12) thousands
of tasks, from ptaying chess to computing the orbit
of a space-ship, ...... (13) only that it is given the
proper instruction for ......(14) job. Therefore, a
computer is an all-purpose machine or ...... (15)
an "all-purpose information-processing machine",
since after all it won't wash the dishes. That a
computer can "do what it's told to" is ...... (16)
what makes it all-purpose.

ect. Charles Babbage and one of his "calculating engines"

1,23
 g Haue you changed your mind about any of the statements in Ex. III.I after reading the
text?

ain A computer system is a collection of machines and programs designed to carry out
information-processing tasks. The machines are the hardware while the programs that
direct them are the software.
E Read the fotlowing text. IYumber the computer components in the flowchart below.
A Make a definition for each of the items. (tVo t has been done for you.)
r-^------- -----------
, (1) |

t-l
tl
tl
I

L---__-
1 e.g. Hardware: the collection of machines that make up a computer.

The hardware (1) components of a typical hand, main memory isn't suitable for long-term
computer system are: the central processing storage of large data files since its storage
unit (2), main memory (3), input and output capacity is limited and the contents are usually
T
devices (4) and auxiliary memory (5), all of them erased when the power is turned off. We use
communicating with one another over a group of auxiliary memory for long-term storage of large
wires known as a bus (6). amounts of data. There are two types of auxiliary
Main memory is used to store two things: the memory, one with sequential access to data and
program that the computer is currently executing another type with direct access. Hard discs,
and the data that it is currently manipulating. lt floppy discs, compact discs (CD roms), floppy
is divided into a large number of memory cells optical discs and streamers (sophisticated
each holding a fixed amount of data and having magnetic tapes) are all media for storing
an address by which it can be referred to for the information and they form the auxiliary memory
purpose of storing or retrieving data. of a computer. Thus, the capacity of auxiliary
The central processing unit (CPU) is a very memory is virtually unlimited.
important part of a computer but it cannot work
without memory. lt is just fetching and executing
instructions in a cycle. During the fetch part of
the cycle it fetches the next instruction of the The chip that chan$ed
program from the main memory. During the the world
execute part of the cycle it carries out the More than any other
operation called for by the instruction. The ability recent invention, the
of the system to do any complex job (e.9. playing silicon chip is shaping
a game or making out payrolls) lies with the our lives and our futures. First developed
program and not with the CPU which is just during the 1960s' Space program, the chip
following orders. For this reason, we usually give was a way of miniaturizing the electrical
the program credit for the job rather than the circuits needed to control a space craft.
computer. An entire CPU as well as other Individual electric circuit components can
computer parts can be constructed on a single be created in minute areas of a silicon chip
silicon chip (or a small number of chips). A CPU and connected by tiny aluminium strips etched
constructed on a silicon chip is called a on the surface. These integrated circuits are
microprocessol. extremely reliable and fast, so millions of
There are many different kinds of input and simple computing operations can be
output devices corresponding to the many performed every second.
different kinds of data that we want to process Single circuits became so small that
with computers. The usual ones are the millions of them can be incorporated in a
computer terminals: a typewriter-like keyboard, a single device. This meant that huge slow
television-like display screen, and a printer. Other computers could be replaced with small, fast
more exotic devices are speech synthesizers that devices and thus computer control could be
let a computer talk, music synthesizers that let it introduced into everyday devices like cars,
play music, plotters that let it draw pictures, and washing machines, televisions and
special devices that convert sounds from a telephones.
microphone or pictures from a TV camera into a
form suitable for processing. r--- -------'1
payroll /'peiraal/ qtat de platd
The outstanding property of the main memory
is that it allows very fast access to memory synthesizer /' sinOesaizar / sintetizator
t_"_'_"_t'i::"-
cells. The time for storing or retrieving data is !?':-/::':'::! -!:'-':l'j'i 91: - - -
measured in billionths of a second. On the other

\ a
,t.a a a a a a a a a a o a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a

L24
q the

High-speed printers are

I fi
t used to produce large
; that amounts of printed
output. Printers using
laser beams can print
thousands or even
tens of thousands of
lines per minute.
Lightweight colour
laser printers offer
supenor, near
photographic-quality
printing with consistent
colour output.
erm

rally
The wor ds data and medio used in the text above in connection with computers are
;e
-D plural nouns of Latin origin. A number of nouns borrowed from Latin and Greek still
rge retain their original plural forms. Some of them have two plural forms, the second
xiliary following the English rules of plural formation. The list below contains such nouns.
a and
E Matuh them with their Romanian meanings.
ppv A Matuh them with the appropriate rule of plural formation in the bor below. (No t has
been done for you.)

lOry
'v
1, analysis /e'nr,leus/ analyses /e'nrelesi:z/ (LaIin) a) oazd
2 antithesis /ren'tr0esrs/ antitheses /an'trOasiz/ (Greek) b) programd analiticd,
3 appendix /e'pendrks/ appendices /e'pendrsi:z/ (Latin) orappendixes expunere, plan
4 automaton /c'.'tometen/ automata /cl'tomete/ (Greek) or automatons c) antrtezd
5 bacterium /bak'trcriem/ bacteria /bnk'tterie/ (Latin) d) analizd.
6 basis /'berus/ bases /'bersi'.2/ (Greek) e) nucleu
7 cactus /'knktes/ cacti /'knkta/ (Latin) f) vertebrd
8 crisis /'kratsrs/ crises /'krarsi:z/ (Greek) s) stimul
9 criterion /krar'fierien/ criteria /krar'trcrie/ (Greek) h) mediu
10 curriculum /ke'nkjalem/ curricula /ke'rrkjule/ (Latin) i) plan de invdtlmAnt,
L1- diagnosis /'darcg'neusrs/ diagnoses /'dareg'neasitz/ (Greek) programd de studii
T2 formula /'fctmjale/ formulae /'fc:mjuli:/ (Latin) or formulas i) crizd,
L3 fungus /'fiqges/ fungi /'fttqgi:/ (Latin) orfunguses k) adaos, supliment,
tn L4 hypothesis /hai'po0esrs/ hypotheses /hai'polesi:z/ (Greek) apendice
p
15 larva /'lo'.ve/ larvae /'luvi:/ (Latin) l) fenomen
:hed
tre
16 medium /'mi:diem/ media /'mi'.die/ (Latin) or mediums m) larvd
L7 nucleus /'nju:klies/ nuclei /'nju:kliarl (Latin) or nucleuses n) criteriu
18 oasis /ea'ersrs/ oases /e'esi:z/ (Greek) o) formuld
19 phenomenon /fe'nomrnen/ phenomena /fe'nomrne/ (Greek) p) bazd,
20 stimulus /'strmjules/ stimuli /'strmjular/ (Latin) q) cactus
2t syllabus /'srlebes/ syllabi /'sfleba{ (Latin and Greek) or syllabuses 0 bacterie
22 synthesis /'srn0asrs/ syntheses /'srnOesiz/ (Greek) s) ciupercl
23 thesis /'Oi:srs/ theses /'lr:si:z/ (Greek) t) diagnostic
24 vertebra /'vs:trbre/ vettebtae /'vs:trbrer/ (Latin) or vertebras u) ipotezd,
v) automat
i. us .) i,ora,era w) sintezS
ii. a)ae x) tezd
iii. um ) a
iv. ex, ix t ices
v. is t es (as 7)
vi. on)a

1,25
 The electronic btain

-l E Remember the definition of

software in the preuious lesson. l lira mesmerism
2 sex_ral atracdon
Read the following text and fiII animd rightsafl
each gap with one or two ridarr*o the natursf right of arumais
ightJ acti?)ijts\.
to've ftee ftom human e)<plortarlon (oft6r ,.ro.. animal
words: animal spirits n2l
There are two ...... (1) of natural exuberance

software: systems'software and animateo,4i. &o.

di.t|El
applications software. Systems I haung
2 hvely
lfe

software consists of ...... (2) o.r./''rrd/

I enliverr, make hvelv
with the help of which people 2 grve life ro

write and execute other

programs. Applications
software ...... (3) programs that q.
do all ...... (4) jobs, from 2 having hfe
playing games ...... (5) making aindcdlyod",

movies or testing theories

about how galaxies form.
S E Match the following words with their definitions:
1. data o) a set of detailed, step by step instructions
Z artificial intelligence b) information represented by concrete symbols a computer
can manipulate
c) facts and ideas
d) the study of methods for making computers behave
intelligently
e) a set ofinstructions for carrying out a particular task
J) the outcome of the execution of a program
s) a set of boxes containing instructions and connected
together by lines
h) ways of representing ideas and facts by concrete syrnbols
a computer can maniPulate
S g Choose notions from the list aboue to fiIl in the following flowchart, which shows the
stages coaered, in software d,esign. Write the numbers in the circles. (Two haae been
done for Uou.)

f_____l
programming

Bits'n'bytes The new generation of

A ,bit' is the smallest quantity of information which can be supercomputers can
manipulated by a computer. Every number, letter or other symbol
perform up to 16 billion
known to the computer is represented as a 'byte'- a code made up of calculations a second.
eight 'bits'. The bits in a byte are always taken together as a unit. The
word 'bit' comes from binary digits, because binary is the arithmetic
used to program computers. ln binary, there are two digits - O and 1.
IOOOKb (kilobytes) make 1Mb (megabyte). The number of megabytes
expresses the amount of information your computer can hold.

#tT' _tt'ltla
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa' ' ' ' t ' ' ' '

1.26
 The text that follows is an argumentative essay. Before
-Il writing such an essay it is very important that you make
a clear for/againsf plan referring to the subject chosen. At Lille in France, fully automated
E Read, the essay and reconstruct the for/against list used
commuter trains work safely and
by the author efficiently without a human driver.

A lvow read again and do the tasks connected with the text. Refer to the words in bold
with the same number

Riding with the Cellular Posse use a police "hot line". As in the case of our
tr "Across the country, citizens armed with neighbour who had been waiting for four months
nothing but a car phone are corralling for the police to find his car which had been
lawbreakers," is what I read in an American stolen from the parking lot.
magazine. I thought I could become one of those
brave citizens. Two months before I had taken
tr Lastly, I tried to appeal to my father's
humanitarian side. Obviously he had to agree
my driving test with money my parents gave me
that the device was a great help last year when
for my 18th birthday. I thought I might try and
get one more present and asked my father for a a whole village was cut off from the world by the
floods. In the same way, it can be used for
cellular phone.
communication during storms, earthquakes or
tr To my surprise, he was far less enthusiastic fires.
than I was. To begin with2 he said that he
considered the cellular phone a status symbol -
E I got my cellular phone last week. Of course,
I could have used further arguments. The same
and I had no status. Besides. it was an
American article said that there are 16 million
expensive thing and he had never approved of
cell-phone subscribers. Every month, people with
my 'unnatural' (for a girl) interest in the latest
car phones make 600,000 calls to emergency
technological developments. Furthermore, he
numbers, reporting not only drunken driving but
was afraid that being too busy with my idea of
also such felonies as drug dealing and
saving mankind while driving, I would not pay
burglaries. But it wasn't necessary. In spite of
enough attention to the road and would have
his reticence, my father gave in. Thanks Dad, for
an accident. Finally, he reached the conclusion
a great gift!
that the cellular phone could wait till either
I

gave up the idea of it, or till I was old enough L lt is very important to make your opening
to decide whether I really needed one or not, paragraph interesting. What exacily
and in the latter case I could buy it with my own arouses the reader's interest in this
money. paragraph?

El Surely I could not leave matters like that.

2 Such phrases are used to order ideas within
the same paragraph or from one paragraph
First, I drew his attention to the fact that
to the next.
although very expensive, this device
Find other examples like this in this
nevertheless offers a strong feeling of paragraph, and in paragraphs C-E.
personal security on the road. Our roads could
become safer if careless or drunken driving
3 What role does this sentence play in
paragraph C?
could be immediately reported. For instance, I Find another example in the text, and notice
reminded him of what happened last year when,
the words used to introduce the sentence.
on our way to the seaside, we noticed that the
driver of one of the cars in front was harassing
4 What is the role of the sentence in bold in
paragraph D?
other drivers by not allowing them to pass 5 What is the role of the next three sentences
him3.
in paragraph D?
tr Second, I showed him that the community 6 How is the last sentence of paragraph D
would also benefit if more and more drivers different from the two before it?
owned cellular phones. They would be like the
eyes and ears of the policea. For example,
people's lives could be saved if ambulances got I posse /'posi/ gardd
more quickly to the scenes of accidents. lto collal /ka'ro;l/ a strAnge, a aduna la un loc
Furthermore, bank robberies could be reported |
| (in
\rrr gen. despre animale)
tssrr. usJPrtr d|llttdtv )
by chance witnesses, and stolen vehicles could I to harass /ha'rns/ l, a lnoportuna
a hdrtui, i
be identified and tracked by people who would i felony /'felani/ delict
L___

1,27
-El
E This chart shows the basic format of an argumentative essay.
Does it correspond to the format of the essay you haue just read?

Introduction Gonclusion
-lEE
Points FOR Points AGAINST (decision taken
(general
(persuasive (counter-
statement of the after weighing the
arguments) arguments) E
problem) arguments)
z
A Construct a similar chart for the argumentatiue essa1 in Ev.II.
g What ts the main idea of each paragraph of the essay?
-Il
-TL Look at 1 and 2 below. Then write an argumentatiue essau on one of the following
subjects:
E

o buying a computer
o the ban on personal stereos in public places
E Which of these two lists of words would be more useful for building Uour arguments?
Which utould be more useful in building counter-arguments?

therefore although/though
furthermore however
it follows that in spite of On 15 January, 1985, a
naturally nevertheless computer safely piloted a
moreover on the contrary Dutch freighter to within a
also on the other hand few kilometres of its
likewise yet destination, the crew having
abandoned ship two days
besides still
previously.
not to mention for all that
in addition even so

A Sturt by buitding your for/against list. Also read the general TIPS FOR A GOOD ESSAY on
page 187.

The functional
description of a
computer system
accept information
store information
transform information
retrieve information
display information

t28
 I Computers go to work

Discussion points. Work in groups of four.

--
ron EE What do these terms mean to vou?
aken Internet, e-mail, WVVW (World Wide Web), CD-ROM, VR
ng the
ts) tr What are the possible advantages and disadvantages of such systems?
a Virtual reality is commonly seen as something to play with. Make a list of any potential
applications of VR other than in computer games. Exchange lists and complete yours
with new ideas.
The global village

-Il mlcrowave
E Read the following texts. One of them link
I
refers to the impact of computers on I

communications, the other one is a repeater

station
computer appltcation. Decide which is
satellite
which.
ts?

tr The globat communication network is

no longer a dream.
Two technical breakthroughs made the
idea of the electronic village possible: the satellite earth
local exchange exchanee station
a development of the modern phone system
a
which made high-speed communication
vrng
possible all over the world and the arrival tr Virtual reality is a world within a world,
,q of the powerful PCs. An ordinary phone where anything is possible and danger is
system relaying its electrical messages by all in the mind. lt lets you shut out
electric cable, fibre optics, radio waves everyday reality and seal yourself inside
and mirror waves relayed by orbiting the sound and vision of the most involving
satellites, can also carry data between experience in the history of the world.
SAY on computers by help of a modem (a device A virtual reality system consists of a
that sends data from one computer to helmet with a pair of liquid-crystal displays
another down the phone line). This means in front of each eye and wide-angle lenses
that almost any home computer can be giving a stereoscopic image. The helmet
connected to the global village. has a set of magnetic sensors which tell
A lightning-quick giant network is thus the computer the direction it is looking at
formed which allows people to track down as it moves. The image is displayed on the
information on virtually any subject. screen. In more advanced systems, the
Conventional offices will become operator wears an electronic glove
obsolete. Banking, shopping, and detecting what the fingers are doing and
attending class can all be done without transmitting the info to the computer.
leaving your home. VR systems have a wide range of uses.
They enable people to walk "inside" places
where no human could live, such as
nuclear power stations, or buildings before
they are constructed. The film industry is
relying more and more on VR for
sequences, such as the one in The Return
of the Jedi where flying motorcycles are
racing through a forest. In Britain, Robert
Stone from Manchester University is
developing a system that will allow men to
walk on Mars without being shot into
space, or plunge as divers to the bottom
of the North Sea without walking out of the
office.

129
 a Translate into Romanian the phrases that are written in bold in text A.
g In text B find the paragraph describing how a W system works and explain it to your
partner in Romanian.
gT Translate this paragraph in written form as homeutork.
E In pairs make a one-sentence summarA of each text A and B. Disczrss utith the pair next
to you and decide on a final uersion. Share it with the rest of the class.

The word "robot" comes from the Czech robota meaning Soon, on-board car computers will
compulsory, slave-like work. lt was introduced for the first change cars into intelligent
time by Karel Capek in RUR (Rossum's Universal Robots)in machines. Pressure sensors will
L92O.In this play an imaginary scientist, Rossum, invents alert a computer to alter the
robots in order to help humans perform basic, repetitive shape of seats automatically to
tasks. The play takes a tragic turn when the robots are used suit whoever is sitting on them.
to fight in a war; they revolt and kill their human owners and Similar devices will turn on the
eventually take over the world. windscreen wipers when drops of
ln his most successful work, the /, Robot series, lsaac water start to fall on the bonnet
Asimov suggests that the world of the humans and of the and will adjust rear-view mirrors to
'thinking' robots should be governed by "The Law of day and night driving. A small TV
Robotics". The first and most important command goes screen will display a street maP
like this, "A robot must not harm or through inactivity with a blinking light to show your
allow a human beingto come to harm." The second is, "A position.
robot must obey all commands given to it by a human lf cars had progressed as
being except when these conflict with the first law," and the much as computers over the last
third, "A robot must preserve itself at all times unless by 40 years, then a car today would
doing so it contradicts the first two laws." By the use of cost less than 10 pence, go
just three laws, Asimov creates a society where robots and 500,000km on a litre of petrol
men live together in a kind of symbiosis, with only a few and travel at five times the sPeed
conflicts. of sound.

#
anl
El Read the text below and answer these questions:
c/ What characteristics make the robot Cutie resemble a human being?
b) What is the misunderstanding between Powell and Cutie about?
c) What is the point the writer tries to make? What is your opinion?
d) Why do you think Powell called the robot to him at the end?
"somethingmade you, Cutie," pointed out Powell. "You admit yourself that your memory
seems to have sprung full-grown from the absolute blankness of a week ago. I'm giving you
the explanation. Donovan and I putyou togetherfrom the parts shipped to us."
Cutie gazed upon his long, supple fingers in an oddly human attitude of mystification. "lt
strikes me that there should be a more satisfactory explanation than that. For you to make
me seems improbable."
The Earthman laughed suddenly, "ln Earth's name, why?"
"Call it intuition. That's all it is so far. I intend to reason it out, though. A chain of valid
reasoning can end only with the determination of truth, and l'll $o on till I get there."
Powell stood up and seated himself at the table's edge next to the robot. He felt a strong
sudden sympathy for this strange machine. lt was not at all like the ordinary robot, attending
to his specialized task at the station with the intensity of a deeply ingrooved positronic path'
He placed a hand upon Cutie's steel shoulder, and the metal was cold and hard to the
touch.
"Cutie," he said, "l'tn going to try to explain something to you. You're the first robot
that's ever exhibited curiosity as to his own existence - and I think the first who's really
intelligent enough to understand the world outside. Here, come with me."
,.---- ----r From l, Robot by lsaac Asimov
i ingrooved /rn'gru:vd/ increstat i

130
 a The robots of sci-fi books and films that often look and behave like humans are very
'aour different from the robots in existence today. The latter have no intelligence and, though
they are endowed with sensors to be able to "see", "hear" or "touch", they have
difficulty in moving around, as they are just machines controlled by a computer to do
different jobs.
dr next E Can you name some books and films where robot heroes appear?
tr In pairs, Iook at the following pictures and take turns to giue an oral account of the
work the robot is doing in each.
/
ters will
t
rs will
te
lly to
hem.
the
'ops of
rnnet
rrors to
all TV
map
v your

t5
re last
would
o
rtrol
speed

t--_l
lvou
r. "lt I

rake I

E In pairs, make a list of the types of jobs suitable for robofs as opposed to jobs suitable
for humans. Compare Uour lists with those of other pairs and explain your choices.
rrid I tr Suppose you could, haue Aour own priuate robot at home. What tasks would you giue it?

I
;trong I

rnding I
Vision
More and more robots have machine vision, which allows them to "see"
,l""tn' and behave "intelligently". However, humans are selective in what they
I
see, whereas a computer can only "see" the image it is instructed to
recognize. For example, if you look carefully at this picture, you can
I
choose to see either a vase or two faces. A computer vision system
would need instructions to "see" either a white image or a black image.
:,", I
It could only recognize this image by looking for a match with patterns
stored in its memory and using the name given to the pattern in the
program.
___l
131
 ROUND UP Gimmicks

Read the text to ft.nd the ansu,ers to these questions:

-- 1 When was Steve Paul Jobs born?
2 How old is he now?
3 How old was he when he founded Apple
Computer?
4 How old was he when he was interviewed?
Silicon Valley is a place 45 miles South of San
Francisco, where prune orchards have been
transformed into a fertile crescent of research and
development. No individual has become more a symbol
of this new land of opportunity than Steve Paul Jobs,
co-founder and chairman of the board of Apple
Computer.
Jobs, adopted at birth by a middle-class couple in
Mountain View, California, was raised on Little Richard,
Bob Dylan and technoloSy. In many ways he was a
typical - albeit young - product of the counterculture of
the '60s. He experimented with drugs, dropped out of Reed College in his freshman year,
and only settled down to work after answering a help-wanted ad for Atari that promised,
"Have fun and make money." Still in search of higher truth, Jobs quit Atari after a brief stay,
journeyed to India and shaved his head. In 1975 he returned to the States and set about
building home computers with the brilliant Stephen Wozniak, a friend who had been working
as an engineer at Hewlett-Packard. In early 1977, they founded Apple Computer which
quickly became one of the dominant forces in the personal-computer field. When he was 23
he had a net worth of over a million dollars. At 24 it was over $10 million, and at 25 it was
over $1-00 million. In 1983 , al28, his Apple stock decreased by about $200 million. He
was the only person, to his knowledge, who had lost a quarter of a billion dollars in one
year and he considered it "very character building!"

On the cassette, youwill hear excerpts from an interview he gave in 1984 when, at the
-Il age of 29, he was co-founder and chairman of the board of Apple Computer.
n Tick what you pred"ict is correct about Steue Paul Jobs:
1 When he founded Apple Computer, 3 He considers himself a successful man
his priorities were: because:
I a) to make lots of money E a) he became part of a significant
tr b) to gain social status moment in history
E c) to do something he liked I b) he's young and a multimillionaire
2 He succeeded in his career because: E c) he can have many girl-friends
E a) his parents gave him the 4 For him, creating a computer was:
necessary money E a) hard work
tr b) he was good at what he did I b) a fragile, delicate experience
I c) he surrounded himself with fine much like making music
people I c) lots of fun
tEUA Listen to the ftrst part of the interuieta and write down the reporter's three questions.
IEI EI Listen to the second part and fill in the gdps in the text below.
"When you want to ...... (1) something that's never been understood before, what you
have to do is construct a conceptual ...... (2). And if you're trying to design a computer
you will literally...... (3) yourself in the thousands of details necessary; all of a sudden,
as the scaffolding gets set up high enough, it will all become clearer and clearer and
that's when the ...... (4) starts. It is a...... (5) experience, or it is an experience where
everything's related to everything else and it's all ...... (6). And it's such a......(7),
delicate experience that it's very much like music. But you could never ...... (8) it to
anyone."

132
 4E Read the following paragraph and fill each numbered gap with one suitable taord:
"The money is literally a25 per cent factor, at most. The journey is the ...... (1). It's the
actual doing of something incredible, day in day out, getting the ...... (2) to participate in
something really incredible. I mean that's the ...... (3) that we've had. I think everyone
on the Mac team would have ...... (4) to come to work every day ... There are ...... (5) in
history which are significant and to be a part of one of those moments is an incredible
...... (6). What I do see is a small group of people who are . ..... (7) and who care more
about their art than they do about almost anything else. It's more important than finding
a ...... (8), it's more important than cooking a meal, it's more important than ...... (9) the
Marines, it's more important than whatever. ... And yes, we all ...... (10) about how we'd
like to have girlfriends."
l t part of the interuiew and check whether Uour answers were correct.
IVow listen to the third
E AIso check Aour predictions in Ex. 11.1, based on what you leurned from the whole
interuiew.

The British Army use "Wheelbarrow" robots to Every time McDonald's sells a Big Mac or a
investigate whenever a briefcase or a car is McMuffin, electronic data are generated. With
suspected of containing a bomb. The robots, 9,400 restaurants in 46 countries, McDonald's
designed to move around in narrow spaces, are operates not less than 20 different networks in
also equipped with shotSuns to destroy the order to collect, put together and distribute this
suspect device without putting human life in information. Volvo connects 20,000 terminals all
danger. over the world to exchange data about the
In Longbridge, UK, at Rover's car plant, robots market. IBM alone connects 355,000 terminals
are used to shape and assemble car parts which all over the world, through a system called VNET,
are then which in 1987 could handle an estimated
transported quantity of 5,000,000,000,000 data items. A
by Automatic unique part of this system, called PROFS, spared
Guided Vehicles the IBM company the purchase of 7,500,000
controlled by a envelopes, and without PROFS the company
supervrsory would have needed nearly 40,0O0 more
computer. employees to do the same work.
ffi
-TTf
E Translate the text below using these phrases.
o fictional robotsI bear no resemblance to I one way of r in terms of o a special case of
. as the need arises . approximately resembles r the closest version to o similar to
Majoritatea robofilor din domeniul ficfiunii sunt descriqi ca fiind oameni mecanici inzestrati cu
calitali aproape umane. Dar de obicei, robo{ii de azi nu seamdnd cu vreo formd umand. Totuqi o
modalitate de a clasifica robotii este in functie de asemdnarea lor cu fiintele omeneqti.
Astfel, un automat este orice maqind capabild sd opereze independent, ca o maqin[ de spdlat hainele
sau vasele. O maqina flexibila este un automat special care poate fi programat in functie de
necesitdti. De exemplu, un robot folosit intr-o fabricd pentru a vopsi maqinile, care poate fi programat
s[ participe la alte operafii de producfie. Un robot mobil este o magind flexibila care se miqca liber in
mediul s[u qi poate comunica cu alli agenti sau cu oameni, de exemplu un robot de paz[. Un
umanoid sau android este un robot mobil a cdrui structurl aduce cu structura umand. Un cyborg este
varianta cea mai apropiatd de om, avAnd structuri organice gi unele structuri fiziologice asemdndtoare
cu cele omenegti.

a How did the aboue phrases help you to make Aour English translation sound more
natural?
g How manq types of robots are there, according to the classiftcation in the text aboue?
4 What other classifications could you make?

aaaaaaaaaaoaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

133
 Murphy's laws of computer programming
1, Any given program, when it works, is obsolete. \
2 Any program that lasts longer, costs more.
3 lf a program is useful, it will be changed.
4 lf a program is useless, it will be kept.
5 Any program will be extended to fill up the whole memory of the computer.
6 The complexity of the program grows until it outruns the capacity of the program
supposed to hold it.

-nE News & Views

The instructions in the bor are mired. Arrange them in the comect orden to obtain a
program which is able to build the robot on the right using the tiles on the lefi. (The
"condition" mentioned in the instructions means that the progrdm works os long as
there are tiles on the ltft.l

CHOOSE TILE
START PROGRAM

J(( END WHILE

COMPARE TO PICTURE
STOP PROGRAM
WHILE CONDITION DO
DO UNTIL MATCH

ff{
END DO
PUT OVER PREVIOUS
ROTATE 90"

a Work in groups. The robot you haue designed is the prototype for a robot seruant. It can
do things like serue drinks at a party and speak with a synthesized aoice. It is dfficult
to build a robot eaen to do a aeru simple job, because the designer has to break down
this job into many small steps. An extremely compler progrdm is needed because the
computer controls eaerything the robot does. The smallest mistake could cause the robot
to spill a glass when it ffis it or go through a door before opening it.
Use the pictures on this page to inspire Uou to design a robot to do the cleaning in Uour
house. Draw the robot and explain your drawing. (e.9. "The robot needs four legs to be
able to climb the steps.")

Walking robots
It is difficult for a robot to move a than four legs. Here are some of the problems.

Orc leg fwo I8s

A onelegged robot When a twclegged robot
like this has to takes one leg off
keep hopping to the ground to walk,
balance, so it would it has to balance
not be much good on the other foot.
for a job like Ihis ts difftcult for the
dusting. { computer to control.

Thrco lqgs tuur l$s

A threelegged A four-legged robot
robot is very stable walks by moving
standing still, but one leg at a
as soon as it time. This
takes one foot means it
off the ground always has
to walk, it falls three legs
on the ground
to balance with.

a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a. a a a a a a a a a. a a a a a a a a a a a a
-.r,, r,ll

1,34
 Grossing the borders

-l E Read the ftrst stanza of this well-known

The Green Fields of France
Well, how do you do, young Willie
ballad-song, then ansu)er the questions: MacBride?
Do you mind if I sit here down by your
E What is the ballad about? graveside
tr why this title? And rest for a while 'neath the warm
summer sun,
I've been walking all day and I'm nearly
na
'he done.
I see by your gravestone you are only
CIs
nineteen
When you joined the great fallen in 1916.
I hope you died well and I hope you died
clean
Or, youngi Willie MacBride, was it slow and
obscene?
T------
i 'neath = eath, under I

done = very tired

gravestone piatrd funerard
',

the fallen = those soldiers who have been ;

i killed in battle or war

L___
lEl E Il/ow listen to the whole ballad and answer
---.--..-j

the questions:
It can E WhV is the bqllad so mouing? The First World War
"ftcult Few would have predicted the ...... (1) of a
)wn tr The "summer breeze makes the red world-wide war at the beginning of the
the poppies dance". Is this more than a simple century; in the early 1900s, many people
e robot description? in Western Europe and the United States
E What does the last stanza of the ballad had great ...... (2) in western civilization.
aour point to? They had seen much ...... (3) in industry
to be and technology, and they had carried their
FiII in the blanks with suitable usords from ideas to every corner of the globe. Many
-It this list. believed that treaties and law would allow
r declare . progress . peace I joined nations to keep the ...... (4) but in L9I4,
I lasted I devastating I rest I outbreak the peace was shattered. Europeans
r confidence o troops suffered through the most ...... (5) war
they had ever known. The war profoundly
changed both Europe and the ...... (6) of
the world. The war, which was called the
Great War at the time, ...... (7) from 1.9L4
to 1918.
Britain and France and the countries
that ...... (8) then were called the Allies.
They all aimed to stop the growing
power of Germany. On April 2, LgI7,
President Wilson asked Congress to
......(9) war on Germany. "The world must
be made safe for democracf', he
declared. The Allies, reinforced by
American ...... (10) steadily pushed the
German army back. At 1-1 a.m. on
November \7-, 1918, the Allies and
Germany signed an armistice agreement.
The Great War had ended.
 Poppy Day
For British people, the poppy represents the
soldiers who died in the two World Wars
(particularly in the First World War), because
these flowers grew in the fields of France where
many were buried. Remembrance Day (often
called Poppy Day) is the Sunday nearest to
November 11th. Services are held in churches,
and at war Memorials, and the custom is to wear
a red poppy (made by disabled ex-servicemen) in
one's buttonhole, as a sign of remembering. The
money raised by the sale of these poppies is
giiven to charities involved with people who
suffered in the wars. A few people think that
these customs make war seem glorious, rather
than being a reminder of the deaths and the
damage that was done; they wear a white poppy
as a sign of peace. In the USA, November 1l-th,
/t's a long way to Tipperary is a love ballad which became an annual national holiday, Armistice
soldiers turned into a marching song, that became Day, to honour those who were killed in the war.
one of the best known songs of World War l. After 1945, the holiday was renamed Veterans'
Tipperary is a little town in Southern lreland. Day in the US. lt is still observed every year.
sq
rtn-

anl
E Rupert Brooke (1887-1915) and Wilfred
Owen (1893-1918) belong to the British
"War Poets" group of the First World War.
They were tragically killed on the front
where they served.
Read the excerpts from tuto of their most
famous poems. Are they dffirent? In what
respect? The years in which the poems
were written mau giue a hint.

'Two soldiers at Arras' , by John Singer Sargent.

Germany's use of gas was one of the $reatest
shocks of the war.

Rupert Brooke (7887-7975) Wilfred Owen (!893-7978)

lf I should die, think only this of me: [...] Gas! GAS! Quick, boys! - An ecstasy of
That there's some corner of a foreign field fumbling,
That is for ever England. There shall be Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time;
In that rich earth a richer dust concealed; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling,
A dust whom England bore, shaped, made And floundr'ing like a man in fire or lime ...
aware, Dim, through the misty panes and thick green
Gave, once, her flowers to love, her ways light,
to roam, As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.
A body of England's, breathing English air, In all my dreams, before my helpless ni$ht,
Washed by the rivers, blest by suns of He plunges at me, guttering, choking,
home. [...] drowning. [...]
(1e15) (7er7)

A The destruction of so many lives left I to fumble /'fnmbl/ a bijbAi

Europe shattered, with a sense of lto floundet /'flaunda/ a inainta anevoie

confusion and loss of traditional values. I lime /latm/ var

Imagine what kind of ltterature is to be I oim /drm / vag

I pane /petn/ geam
found immediately after the First World
War.
..aaaaa..aaaa.. ...aaaa....a
I f

136
 The song "Over there" became very
) popular at the time of the Great War.
nere "Over there, over there.
1 Send word, send word over there,
That the Yanks are cominS,
les, (from the song Over There
wear by George M. Cohan)
)n) in The picture shows the all-black 369th
. The Infantry Regiment returning after
S fighting 'over there'. They saw more
continuous duty on the front lines than
t any other American regiment. Two of its
:her soldiers were the first Americans to
receive the French military honour of
ooo, the Croix de Guerre.
1th,
)e
THE AFTERMATH oF WAR
war. -iL
Ins' E Work with Aour partner to make two lists; one tist of the positiue effects of the First
World War and one list of the negatiue efficts. Think how these effects changed patterns
of We (aftermath Rom. urmdri, consecinte). Collect information both from the utritten texts
(A - a, b, c) and the commentaries accompanying the drawing (B).

tr Europe
(a)
A lasting effect of the war was financial insecurity which led to inflation. Goods became more
expensive. High unemployment fuelled unrest among workers. ln 1.926, Britain was faced with a
general strike led by the trade unions. Despite its economic problems, however, Britain remained a
stable democratic nation.
World War I was a total war - it involved civilian populations more directly than any previous conflict.
On the home front, war transformed the lives of many women. Thousands went to work outside the
home for the first time. They took jobs in weapons factories, in offices, and as bus drivers. Some
continued to work in factories and on farms after the war, where they proved to be as capable and
hardworking as men. In many places this helped to break down the resistance to the idea of women
being involved in politics and working life. In Germany, Britain and the USA, women gained the right to
vote in elections soon after the war.
Some post-war technology made people's lives more fun as well as easier. The radio came into wide
use, people danced to tunes coming from hand-cranked phonographs, and the record business
boomed, while labour-saving devices such as electric irons and vacuum cleaners simplified
housekeeping.
But the war had swept away many accepted ideas of the past, including the belief in progress. In
the 1920s, European writers expressed a sense of helplessness and pessimism. Many of them were
influenced by the work of Sigmund Freud /frcrd/, a Viennese doctor and psychoanalyst who taught that
irrational, unconscious forces shaped human behaviour. The works of many European artists became
increasingly abstract - that is, they did not represent objects as most people saw them.
(After Patterns of Civilization)
(b) (c)
Women's fashions Cubism, a movement in
in the 192Os painting started by Picasso
reflected the new and Braque. The artists chose
freedom. Shorter to break down the subjects
skirts and short they were painting into a
hair replaced the number of facets, showing
-'t styles of the pre-war several different aspects
period. Women also simultaneously. Certain
wore make-up, a forms of modern poetry, prose,
practice that had and music have been called
been unacceptable Cubist because of their multi-
in L9I4. image structure. 'Violin and Glass' bv
J
Georges Braque

1,37
 tr The United States of America
A NEW WORLD
The Ku Klux Klan
ln the 1-910s and 792Os, some white people
I
There were more cinemas in New York than in any in the southern states reacted against the
other city, although by the 1-920s films were arrival of the new immigrants. They joined a
being made in Hollywood. secret and powerful group called the Ku Klux
lmmigrants arrived at Ellis lsland just outside New Klan which violently attacked blacks, Roman
York and came to the city with only a few bags. Catholics and Jews. In some areas of the
Cinemas made stars of actors like Charlie USA, the Ku Klux Klan became so powerful
Chaplin. that it took over the law.
Before the end of prohibition people drank in The Ku Klux Klan wore sinister white
secret bars behind shops and houses. costumes with masks to hide their identities.
Jazz music and dancing were popular at this
time.

A typical New York street in the 792Os.

8E How was the mood of post-tuar Europe dillerent from the mood of the late
19th century?

.D News & Views

E Imagine Aou haue found an old letter at the bottom of a drawer It is from Aour great-
grandfather who wrote it home while wounded as a soldier in World War I. Write the
half page letter and address it to a relatiue or to a friend of your choice. Accompany it
bA a uer7 short commentary, ft.t for a news column.
t E Use the letter as a basis for an article (400 words) about the wan with the heading
"A Letter from the Front". Add drawings or reproductions of photos from this lesson.

A Lost Generation
"Lost generation" is a name applied to the disillusioned intellectuals and aesthetes of the years
following the First World War, who rebelled against former ideals and values, but could replace them
only by despair or a cynical hedonism. The remark-'You are a lost gieneration', addressed to
Hemingway, belongs to Gertrude Stein (1874-f946), an American experimental writer who had her own
war with civilization. Her enemy was the tired old civilization of the 19th century. ln 1902, she moved
to Paris. There, she became close friends with Picasso, Braque and Matisse. Soon her apartment
became one of the centres for the "modernist revolt" in art. The idea was to find a new way of looking
into the world. When other American writers (like Hemingway) began moving to Paris in the twenties,
they were all influenced by her ideas and opinions about writing.

138
 A "Brave New World"?
)te

IX -l E Look at these ads. What happened to many ex-soldiers after the war?
n

Ex-Service Man. Loss of right arm'

seeks situation as Window Dresser
or ShoPwalker'

A Look at these two pictures: one is a World War I posten the other is from a magazine.
What do they tell you about women in the 1920s?

-Il E
Mrs Dalloway, the novel written by Virginia
Woolf in 1925, tells the story of a woman.
Read the summary of the nouel below and with
Aour partner decide:
E which of the pictures on the right you would
usefor the couer ofthe book. Lookfor three
reasons in the summaru to justifu Aour choice;
tr whether the writer seems to focus on the storA
or on the chara,cters' psychological life.

lt is June 1-923 - a day in Clarissa Dalloway's the Prime Minister manages to attend. lt is
life. She is the wife of the successful MP. marred by news of a young man who has just
Richard Dalloway. lt is morning and she is getting committed suicide.
ready for the party she is giving in the evening. In parallel, we are given the story of Septimus
She does her shopping and, as she walks about Warren Smith. A war veteran, he is obsessed
London, she meets some of her friends. Back with hallucinations in which he sees his friend
home, she mends a dress, talks to her daughter Evans. His friend died in the war and Septimus
and briefly sees her husband. Peter Walsh, feels guilty about his death. In the ultimate grand
whom she refused to marry many years ago, gesture, he commits suicide by throwing himself
pays her a visit. He is just back from India. In out of the window.
the evening, her party seems to be a success -

A Look at the picture of Big Ben in London.

Complete the chain associations below:
New Jobs, New Roles
it Here are some figures about Great Britain
around 1900:
. 1 in 4 workers was female.
. The average life expectancy was 46 for men
and 50 for women.
Female employment figures were (1901):
1,740,8O0 domestic servants, 724,OOO
teachers, 68,000 nurses, 2I2 doctors,2
architects.
Between 1910 and 193O, the proportion of
women in the labour force remained at about
2Oo/o. fhe number of female cooks, dressmakers,
household servants, and farmhands dropped.
The number of women doctors. bankers.
lawyers, social workers, and hairdressers rose.
Women were granted the right to vote in
1893 in New Zealand; in 1918 in Great Britain;
and in t92O in the United States.

aaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaoaaaaat,rl

120
LJ'
 The Woild Breaks Up
About 2,4OO years ago, Democritus believed that that atoms exist. In 1909, New Zealand scientist
everything was made up of tiny particles. In Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus. A new
1808 the English scientist John Dalton proved age was beginning.

.TTf
E This excerpt is the beginning of Mrs Dalloway. Read it and in groups do the two tasks at
A and B below:

Mrs. Dalloway said she would buy the woman, Scrope Purvis thought her (knowing
flowers herself. her as one does know people who live next
For Lucy had her work cut out for her. The door to one in Westminster); a touch of the
doors would be taken off their hinges; bird about her, of the jay, blue-green, light,
Rumpelmayer's men were coming. And vivacious, though she was over fifty, and
then, thought Clarissa Dalloway, what a grown very white since her illness. There
morning - fresh as if issued to children on she perched, never seeing him, waiting to
a beach. cross, verY uPri$ht.
What a lark! What a plunge! For so it had For having lived in Westminster - how
always seemed to her when, with a little many years now? over twenty, - one feels
squeak of the hinges, which she could hear even in the midst of the traffic, or waking at
now, she had burst open the French night, Clarissa was positive, a particular
windows and plunged at Bourton into the hush, or solemnity; an indescribable pause;
open air. How fresh, how calm, stiller than a suspense (but that might be her heart,
this of course, the air was in the early affected, they said, by influenza) before Big
morning; like the flap of a wave; the kiss Ben strikes. There! Out it boomed. First a
of a wave; chill and sharp and yet (for a girl warning musical; then the hour, irrevocable.
of eighteen as she then was) solemn, The laden circles dissolved in the air. Such
feeling as she did, standing there at the fools we are, she thought, crossing Victoria
open window, that something awful was Street. For Heaven only knows why one
about to happen; looking at the flowers, at loves it so, how one sees it so, making it
the trees with the smoke winding off them up, building it round one, tumbling it,
and the rooks rising, falling; standing and creating it every moment afresh; but the
looking until Peter Walsh said, "Musing veriest frumps, the most dejected of
among the vegetables?" - was that it? - "l miseries sitting on doorsteps (drink their
prefer men to cauliflowers" - was that it? downfall) do the same; can't be dealt with,
He must have said it at breakfast one she felt positive, by Acts of Parliament
morning when she had gone out on to the for that very reason: they love life. In
terrace - Peter Walsh. He would be back people's eyes, in the swing, tramp, and
from India one of these days, June or July, trudge; in the bellow and the uproar; the
she forgot which, for his letters were carriages, motor cars, omnibuses, vans,
awfully dull; it was his sayings one sandwich men shuffling and swinging;
remembered; his eyes, his pocket-knife, his brass bands; barrel organs; in the
smile, his grumpiness and, when millions of triumph and the jingle and the strange high
things had utterly vanished - how strange it singing of some aeroplane overhead was
was! - a few sayings like this about what she loved; life; London; this moment
cabbages. of June.
She stiffened a little on the kerb, waiting For it was the middle of June. The War
for Durtnall's van to pass. A charming was over ...

to cut out a imp[rti, a stabili grumpiness /'gr,rmplnas/ frump /frnmp/ femeie prost
hinge /'hn$/ balama lAfnoqenie imbrdcat[
What a tark! Ce escapadd! kerb /ke:b/ bordurd downfall /'dacrnfo:l / decddere
squeak /skwi:k/ scArlAit iay /$ei/ gaile tramp /trnmp/ mers, umblet
tlap /flnp/ pocnet, zgomot to perch /pa:tl/ a se cocota trud$e /trn$/ drum obositor
rook /rcrk / cioard to tumble /'ttmbl/ a rostogoli bellow /'belda/ muget, urlet
to muse /miu:z/ a medita uploar /'rrprl;/ tumult, zarvd

140
 tr The outer Wortd tr The Inner World
Most of Clarissa's mot)ements may be This is what is going on in Clarissa's
guessed from her reactions. This is what mind. Two steps are missing. Which?
rentist
physically happens in the excerpt. Two (party) + buy flowers + fresh air +
A new
elements in the sequence of euents are Bourton + she was young ) open
missing. Which? window ) fear ) Peter Walsh ) irony )
She is indoors -) she talks to the maid -> > his letters + his sayings +
she goes past the doors ) she is on the her husband + Westminster ) her
tsks at door step > she steps out into the street ) position + self-satisfaction ) heart
she is on the kerb, waiting to cross ) condition > clock t time + old age )
Scrope Purvis sees her ; I she people are fools + the poor; her
)wtng
crosses Victoria Street + she sees some husband, the MP ; nobody can help, not
people drinking on door steps + even Parliament ) the moving objects
next
t the
; she hears an aeroplane in the sky. and people ; life +
1ht,
d
#E Read the excerpt again and, answer these questions:
,e
E Which of Mrs. Dalloway's two worlds d,o you ftnd more interesting: the INNER or the
to OUTER? Does Uour a,nstDer applu to yourself, too?
N
tr Which world tells us more about Clarissa Dalloway? Which is the real Clarissa, the
"citizen" or the "u)oma,n"?
lls
1g at E These are some of the stylistic deuices in the excerpt: simile - Clarissa is like a jay',.
r alliteration - the tramp and trudge,' metaphor - 'the leaden circles' of Big Ben."Wnot
use; kind of prose is thisT
t,
Big
tr Who is the narrator in the excerpt?
a E How man7 uoices d,o we hear? Whose?
rble. lnterior Monologue
.rch Read the text on
ona
-iD the right. Work
(Strcam Of Consciousness)
1 Somebody is speaking to himself/herself,
in groups to thinking and responding to various stimuli. We
it decide how overhear his/her thoughts.
manu of the 2 lf the speaker is reacting to his/her
I
characteristics immediate surroundings, the interior
14 feature in monologue will tell the story of what is going
on around him/her.
r the excerpt
3 lf his/her thoughts are memories, the
th, aboue, and how. interior monologue will review some past
Write down Uour events associated with something in the
conclusions and present.
present them to 4 The interior monologue can be presented as
the class. first-person direct speech or as free reported
speech in the third person.
Vi rgin i a Woolf ( 7882-7947)

gh natural world. In 1939 she wrote in her Diary:

I
"... the most important of all my memories: it
rt Cornwall was of lying half asleep, half awake, in bed at St.
Cornwall is the westernmost county in the south lves ... hearing the waves breaking, one, two,
of Britain. The county town is Truro. Cornwall is one, two over the beach ..."
famous for its craggy cliffs and secluded coves.
The climate is warmer here than in the rest of
the country, due to the Gulf Stream.
The Cornish language, related to Welsh and
Breton, died out in the 18th century.
Places to visit: Land's End, St Michael's Mount
and St lves.
Virginia Woolf spent her childhood summers in
the family's house in St. lves. lt is here that she
acquired the mystical sense of unity with the St Michael's Mount Land's End

a a o a a a a a a a a a a a a a.. a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a,tl

141
 Three Men Who 1 neurosis 1.2 species
-n Changed The World 2 evolution 13 means of production
#E Work with Aour partner to 3 division of labour 1,4 exploitation
decide which of the notions on 4 dreams 15 psychoanalysis
the right you associate with 5 natural selection 16 left-wing thinking
these three men: 6 survival of the frttest t7 socia\ justice
7 the Oedipus Com p)ex 18 strugg)e for life
tr Charles Darwin (1809-1882) 8 favourable traits 19 revolution
tr Karl Marx (1818-1883) 9 atheist thinking 20 unconscious feelings
10 democratic socialism 21, free association of
q Sigmund Freud (1856-1 939) 11 class struggle ideas

a Read the editorial below

and work with Aour
partner to decide: George V (7970-7936)
His reign was dominated by the horrors
tr which Victorian values of the First World War, during which he
were undermined by and his family were an example of
the theories of Darwin. courage and dedication. In 1917, out
Marx and Freud; of respect for the British hostility to
Germany, he changed the name of the
tr whether you agree royal family from the House of Hanover
with what the editorial to the House of Windsor. During his
says or not. Give your reign, he saw the lrish Free State set
reasons. up in 7921,, the General Strike of
1926, the rise of Stalin afler L924 and
of Hitler after 1933.

What Values Are Left?

LrrrLE DrD THEY know, British establishment of democratic cruel exploitation, of the class
naturalist Charles Darwin, Ger- socialism. struggle for ownership of means
man philosopher Karl Marx or Poor old Victorian respectabil- of production and for political
Mennese psychologist Sigmund ity was to suffer most from these power. Another jungle where the
Freud, what intellectual and theories. survival of the fittest is the law.
moral revolution, and in one case We are what we are because Charity, seen as Christian kind-
even a social one, their theories we are the fittest who have ness towards our more unfortu-
were going to trigger. And even destroyed the weakest. We are no nate fellow-beings, is ultimately
nowadays, are we really aware of better than murderers. On the questionable as it runs counter to
what these three men have done other hand, are we really the the general natural law ofthe sur-
to us? fittest, the best? All you have to vival of the fittest: if we help the
Taking Darwin's ideas to their do is look around! We are what helpless, we do not encourage the
logical conclusions, people we are because we exploit others, strongest individuals to survive,
started to think that the
most saysMarx. Moreover, we are not and consequently our world, as
cherished Victorian achievement, what we want to seem to be, we know it, will degenerate.
the empire, was not the result of because our reallife is in the dark Duty can't be seen as a high-
the civilizing mission of a chosen subconscious, where the sup- flown moral imperative either. It
people, but the cruel manifesta- pressed emotions lie, such as the might be more accurately defined
tion of international and political Oedipus Complex. Who would as the observance, by those who
natural selection or survival of openly admit to it? In fact, most are intent on survival, of the very
the fittest. Marx added to this the of us are neurotic, says Freud, rigid principle of division of
very appealing principle of social and we need psychoanalysts to labour, based on exploitation.
justice, underlining that interna- help us out. A brave new world, If all this is true, one cannot
tional injustice, the same as social indeed! help asking: What values are left?
injustice, can be done away with In these terms, progress is less Is reality as grim as all that?
only through revolution and the a lofty ideal than the result of

, , ,li a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a

1,42
uction

;
Cureers
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaoaaaaaaaaaoaaaaaaaaoaaaaaaaaaaaoaaaaaaaoaaaa
:ing
"We're all created equal. After that, baby, you're on your own."
e American teenager

,elings
nof G,,, School and work - incompatible?
Discussion points:
-l L Have you heard of part-time jobs? If so, when and in what context? Could you
explain the concept?
norrors 2 Have you ever had a part-time job? If so, has it brought you any satisfaction? What
ich he about your friends? What kind of jobs were they?
of 3 Would a part-time job affect your school work negatively? Why? Why not?
', OUt 4 Could a part-time job in any way prove useful to your future career?
/to
of the Work in pairs.
anover -Il
his El Look at the pictures and decide what each teenager's part-time job is? Make a list.
e set
rf
E Decide which of the jobs in the pictures each of you would like to take up.
24 and El tn one short sentence, tell the class your decision and giue Aour reasons.

class
means
rlitical
:re the
law.
r kind-
rfortu-
mately
nter to
]e sur-
:lp the
rge the
lrvlve,
rld, as

high-
:her. It
efined
e who
e very
)n of
)n.
rannot
e left?
,|

143
 H
afil You are going to hear two short interuiews with teenagers at Eggbuckland Community T
College, Plymouth, UK, giuing details about their part-time jobs.
E Ttck (/) the jobs which dre mentioned in the interaiews on the cassette.
E babysitter E model
! restaurant worker ! paper boy
n waiter E care assistant
! shop-assistant fl waitress
S E Work in pairs. T
Listen carefully to the cassette again. First study the two /isfs of words (A and B)
connected with the two students' jobs. Then
E while you listen to the first speaken tick a,nu words in column A you hean
tr while you listen to the second, speaken tick any actiaity in column B that she performs
during the day.
tr tr
! ready-made clothes volunteer work
! superstore driving a taxi
! supervisor washing dishes
fl staff making drinks
n van sweeping floors
n odd jobs waiting on tables
n ambition babysitting

H
You are going to hear another student at the sdme college talking about his part-time
-E job. As you listen to the cont)ersation, try to complete these sentences:
oJ Matthew goes to the shop every morning to ...
b) He does his work ... (when?)
c) In future he would like to ...
d/ Matthew considers his pay ...
e) He knows that his plans for the future mean...

f Listen to the three interuiews again. For each interuiew tick one of the bores (a-d) to
show the correct answer.
Matthew got the job:
a) by asking his friends for help n
b/ with the help of his parents tr
c) by putting his name on a waiting list n
d,) because he knew the coffee shop owner tr
Gabrielle enjoys her job because:
a/ she gets a lot of tips n
b) it's in a very friendly place n
c) she can leave home for a time tr
dl she gets to meet lots of people tr
Dauid enjoys work in old people's homes because:
I
a) he gets a lot of money n
b) it is an easy job tr
c) it's a nice environment tr
d) he gets free meals n

144
 #
lEl "What's my line?"
E One student mimes to the rest of the class an actiuity inuolued in a iob. The other
students in the class are allowed to ask ftue Yes/lVo questions to find out the actiuity.
A Think of any job, and imagine it is yours. Imagine ftue things you did yesterdaA as part
of thatjob, and, write them down. Read out your sentences to your partner without
mentioning the na,me of the job. See if he/she cdn guess what your iob is.

lEIl Work in pairs.

E IVow that you haue listened to aII the interuietls on the cassette, fiII in the word web. To
the web on the left, add the reasons the three students gaue in Ex.V for hauing taken
part-time iobs.
A On the same useb, add reasons of your own for taking a part-time iob. (Two examples are
alread,y giuen.) Then, to the word web on the right-hand side put down rea'sons for not
taking a part-time iob.
g Present Uour ideas to the whole class.

expenence

Why a paft-time job? Why not a part-time job?

self-confidence no time

Typical Jobs Rated According To Boredom Factor

Based on interviews with 2,O!O workers performing 23 different jobs, the lnstitute for Social Research
at the University of Michigan drew up 'boredom factors' for each occupation. The average rating was
considered to be 100, and the higher the rating, the more boring the job.
Boredom Rating Boredom Rating
L Assembler (work paced by machine) 2O7 13 Blue-collar supervisor 85
2 Relief worker on assembly line 775 (Rom. supervizor muncd manuald, maistru)
3 Fork-lift truck (Rom. elevator) driver I7O L4 White-collar supervisor 72
4 Machine tender 169 (Rom. supervizor muncd intelectuald)
5 Assembler (working at own Pace) 160 15 Scientist 66
6 Monitor of continuous flow $oods 722 16 Administrator 64
7 Accountant 707 L7 Train dispatcher 63
8 Engineer 100 18 Policeman 62
9 Tool and diemaker 96 19 Air traffic controller (large airport) 59
(Rom. sculer matriler) 20 Air traffic controller (small airport) 52
10 Computer programmer 90 21, Teacher with administration duties 51
L1, Electronics technician 87 22 Teacher 49
L2 Delivery service courier duties 86 23 Physician 48

lEm Choose from:

E You are looking for a part-time job. Write a notice/aduert (100 words) to place in a shop
window. Describe the kind ofjobs Aou are willing to do, on what days and at what
hours.
A Write an essaA 650450 words) on the pros and cons of part-time iobs for teenagers,
drawing on ideas from Ex. WI. Refer to the TIPS FOR WRITIM A GOOD ESSAY on
page 187.

a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a O O O Olll.,
o

1.45
 Surviving paperwork

Work in pairs.
-l Look at the picture o.f two Aoung people in the Job Centre/Employment Office, reading
about uacancies. Read the details yourselues carefitlly and, utith Aour partner, decide
tt,hich you jlnd most attractiue. In turns, giue the class the reasons for Aour choice.

: ll Man or woman
etOB : Vy'arehouse person (Temp;
, orsrnrcr : Newton Abbot
1l
Man or Woman
, il ween z s"3.42 Per hour
to 5'45 DISTRICT :
' HOURS :
Newbon Abbot
T WAGE z 5"3.42 per hour
i ii?g+T9N .: ,acks). Plenry of HOI'n'S : Fri-Sun. 8.30 a.m. to
, loELctLs es to include DI'NATION : 12 weeks
S.4D

. ii rliveries. Previous DETAILS : Required for immediate start.

' li 6 I advantage but Previous experience is not essential
transport required as full training can be given. Own
ll iot essential' ovm
transport required. Applicants must
u"".nt" of location' Immediate *t*^-
' OgUit'(lDU vr rvvuvrv^^' -
be fit as there may be some heavy
1tl::"*1-n::l tiftlng. No bad backs.
Ask for NET 4992

: Pai€Fton .tOB Sales advisor ,!

: S3.IO per hour Man or Woman
: F\rll or part time to be arranged up to DISTRICT Newton Abbot
WAGE 5"3.43 Per hour risin$ to $3'64 after
59 hours
3 months
8+ hours Per week to be arranged
Permanent
holiday centre. Previous retail experience essential,
tr\rll time or part to work in a local childrenswear
ailable. Season to store. A$ed I8+ preferred' Will deai
with store accounts, customer setvrce-'
cash and cred.it card transactions and
merchand.ising stock throu$hout the
store. Must have excellenl customer
care skills and a $ood standard of
dress.
Ask for NET 4908

146
 -Il E
After the clerk at the Job Centre confirms that the job is still available, you need to start
putting the necessary papers together. The most important of these is your letter of
application. The way you present yourself on paper is a vital first step in any job
ling application. You have to find the right tone, know how to address employers, lay out
-,ide
your pages neatly, and write clearly and persuasively.
Work in pairs. Study the model below before you start writing your own letter of
application for the job you and your partner haue decided upon.
A Exchange drafts with colleagues. Read Aour letter of application to the class.

A letter of application
Dear 5irlMadam, should mention:
I am writinq about fhe job in your adveftisement in toda{o . where you have
'Evenin7 Tosl'. I would like to a??ly for the seen the advert
Vooition of Children's . why you are
Fashion buyer. I have juot qraduated from hiqh ochool where I
interested in the
was editor of the school's'Fashion Maqazine'. job advertised
I am fluent in both Enqlioh and French,l am not marcied . your achievements
and responsibilities
and would be able to Lravel ertensively for considerable
at school
periodo. o loUf suitability for
I enclose a CV and I should be 6lad to receive an application the job
o when you are
form and furt,her details of oalary and conditions. I can be
available for
preoent for an interview at whatever lime is suit able for you. interview
'ter
I look forward to hearinq from you,
i Yours oincerely,
al,
MARIA DAN
ral
'vice,

,he
and
o
Work in groups.
Ier
f
-IIf Suppose that you are the manager of a toy factory who has receiued seueral
applications for the position of receptionist. Look at the following excerpts and decide
which applicant(s) Aou would like to interuiew. Giue Aour reasons to the class.
1, My name is Ana Stanciu and I am sure I would be able to manage the department
successfully as I am good at supervisingpeople and giving clear instructions ...
2 If you consider my experience and qualifications suitable, I would be available for an
interview at any time.
3 My name's Tim Popa and I can do wonderful things for your companyl l'm 25,
unmarried, hale and hearty, and I'm positive that I've got all the qualifications an
employer could wish for ...
4 Despite the fact that relationships with my present employers are excellent, I would
very much like to extend my range and I am looking forward for a more rewarding
and more challenging position.
5 I dislike both my present position and my boss who is too demanding for the salary
he pays me, so ...

Former tobs of Famous People Giuseppe Gailbaldi revolutionary - sailor

Josephine Baker dancer - maid Paul Gauguin painter - stockbroker
Robert Bums poet - farmer Adolf Hitler Nazi leader - poster artist
Sean Connery actor - barber Gofda Mefu prime minister - schoolteacher
Albert Einstein physicist - patent office clerk Marilyn Monroe actress - factory worker
William Faulkner novelist - house painter Ronald Reagan president of USA - actor
Gerald R. Ford president of USA - male model Elvis Presley singer - truck driver
George Foreman boxer - electronics assembler Harry S. Truman president of USA -
lon Barbu poet - mathematician haberdasher

1,47
 -il i'!.
To:ound. thin-gs
.ffi a letter of application should be accompanied. bg a -CV,,. Read the
I
following find
to out uhat a CV is.
cv or curriculum uitdc (re'um6 in the USA) is a short personal history which provides
your futrrre employer w-ith basic information about you, the applicant. It is required for
all but the most insignificant jobs. It should be set out so that ii is very easy to read. It is
meant to be a basis for the assessment and comparison of applicants for the job
advertised.
Read the following CV and compare it with the plan on the right.
A curriculum vitae should include:
Nane Adrian Ionescu o youf full name, address and telephone
Ad.dress 15 C.Petrescu Street, apt'2' number
29OO Arad, . date and place of birth
Romania . nationality
Telephone 057 eel856 . marital status (give ages of any children)
o exact dates and places of education
Date and Place of birth o examinations passed, especially those
Arad, 19.0I'I985
international ly recogn ized
NationalitY Romanian o knowledge of foreisn languages
I\llaritd statrrs o previous employment and work
sin$Ie expeflence
Education 12 years 'Moise Nicoara' High o other interests, hobbies
Schooi ( I 990-eOO2), Arad . names and addresses of two or three
4 Years Acad'em;r of Economic referees (e.g. teachers who know you
Studies, Bucharest (2OO2-2OOO) well or family friends)
Oxford. Certificate of Proficiency
in En$Iish Other information could include:
. health
Lan$ua$es English, German, French' Italian o
CUppeT-Intermediate ievel) whether you hold a driving licence

Previous experience cv tips

I Year Part-time job with Private . start by thinking what the employer is
accountancy firm looking for
Interests skiing, travel, literature . sell your successes: awards, prizes
o keep a copy of your cv for future
Beferees Mr C. Stoica, teacher of Ptrysics'
Street N. Iorga I5' reference
egOO Arad, Romania . use good-quality white paper, but not
more than two sheets of 44.
Mrs A. Ponta, teacher of French r
M. Viteazul Square I5' don't write on the back of the sheet
29OO Arad, Romania
. don't use abbreviations

write uour oun cu to accompany your letter of application.

One of the most important developments in the make inroads into professions like law and
labour force of the UK and USA since the 1960s medicine that had previously been dominated by
has been the sharp increase in the participation men. Unemployment rates among women have
rate of women, which has virtually doubled. With dropped dramatically. In other words, of the
higher levels of education than ever before, most women who want to work, a greater percentage
women now opt for careers in the labour force can successfully find employment, reflecting the
rather than homemaking. Women are having increased acceptance of women's roles in the
fewer children, are having them later in life - labour force. The number of firms owned by
after they have started to establish their careers women increased by 60% between !982 and
- and are returning to work sooner after 1990; more, 67% of all service businesses are
childbirth. Furthermore, women are continuing to owned by women.

148
I the
I At the cross-roads
ides Discussion points.
'd for
-- 1 What career appeals to you? JOURNATJ
d. It is whv?
What aspects would you take into
account when choosing a future
career?
What qualities do you think you will
need for your chosen career?
What qualities would somebody need
for the following careers?
o police officer o teacher o chef
o politician . journalist
ildren) a manager of a large company
)n
o mechanic
rose

Work in pairs. Look at the table below. It contains qualities that business people look
-Il in school leauers when they want to employ them. Filt in the tuble to state what thesefor
qualities are needed fon (one has been clone for you.)
ee
Qualities What fol?
)u
Pleasant personality
- to fit into the working community
- to be good for the public relations department.
Intelligence

Good academic record

Physical appearance

Well-informed about the job applied for

Well-informed about the company or business

Good character

Ambition

.TTf Work in pairs.

How well a career suits you, and how satisfied you are with it, very much depends on
how well it matches your interests and the values that are important to you.
E Look at the table below. The ft,rst two columns contain occupational interests ancl the
aptitudes needed for them. Match them.
a Choose from the list of iobs in the third, column the ones that best reflect each
o ccup ational int er e s t.
Occupational Aptitudes Careers H) novelist
interests a) working with tools and materials A) surgeon l) salesperson
1, scientific b) investigating natural phenomena to B) lathe J) advertising
2 computational understand how things happen operator agent
3 artistic c) concerning yourself with helping others C) priest K) teacher
4 persuasive d) dealing with figures D) lawyer L) plumber
5 practical e) expressing ideas and feelings through words E) judge M)accountant
6 literary f) influencing others to accept your ideas F) blacksmith N) nurse
7 welfare e) creating and appreciating things of beauty G) pilot O) counsellor

149
 frF
What will you look for in your future career? Choose three of the following in order of
-iL priority, then in pairs discuss Aour choices:
I prestige I salary r intellectual stimulation I leadership o position
I helping other people r finding spiritual fulfilment I travelling I pleasant surroundings
.D
E The fotlowing list contains some uerA good aduice for an interuiew as well as some
things you shouldn't do if you want to get the iob. Tick the DOs and DON'Ts.
DOs DON'Ts
1 Find out as much as you can about your future job. f T
2 Sit down immediately when you enter the room -] tr
3 Be careful about the clothes you wear. Don't try to look like a pop star. I T
4 Make sure you know where the interview is since you should
always be on time. I T
5 Stress poor aspects of yourself (e.9. being late in the morning
sometimes). I tr
6 Have a light meal before you go to the interview tr
7 Have a drink before the interui.*' this will increase your courage. E tr
8 Bring your school certificates or letters of introduction. I T
g Smo[e if you like: smoking is allowed in public places. tr tr
10 Criticize your last employer (if you have one) so that this one
knows he cannot underestimate you. I I
1,1 If you are chewing gum or sucking a sweet, don't stop these
u.tiuiti.t during t[Jinterview, as they reduce stress. T
12 Be polite but self-possessed. - T
A AmA obuiously followed the aboue aduice because she has iust g'ot a iob and is telling
her brother Tom how enthusiastic she is about euerything. Write uthat she said using the
ideos be[ou.r. The REMEMBER\ box u,rilt hetp Uou.
a) The hotel is very big.
b) Her boss is a very efficient man.
c) Her colleagues are all very kind.
d) They gave her flowers when she arrived. The flowers were lovely red tulips.
e) One of the girls from the reception showed her everything she had to do.
fl Her first guest looked kind of funny.
g) It was nice of him to give her a large tip.
h) She couldn't know that she was supposed to have lunch at the hotel.
i) She was very thirsty now.

Exclamatory sentences can also be built by

inversion between the subject and the
Exclamations (l) predicate of a sentence, or bY using
L Sentences beginning with "how" plus an introductory "here" or "therg":
adjective/an adverb, or "what" plus a noun Out you go!
group, can be used as exclamations. The There goes my train!
adjective or noun group is the complement or The exclamatory question is a question in form
object of the verb: but functions like an exclamation. lt may be an
How funny he looks! affirmative or negative yes/no question with a
What a nice person he is! falling tone:
2 "How" can be placed at the beginning of an Am I hungry!
ordinary statement to indicate the intensity of Hasn't she grown!
a feeling: "Rhetorical questions" used as exclamations
How I love chocolate! keep their question mark:
3 A preposition phrase with "of" can be used to lsn't she pretty?
specify a person, and a "to" infinitive clause How on earth was lto know?
can refer to the action: Are you crazy?
How nice of you to come! Why bother?
How nice to see you!

150
,f

lings

N'Ts
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l JEI When Uou want to express something emphatically, yott use exclamations. Look at the
Iist of uords in the box below.
l
l # tr Put an f by the ones gou think are more formal and an i by the ones gott consider
informal.
I
,the W, E (Jse an s if you think the feeling is strong and an m if you think the feeling is mild'
g Sort the exclamations into groups according to meaning. They maY express pleasure'
surprise, hurt, sympathy, annoyance, etc. (Two examples haue been done for yott.)
e.g. "Blast!" - annoyance
"Gooclness mel"- annoyance or surprise, depending on the situation or intonation

Exclamations (ll)
Exclamations are shown in speech by intonation and in writing by the use of an exclamation mark (or,
sometimes, a full stop). Here is a list of some of the most common exclamations:
a-ha good Lord nonsense rubbish
blast goodness me on well I never
damn gosh oh dear what
gee great ouch whoops
good gracious hooray OW wow
good heavens lovely really ytppee
lf the exclamation is part of a sentence, it is separated from the rest of a sentence by a comma:
Oh dear, I am sorry!
)rm
an
ta 4 Work in pairs. Buitd two-turn dialogues (statement and reaction to it) from the following
situations. Use an exclamation in your reaction. (An example has been done for you.)
e.g. Your best friend has just lost his/her job.
"I't)e just lost my job. The boss said I'm good at what I do, but he simply doesn't need
me ana more."
"Oh dear! Haue you told Margaret yet?"
1 It's the second time that your friend has failed the exam.
2 Your father has just got his book published.
3 Your neighbour has just changed jobs; he is very satisfred.
4 Your desk mate tells you he/she feels the teacher does not appreciate her work
enough.

151
 Ghoices

(Jse a monolingual dictionar7 to explore the utord web related to marketing.

-l Check on
c the pronunciation and stress
c the meanings of each word

analysing
market olace
advertising promotion

marketing mix

performance market trials

consumer

packaging product

expenditure forecasting
brand

-Il
EI Read the newspaper article belout. Then make an outline of it in your notebook, starting
with the main ideas below. The numbers in brackets refer to the number of items yott
should haue for each idea.
1, Marketing is a complex process involving ... (5)
2 It is based on the following four principles ... (4)
3 The marketing mix of a product involves ... (7)
4 The brand manager is a person who ... (8)
5 The challengc of rnarketing is perpetual because ... (2i
6 Activities achieved by the brand manager are ... (12)
7 The advantage and the disadvantage of a job in the marketing business are ... (2)

Frances Stead on conditions whenever they occur.

The Perpetual Challenge of Marketing Having recognized the basic marketing
\(0\RKEI\N.CI.\sa(e\d.q(eereetua\ckra\\enqe qrrnc(q\es. \qu nrarl be wondertnqhow the\
- one where you can never saY "l've are put into practice. That's where I fit in. I
cracked it. I know it all!" am a "brand manager", which means I
Before elaborating on why marketing is concentrate entirely on one particular
so challenging, I think it is worth defining product, building that brand's business in
what the term means. To manY PeoPle, every way possible. I am responsible for its
"marketing" is one of those functional titles total marketing mix - product performance,
which can cover practically anything. ln fact, appearance, packaging, pricing and profit,
marketing is a complex process involving a advertising, promotion and sales.
great deal of analysis, problem solving, idea tt is the brand manager who is at the
creation, decision making and action. centre of the marketing effort, who initiates
However, it is based on four quite the ideas and brings together and leads the
simple principles: first, you identify a real expertise and resources of all the other
consumer need; second, You develoP a people who can contribute to the success of
product that meets that need better than the brand. The brand manager is expected
any other product available in the to provide the "drive" which a brand needs
marketplace; third, you persuade your if it is to succeed in a competitive market'
customers to try your product; finally, you The brand manager leads the "brand
keep improving your product to meet group", which usually consists of three or
changing consumer needs or market /continued on next Page

llrroooaaaaaaaaaaaa aoaaaaaaaaaa

152
 four people who handle the projects approaches to advertising which can more
between them. The brand manager is effectively sell the product's advantages,
responsible for the training and career co-ordinating package designs, planning
development of all the individuals in the sales promotions, reviewing pricing with
brand group. financial managers, analysing and
By now you may have some idea of why I forecasting business results, setting up
say marketing is challenging - but why do I market trials, working with product
call the challenge "perpetual"? Why can't development scientists on formulation
anyone ever "know it all"? changes, evaluating consumer research
The answer is two-fold: first, the brand data, controlling expenditure, discussing
manager is always looking for ways to trade reactions with sales managers, and
increase the brand business by changing its preparing recommendations and reports for
marketing mix; and second, a brand presentation to senior management.
manager has to deal with a great variety of This variety brings with it the advantage
trials issues and people. that no two days' work can ever be the
As a brand manager in constant pursuit same, thus eliminating the possibility of
of more business, I need to have a close boredom. However, it has the disadvantage
working contact with people in many of preventing you from being able to "switch
company departments and outside over to automatic pilot" - an option which
organizations. often seems extremely attractive early on a
Examples of activities include: developing Monday morning!
annual marketing plans, working with the (From The Daily Telegraph, Monday,
advertising agency to look for new December 7, I98I)

arting A Which two words are fully explained in the text?

lou g Look at the following tist of words. Which ones describe the style the article is
written in?
r concise o euphemistic r flourishing o scientific r precise I metaphorical I poetic
o dramatic o descriptive r lots of sense details I detailed . enumerative
gt What point of uiew does the tariter take when describing the marketing business? Does
from "the outside" or from "the inside"? How are the ttao types of writing
she write
dffirent?
'12)

-IIf The following chart represents the structure of the aboue text on marketing but the
functions of the paragraphs haue been mixed up. Put them tn the correct order in
column 2. Then copA the structure into Aour notebooks.

Function
I Echo of introductory statement in paragraph 1- through questions
2 Answer to questions through further definition of writer's role
tn
3 Introduction to theme
>r its
nce, 4
fit,
5 Conclusion, stating advantages and disadvantages of marketing as a career

-l
6
iates 7 Statement of underlying principles
s the
r 8 Definition
rSS Of 9
ted
10 Application of principles (through definition of writer's role in marketing)
eds
iet. LL lllustration of answers through working examples

or
:t page

153
 I
0hoost' u.job in a .field o[
ctctiritll u,hich is not
completelry unknou,n [o
yott (ryott hure.[r'iencls or
reluliues in the business)
und bruinslorm es manu
uorcls about il cts 11ott
tctn. Look.lor nt,u, tt,zrds
in the dictiortctru. Pttl
lhent, uitlt lheir
etplctnctlions, in
ctlphctbetir:ul orcler 0n ct
shet,l 11[ pctper.

HI ,rro,'1tittrt1 q0ur .f riencls or

relutit,es uboul lhe jolt.
I/sr' lhe struclure oI the
lerl on rnurkelirtcl to u,rile
an arlir'le thctt u,ould be
11[ interesl to enyone
consiclerincl the job. 1.2% of Britain's population is working in agriculture
s&'
'a,r,r'

Jl 'l.r'ctnslale lhe.follou,inq teil into l]omanian:

Business executives are trained in the latest psychological techniques of "interpersonal
communication". They learn how to sit and how to stand, how to shake hands and how to
wear jackets, how to time their gestures and generally, how to look in charge of themselves.
This goes as far back as the 1930s.
The most popular non-fiction work of that time, of which 4,000,000 copies were sold,
was Dale Carnegie's How to Win Friends and lnfluence People. Here, in a nutshell, are six
rules he suggested people could observe in order to make other people like them:
Rule 1: Become genuinely interested in other people.
Rule 2: Smile.
Rule 3: Remember that a man's name is to him the sweetest and most important sound
in the language.
Rule 4: Be a good listener. Encourage others to talk about themselves.
Rule 5: Talk in terms of the other man's interest.
Rule 6: Make the other person feel important - and do it sincerely.

Murphy really existed Harden's Law: Whenever you have a great idea,
In 1949, Captain Ed Murphy, who was an you find out that someone else thought of it a
engineer by profession, was working on a project long time ago.
at the Air Force base in Murdoch, California. The eighth rule of Finagle: Team work is essential.
lrritated by the bad functioning of a drive belt, It gives you a chance to blame the others.
Murphy exclaimed: "lf there is a possibility of The Laws of Working:
doing it badly, he will do it," referring to the Law 1-: The boss is always right.
technician who tied the ends of the belt in the Law 2: When the boss is wrong, apply Law 1.
wrong way. Some weeks later, reference was The Worker's Dilemma:
made to Murphy's law during a press conference . No matter how much vou work, it will never be
and from that moment on it has enjoyed amazing enough.
popularity. This original law is the only one that o What you haven't done is always more
belongs to Murphy, all the rest being anonymous important than what you do.
creations or other people's contributions. Here Scott's Business Law: Never walk through an
are some of them: institution without a paper in your hand.

154
 ROUND UP Time is money

Discussion points.
-- 1 Do you think that money, success and love represent "having it all"?
2 If you could swap places with a famous person for one day, who would you choose
and why?

Work in pairs.
-Il
i E Listen to the cassette. Three people are speaking about their jobs. White Iistening, jllt in
the table below, then check with Aour partner

Name Ctty/ Education Job Working Future ls the person satisfied

Country hours plans with his/her job?

A Listen to the cassette again. Assign each statement to the correct speaker

Speaker 1 Speaker 2 Speaker 3

a) | worked in every department, including the kitchens, of a large hotel.

b) l've tried my hand at different jobs since I left school.
c) | had two A-levels when I applied for the job.
d/ | will soon go home and visit my father.
e) | keep in close contact with all the personnel.
0 | have some word-processing experience.
€d' gil I aspire to be a good manager.
a
h) For a short time I worked in the merchant navy.
ntia .

#g Correct the following statements:

Speaker 1
a) A secretarial job is nowadays very much like it used to be.
b) The biggest change is due to new managers.
'be Speaker 2
c) Hotel management is a boring career.
Speaker 3
d) Life is relaxing in the woods.
e) A woodcutter has to work hard four days a week.
#4 Describe the speakers. Tick the box(es) that reflect(s) Uour opinion best.

155
 Speaker 1 Speaker 2 Speaker 3

a) very efficient
b) a weak personality
c) very ambitious
d) easily adapting to environment
e,) insecure

f) good organizer
g/ enthusiastic

.TTf
tr Tick the box which is nearest to Vour opinion for each of these statements.
Agree Disagree Don't
know
1 Ambition is a shameful thing. TTI
2
3
Modesty excludes ambition.
Being ambitious means pursuing your aim even at other
TtrT
people'sexpense. tr I tr
4 It's natural to try to do your best in every domain. tr I tr
5 Climbing the ladder is a means to an end in itself. tr tr I
6 Trying to keep busy means to make the best of one's life. I tr I
7 The ideal of pursuing one's dreams disappears once
you've settled down. tr tr I
8 One should be satisfied with obtaining a nice, comfortable job. tr tr tr
9 The finest job is one that doesn't give you too much trouble. tr tr tr
10 The finest job is one that is a permanent challenge to
achieve new goals. tr tr tr
A Reacl this article to find out the author's opinion concerning some of the statements aboue.

Ambition
to be littered with /'ltad/ a fi presarat cu
Ambition has had a bad press. I blame
to get the better of somebody a duce de nas, a
Shakespeare. The pages of his tragedies trage pe sfoard, a veni de hac
are littered with the bloody corpses of those unfailingly /nn'ferhqli/ negreqit
whose ambition got the better of them. I to sidetrack /'saldtrnU a abate de la un scop
also blame the natural modesty of the to shelve our ambitions a pune deoparte
average citizen of these lsles (the British nagging I'nr,gr4l cicdlitor
lsles) which unfailingly produces the to pull one's fingel out a deveni mai activ, a nu
response 'Yes, but not at other people's mai sta cu degetul in gura
expense' in answer to the question 'Are you gleeful /'gli:fr-il/ voios
ambitious?' naked ambition ambilie pura
Anyone would think that being ambitious to clamber /'klaemba/ a se catdra
gteasy pole /'gri:si 'peul/ stdlp alunecos
is something to be vaguely ashamed of, like
to lurk llz:W a sta ascuns
having a criminal record or mistreating L---- ----J
animals. And yet, what nobler aim is there
in life than seeking to achieve as much as wrong with a lack of ambition as long as
your potential allows? you are quite content to live with the
I think that we all would like to be consequences.
ambitious if only it wasn't so easy to be It's natural to have ambitions. When we
sidetracked. Sometimes it's just too simple were young, we all wanted to be train
to become settled, to grow accustomed to a drivers, television presenters or creative
way of life, a joy maybe, that makes few midfield players. lt's only when we grow up
real demands. After all, we can't all be that we shelve our ambitions, sacrifice them
ambitious for if we were, society would upon the altar of being 'sensible'.
probably fall apart. There's nothing at all /continued on next page

156
 But, if you are victim of a nagging inner you don't, you'll hear the nagging little voice
voice that tells you fairly regularly that every time your head hits the pillow.
really you should be pulling your finger out, I mentioned earlier that ambition has had
then you will never be as settled as you a bad press. lt's nearly always, in print,
look. rather gleefully preceded by the adjective
Within most of us is a need to learn, to "naked". The reason is simple. Ambition is
develop, to achieve our potential. invariably viewed as clambering up the
Unfortunately, it's often easier to settle for fabled greasy pole in search of the fat salary
what's available than to strive for what you and high status lurking near the top.
want, especially in such a dreadful job Ambition does mean moving upwards but
market. But if there is something that you only in the sense of seeking to achieve what
really want to do and there are no serious you have the talent to achieve.
reasons why you can't do it, then even in a (From Chris Phillips, Vacancies '92)
recession you should pursue your dreams. lf

l Don't #g Read below the topic sentences of paragraphs 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 aboue. Then read the
know paragraphs again to see what tApe of relationship exists between the topic sentence and
T the rest of the paragraph.
tr Choose from:
o explanation I illustration I contradiction I causality . consequence
T . supporting details I rewording the same idea
T 52 Being ambitious is something to be ashamed of.
T S3 We all would like to be ambitious if it wasn't so easy to be sidetracked.
tr S+ It's natural to have ambitions.
56 Within most of us is a need to learn, to develop, to achieve our potential.
T SZ Ambition has had a bad press.
T 4
I Translate the last paragraph of the text into Romanian.
E Look at the foltowing sentence from the text:
tr What nobler aim is there in life than seeking to achieve as much as your potential
s aboue. allows?
Now change the following sentences into exclamatory sentences. The REMEMBERI box
-'l in Lesson 3 will help you.
a) "We all would like to be ambitious if only it wasn't so easy to be sidetracked."
nas, a b) "Sometimes it's just too simple to become settled."
c) "It's natural to have ambitions."
d) "Within most of us is a need to learn, to develop, to achieve our potential."
e) "It's often easier to settle for what's available."
EE Is ambition a positiue or a negatiue feeling? In your notebooks make FOR and AGAIMT
.anu columns by gathering arguments from the text. Add Aour own arguments.
tr Write a 300-word essaA on the subject of ambition. Refer to the TIPS FOR A GOOD ESSAY
on page L87.
#
aiL A lot of people, especially in the powerfuUU industrialized countries, are made redundant.
- --- _J What do you think are the causes of unemployment? What do you think people feel
when they are made redundant? Write a short essaA on the subject from the point of
AS uiew of someone who has lost their job.

)n we n News & Views

Build questions for a class surueA. For example, how manA of your classmates will try to
tve jind a job afterthey ftnish school; how manry of them wiII try to pass an entrance exam,
)w up and so on.
e them Collect information about the other people in your class, other eleuenth graders or
twelfth graders in your school.
,ext page Make a short written presentation, containing statistical information, of the results of
the suruey.

1,57
 The roaring twenties

His Master's Voice

The recording
industry developed
rapidly during the
1920s. Most
records bore
the picture of
Nipper, the fox
terrier.
listening to His
Master's Voice.

-llEl E Listen to the cussette and, then mention

fiue details you can remember. The picture
might help you.
A Read the text below and say tahich of the notions on the right Aou associate with it.

The t92os have been called the Roaring IMMIGRATION

Twenties. Some people think they were Bonnie and Clyde
good times. Others say they were wild baseball
times. Men and women dancing the
The GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
Charleston, gangsters carrying machine
guns in the streets of Chicago, PROHIB ITI ON
bootleggers making fortunes overnight, the self-made man
Charlie Chaplin playing the comic, teenage
THE MAFIA
newsvendors making their way from rags
to riches - was it all for real? JAZ Z
AL CAPONE
silent movies
i---o:-o::'::----- i

NATIVE AMERICA|VS

all This is a summary of The Great Gatsby, the nouel written by Scott Fitzgerald in 1g25.
Scan it and with Aour partner jind the major mistake Jay Gatsby, the SELF-MADE MAN,
made that did not allow him to succeed.

It is 1922. Nick Carraway has just moved to West End, a rich district of New york. His next
door neighbour is Jay Gatsby, a mysterious millionaire whose immense house is a copy of
an old European castle. Nick's cousin, Daisy Buchanan, and her husband Tom live just
across the bay from Gatsby's mansion.
Gatsby often gives extravagant parties in the hope that Daisy will turn up at one of them.
At such a party, Jordan Baker, a famous golf player, tells Nick about Daisy and Gatsby and
how much in love they seemed to have been back in IgL7. But Gatsby left to fight in France
and Daisy, tired of waiting for him, married Tom.
When Daisy and Gatsby finally meet again, she is overwhelmed by his wealth.
On a hot summer day Tom, Daisy, Gatsby, Nick and Jordan go into New York for the
afternoon. Tom and Gatsby have a terrible fight about Daisy because Gatsby wants her to
leave her husband. Daisy becomes suspicious: is Gatsby a gangster as Tom says?
On the way home, in a car accident, Daisy kills Myrtle Wilson, her husband's mistress. Tom
persuades Myrtle's husband that Myrtle was killed by Gatsby. Wilson goes to Gatsby's
place, shoots him in his pool and then commits suicide. Only Nick and Gatsby's father show
up at Gatsby's funeral.

158
 -nf
tr Read the excerpt below and, in groups, decide on the following:
E where this scene might come in the deuelopment of the nouel;
tr who the narrator might be;
E which of the sentences in bold tApe show the climax in the scene below.

"l've got something to tell you, old sport -" began She looked at Gatsby. "There, Jay," she said - but
Gatsby. But Daisy guessed at his intention. her hand as she tried to light a cigarette was
"Please don't!" she interrupted helplessly. "Please trembling. Suddenly she threw the cigarette and the
let's all go home. Why don't we all go home?" burning match on the carpet.
"That's a good idea." I got up. "Come on, Tom. "Oh, you want too much!" she cried to Gatsby. "l
Nobody wants a drink." love you now - isn't that enough? | can't help what's
"l want to know what Mr. Gatsby has to tell me." past." She began to sob helplessly. "l did love him
"Your wife doesn't love you," said Gatsby. "She's once - but I loved you too."
never loved you. She loves me." "You loved me too?" he repeated.
"You must be crazyt" exclaimed Tom automatically. "Even that's a lie," said Tom savagely.
Gatsby sprang to his feet, vivid with excitement. The words seemed physically to bite into Gatsby.
"She never loved you, do you hear?" he cried. "She "Daisy's leaving you."
only married you because I was poor and she was " Nonsense. "
tired of waiting for me. lt was a terrible mistake, but "l am, though," she said with a visible effort.
in her heart she never loved anyone except me!" "She's not leaving me!" Tom's words suddenly
it. At this point Jordan and I tried to go, but Tom and leaned down over Gatsby. "Certainly not for a
Gatsby insisted with competitive firmness that we commonplace swindler who'd have to steal the ring he
remarn. put on her finger."
"Sit down, Daisy," Tom's voice groped "l won't stand this!" cried Daisy. "Oh, please let's
unsuccessfully for the paternal note. "What's been get out."
going on? | want to hear all about it." "Who are you, anyhow?" broke out Tom. "l found
"l told you what's been going on," said Gatsby. out what your 'drug-stores' were." He turned to us
"Going on for five years - and you didn't know." and spoke rapidly: "He and his Wolfsheim bought up
Tom turned to Daisy sharply. a lot of side-street dr,,rg-stores here and in Chicago
"You've been seeing this fellow for five years?" and sold grain alcohol over the counter. That's one of
"Not seeingi," said Gatsby. "No, we couldn't meet. his little stunts. I picked him for a bootlegger the first
But both of us loved each other all that time, old time I saw him, and I wasn't far wrong."
sport, and you didn't know. I used to laugh I glanced at Daisy, who was staring terrified
sometimes" - but there was no laughter in his eyes - between Gatsby and her husband ... Then I turned
"to think that you didn't know." back to Gatsby - and was startled at his expression.
"Oh - that's all." Tom tapped his thick fingers He looked as if he had "killed a man." For a moment
together like a clergyman and leaned back in the the set of his face could be described in iust that
chair. fantastic way.
"You're crazy!" he exploded. "l can't speak about It passed, and he
)25.
what happened five years ago, because I didn't know began to talk
MAN,
Daisy then - and l'll be damned if I see how you got excitedly to Daisy,
within a mile of her unless you brought the groceries denying everything,
to the back door. But all the rest of that's a God defending his name
damned lie. Daisy loved me when she married me and against accusations
she loves me now." that had never been
"No," said Gatsby, shaking his head. Gatsby made. But with everv
walked over and stood beside her. "Daisy, that's all word she was
over now," he said earnestly. "lt doesn't matter any drawing further and
more. Just tell him the truth - that you never loved further into herself.
him - and it's all wiped out forever." " Please, Tom! |

She looked at him blindly. "Why - how could I love can't stand this anv
him - possibly?" more. "
"You never loved him." Her frightened
She hesitated. Her eyes fell on Jordan and me with eyes told that
a sort of appeal, as though she realized at last what whatever intentions,
she was doing - as though she had never, all along whatever courage she
intended doing anything at all. But it was done now. lt had had, were
was too late. definitely gone.
"l never loved him," she said, with perceptible (Abridged)
reluctance. COURTESY OF PARAMOUNT PICTURES

159
 Observer Nanation (Single Character Point Of View)
This imitates first hand reporting:
t The story is told by a subordinate character who is used as a narrator-observer, telling somebody
else's story.
2 To tell the story better, this narrator-observer has to be involved in it.
3 He assumes several roles: he may be a confidant of the main character, or an eye-witness, or he
may find out things from other characters.
This technique is the hinge between first-person and third-person narratives.

a Read the aboue excerpt again and, in

groups, decide whether the text aboue is
a correct description of the POINT OF The USA Before And After The War
WEW used in The Great Gatsby. 1n Here are the American presidents 1913-1933 and
order to do this explain how points 1-3 the main events that marked their time in office:
appedr in the excerpt. wooDRow wr LSON (79L3-r927)
. World War I
ffi o
tEl g Read the characteristics of jazz music. .
votes for women
Woolworth, the world's tallest building
Then listen to the cassette and work in . the Prohibition
groups to answer a, b, c and d:
WARREN G. HARDTNG (1-927-7923)
Jazz isz . the US population rose to over 100,000,000
o improvised: the musicians invent the
CALVI N COOL| DGE (1923-1929)
music on the spot
o a musical dialogue: musicians talk Prosperity after the war:
. electrical appliances (refrigerators, heaters,
to each other in jazz language about irons) invaded homes;
the theme but say different things . the auto industry: in 7927 - 20,000,000 cars
. "cool" (the rhythm is slow) or "hot" . radio and sound motion pictures
(the rhythm is fast) HERBERT HOOVER (1929-1933)
a/ Which of the pieces you have just . the Wall Street Crash, the worst economic
heard is "cool" jazz and which is depression in US history
"hot"?
b) Which of the characters in the
excerpt 'improvise' on the main
theme of LOVE?
c) Are these 'improvisations' different
and in what way?
d/ Who plays it 'hot' and who plays it
'cool'. and when?

aiL SCHEDULE, September L2, 1906:

#E Look at the Rise from bed - 6.00
schedule Jay Dumb bell exercises - 6.15-6.30
Gatsby made Study electricity, etc. - 7.L5-8.I5
for himself
Work - 8.30-4.30 PM
Baseball and sports - 4.30-5.00
when he was
Practise elocution and poise - 5.00-6.00
about Aour age.
Study needed inventions - 7.OO-9.00
Discuss it i,n
groups and GENERAL RESOLVES
write the No wasting time at Shafter's (a pub?)
schedule you No more smoking or chewing
uould need if Bath every other day
you wanted Read one improving book per week
to improue Save $5€€ $3.00 per week
yourself. Be better to parents
r--- ----'l
I dumb bell /'d,rm bell haltere I F. Scott Fitzgerald
I poise /ptz/ eleganf5 i t1-896-L94O)

Fr
160
 a In groups read texts A,B, and C below for more information on Jay Gatsby and:
E grade the texts according to the truth they contain, as FACT/OPMIV/FABRICATIOTV;
tr decide which text tells us about THE AMERICAIV DREAM;
E find out how some Americans made their fortune in the 1870s and later in the 1920s.

twenty-five thousand dollars. "

he tr NrcK cARRAWAY:
"James Gatz - that was really, or at least legally, El rnv GATsBY:
his name. He had changed it at the age of "l am the son of some wealthy people in the
seventeen when he saw Dan Cody's yacht drop Middle West - all dead now. I was brought up in
anchor on Lake Superior. lt was James Gatz who America but educated at Oxford, because all my
had been loafing along the beach that afternoon ancestors have been educated there for many
in a torn green jersey and a pair of canvas pants, years. lt is a family tradition. ... My family all
but it was already Jay Gatsby who borrowed a died and lcame into a good deal of money ...
3 and rowboat, pulled out to the Tuolomee, and
'rcel After that I lived like a young rajah in all the
informed Cody that a wind might catch him and capitals of Europe - Paris, Venice, Rome -
break him up in half an hour. collecting jewels, painting a little, things for
I suppose he'd had the name ready for a long myself only, and trying to forget something very
time even then. His parents were shiftless and sad that had happened to me long ago."
unsuccessful farm people ... An instinct toward
his future glory had led him to the small EI GIRL AT A PARTY:
Lutheran college of St Olaf in southern "You look at him sometimes when he thinks
000 Minnesota. He stayed there a couple of weeks. nobody's looking at him. l'll bet he killed a man."
Then he drifted back to Lake Superior, and he (Abridged)
was still searching for something to do on the
day that Dan Cody's yacht dropped anchor along
f---- -------'l
shore. to loaf /la<:f / a hoinf,ri, a trAndavi
Cody was fifty years old then, a product of the canvas /'kanves/ canava, panzdgroasd
Nevada silver fields, of the Yukon, of every rush shiftless /'liftlas/ leneq, lipsit de inifiativ[
for metal since seventy-five. And it was from
Cody that he inherited money - a legacy of 1"111 l::',!_"!_',:':!
c

ET Read these two texts and work in groups to decide:

E how each of these two men made their fortune;
tr what each of them seems to have meant by "success";
E which of them is closer to the Jay Gatsby of the novel.
FRANK WOOLWORTH Frank Woolworth was a New York, the tallest building in the world at the
"self-made man" and the embodiment of "the time. At the time of his death in 1919, the
American dream". He was born in L852 and lived Woolworth Company owned and operated over
on his parents' farm until he went to town to try 1,000 stores in several countries, doing a yearly
to make his way in the world of business. By business of $120,000,000.
working in a small store from 7 am till 9 pm, he
AL CAPONE "Scarface" Al Capone became the
made his way up from errand boy and janitor to
real ruler of Chicago during Prohibition. He had
chief clerk. Then he determined to open his own
the best "gang" (or 'mob') in the city: more than
store. His policies were:
1,000 men armed with machine guns were on
- all merchandise must be at the fixed 5 cents his payroll. His income was over $100 million a
pnce;
year. Police tried hard to convict him for his
- everything must be paid for in cash; crimes and murders but could not get the
- merchandise must be displayed on counters so necessary evidence. They finally managed to put
that customers might see, touch and choose
him behind bars for a totally different crime:
each item themselves.
income tax evasion.
In 1913 he had the Woolworth Building erected in

News & Views

Write a short newspaper article with one of these headlines:
o TYCOON MURDERED BY JEALOUS HUSBAND, SAY N.Y. POLICE
O NEIGHBORS COMPLAIN: TYCOON'S PARTIES A PEST

1.61
 Tip of the iceberg

-l "The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water."
Ernest Hemingway

fl5 Work with llour partner to explain the

statement aboue. The sketch on the right BEHAVIOUR A GOOD BOOK
and the title of the lesson will help yott. Family education Talent
School education
F] Hout does the statement aboue connect
Social norms
with the art of writing? With llour purtner, Personal beliefs
add ttao more ideas in the "iceberq" in Self-discipline, etc
A Good Book.

-Il m
Scan the "Bioda.ta". What kind of man does HemingwaA seem to haue been, and what
kind of We did he hatte2
BIODATA
NAMC: ERNEST HEMINGWAY
Birth: 2lst JuIY, 1898, Chica$o, USA
and a stron$
Parents: hiS father a prominent physician and sportsman,
infiuence
Health: severely wounded in the War - numerous Scars; two Oraln
concussions(includlngaskultfracture);threeseriousautomobile
accidents; two airplane accidents within two days in
the African
clinic for d'eep d'epression and
iun€]e; twice hospitalized. al the Mayo
anxiety
Married: four times
Education: public and Private schoois
Address: USA(Chj.cago,Michi$an,Wyomin$,Florid'a),France'Italy'Spain'
Switzerland, Africa, Cuba

ffi Look at the fiI^ strips belout. With Aour partner speculate on if, whA and how some
aspects of HemingwaV's ltfe might haue ctfficted his writings.

anl
# Read excerpts A-C on p.163 to see how they connect with HemingwaA's oun life experience.
m Excerpts A-C may be considered a series of sketches from a biographical novel.
If you turned them into a fil^ or a uideo, u,hich order would you place them in? Why?

1.62
 EI Scan excerpt A. With
Aour partnen explain tr "l'm terribly sorry I broughtyou along, Nickie," said his father, all his
why the sensorA post-operative exhilaration gone. "lt was an awful mess to put you
details in the through." [...]
"ls dying hard, Daddy?"
pardgraph beginning "No. I think it's pretty easy, Nick. lt all depends."
"they uere seated",
They were seated in the boat, Nick in the stern, his father rowing. The
must not be sun was coming up over the hills. A bass jumped, making a circle in the
ouerlooked when water. Nick trailed his hand in the water. lt felt warm in the sharp chill of
K making the film. the morning.
In the early morning on the lake sitting in the stern of the boat with his
ffi 4 Half of the sentence in
father rowing, he felt quite sure that he would never die. (lndian Camp)
the last paragraph of
excerpt A repeats tr Nick sat against the wall of the church where they had dragged him
certain previous to be clear of machine-gun fire in the street. Both legs stuck out
words. Why? awkwardly. He had been hit in the spine. His face was sweaty and dirty.
The sun shone on his face. The day was very hot. Rinaldi, big backed, his
E Scan excerpt B. equipment sprawling, lay face downward against the wall. Nick looked
straight ahead brilliantly. The pink wall of the house opposite had fallen
'hat tr Find sentences that out from the roof, and an iron bedstead hung twisted toward the street.
euoke frames in a Two Austrian dead lay in the rubble in the shade of the house. Up the
-fi\m. How does this street were other dead. Things were getting forward in the town. lt was
cinema presentation going well. Stretcher bearers would be along any time now. Nick turned his
contribute to the head carefully and looked at Rinaldi. 'Senta Rinaldi. Senta. You and me
scene? we've made a separate peace.' Rinaldi lay still in the sun breathing with
difficulty. 'Not patriots'. Nick turned his head carefully smiling sweetly.
ffi tr If there were no Rinaldi was a disappointing audience. (A very short story - lnterlude)
spoken words in the
text would the scene
g [...] When the old man saw him coming he knew that this was a
haue the same impact shark that had no fear at all and would do exactly what he wished. He
prepared the harpoon and made the rope fast while he watched the shark
on the reader?
come on. The rope was short as it lacked what he had cut away to lash
aiL the fish.
The old man's head was clear and good now and he was full of
E In Excerpt C, resolution but he had little hope. lt was too good to last, he thought. He
Santiago, the old took one look at the great fish as he watched the shark close in. lt might
Cuban fisherman, as well have been a dream, he thought. I cannot keep him from hitting
catches a huge fish, me but maybe I can get him. [ ... ]
after a patient and The shark closed fast astern and when he hit the fish the old man saw
courageous fight. his mouth open and his strange eyes and the clicking chop of the teeth,
Sharks attack it and as he drove forward in the meat just above the tail. The shark's head
he returns only with was out of water and his back was coming out and the old man could
hear the noise of the skin and flesh ripping on the big fish when he
its skeleton but never
rammed the harpoon down on to the shark's head at a spot where the
complaining. line between his eye intersected with the line that ran straight back from
Is this a story of his nose. There were no such lines. There was only the heavy sharp blue
uictory or of defeat? head and the big eyes and the clicking, thrusting all-swallowing jaws. But
A Santiago possesses thatwas the location of the brain and the old man hit it.[...] The shark
lay quietly for a little while on the surface and the old man watched him.
characteristics of the
Then he went down very slowly.
typical Hemingway "He took about forty pounds," the old man said aloud. He took my
hero. harpoon too and all the rope, he thought, and now my fish bleeds again
HotD, briefly, would and there will be others.
you characterize him? He did not like to look at the fish any more since he had been
The last sentence of mutilated. When the fish had been hit
the excerpt may help. it was as though he himself were hit.

ffi g what unifuing [...] lt was too good to last, he

thought. I wish it had been a dream
exhilaration voioqie, voie bund
stern the back part of a ship
theme/themes can Aou now and that I had never hooked the bass /bres/ biban
-ftnd in the three fish and was alone in bed on the spine /sparn/ coloand vertebrald
excerpts A-C? Write a newspapers. to sprawl lsprc'^ll a se ldbdr{a
short paragraph. "But man is not made for defeat," bedstead /'bedsted/ cadrul patului
rlence. he said. "A man can be destroyed rubbfe l'rnbll moloz
but not defeated." stretcher /'stretJe/ targd
'hy?
(The Old Man and the Sea)
L:"_T3_qi{??_T._{,:i __ _ _,1

'1.63
 .*
nl ffi [...] "Did you tell him about it?,"
George asked.
ru Reacl excerpt D to see hou, an epparentlll "Sure. I told him but he knows
simple dialogue can in fact deal tttith ct serious what it's all about."
e|hical problem. "What's he going to do?"
m Scan the excerpt to.fincl an explanation l,tick
" Nothing. "

gittes.for the tt,ord "nothing". "They'll kill him."

"l guess they will."
L:$ What feelino cloes lVick transmit from "belottt "He must have got mixed up in
the surface" of his tttords? something in Chicago."
"l guess so," said Nick.
Jil "lt's a hell of a thing."
il& H! Scan th,e Point of Veu box to dlscru.ss u,ith llour
"lt's an awful thing," Nick said.
partner tuhich o.f its two characteristics may be They did not say anything. George
also appliecl to the journalistic style? reached down for a towel and wiped
the counter.
ffl Does this tupe of point of uieu, apply to "l wonder what he did?" Nick said.
H emin g tt, au's narr atit.t e Le chniq ue? " Double-crossed somebody. That's

ffi l{is job as a reporter taught Hemingway what they kill them for."
"l'm going to get out of this town,"
economy of language and the precise, objective
presentation of facts. FIis short story The Killers Nick said.
"Yes," said George. "That's a good
could be reduced to a lrewspaper item.
Read it and say u,hich part summarizes thing to do. "
"l can't stand to think about him
excerpt D.
waiting in the room and knowing he's
going to get it. lt's too damned
Chicago hoodlums unnamed reasons' The victim' awful. "
f*o
lunching in the l'estaLlrant, ot.a "Well," said George, "you better
-town. threatened ttl
small not think about it."
murder a Scandinavian Prlze- (The Killers)
fighter. Ole Anderson' Ior

?T u,ith !/our partner uthat else, besides information, might be needed to turn the
Dr.sczr.ss
neu,spaper note into a short story.

Objective (No Character Point Of View)

t The narrator stays outside the minds of his characters. He reduces his role to eyewitness.
2 The narrator chooses not to present inner life. He deals with the surface of things, the way a
camera does.

Greta Garbo and

John Gilbert in
Going to the movies Flesh and the Devil
In the early days, films were silent with the filmed by W. Daniels
words shown on the screen. A pianist made up in 1-927
music to match the action. During the silent-film
era, a few great cinematographers invented the
shots and lighting techniques that form the
visual vocabulary of modern-day film-makers.
Director D.W. Griffith and his cameraman Billy Garbo's face, for instance, W. Daniels concealed
Bitzer freed the camera from the stationary a miniature spotlisht in the hand of her co-star,
tripod; they were the first to use close-ups, John Gilbert. In the 1940s, with the invention of
panoramic long shots, and angled viewpoints better lighting and improved deep-focus lenses,
ratlrer than filming each scene to look like a Gregg Toland used up-angle shots, shadows, and
stage production. Another crucial part of the mirrors to create the visually rich frames of the
cinematographer's craft is to make the stars look classic Citizen Kane.
like stars. To cast a romantic glow on Greta (After American Film magazine, USIA, 1992)

lr'baaaaaaaaaaaaa. .aaa.aaa

164
 The English-speaking
world
a a a a a a a a a a a a o a a a a a a a a a a o a a a a a a a o a a a a a o a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a oo a a o a a a a., ,,

English words are everywhere.

Bill Bryson

Whose property is English?

Discussion points.
-l 1 Can a language be considered anybody's property? Give reasons.
2 How does a language get to be used internationally?

-Il
H The map shows the English speaking countries of the world. IVame at least three
countries for each category: (a) English as mother tongue, (b) English as fficial
language.

Pakistan

India

", Philippines
Sri
.-.._--.--Uoanda Lanka Malaysia

--KEfi\ASeychelles
.-.-.----Tanzania
Singapore
Cameroon
Zambia- :_- Malawi
-\---- Mozambique
Namibia-'-- \ Mauritius
Botswana / \ - Zimbabwe
$sxfh [f1i63 :...\ Swaziland

- Lesotho \
+
'{ New Zealanc
Falklan d
'lslands

I Mother Tongue

Official

A Look at the map. How can Aou explain the use of English as the fficial language in
countries utith diffirent historical and cultural backgrounds, all ouer the world? Take
one country as an example.

'| tt a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a o

1,66
 ffi
JEII tr lf it happened right down close in front of
you, you could see Villalta snarl at the bull and
E Read excerpt E. Is butlfighting presented curse him, and when the bull charged he swung
as an excuse for sadism or as a ritual or back, firmly like an oak when the wind hits it,
ceremony? Find arguments in the text. his legs tight together, the muleta trailing and
the sword following the curve behind. Then he
A What common points can Aou find in cursed the bull, flopped the muleta at him, and
excerpts C and E? How do excerpts C and swung back from the charge, his feet firm, the
E compare? muleta curving, and at each swing the crowd
roaring.
When he started to kill it was all in the same
rush. The bull looking at him straight in front,
hating. He drew out the sword from the folds of
d. the muleta and sighted with the same
orge movement and called to the bull, "Toro! Torol"
iped and the bull charged and Villalta charged and
just for a moment they became one. Villalta
said. became one with the bull and then it was over.
'hat's Villalta standing straight and the red hilt of the
sword sticking out dully between the bull's
shoulders. Villalta, his hand up at the crowd
own, " and the bull roaring blood, looking straight at
Villalta and his legs caving.
r $ood (Cross-Country Snow - lnterlude)
Erne st Hem i ngw ay 789 8-1-96 L

1tm EJ
; he's IEII
Write a short account (350 words) of HemingwaA's life, based on his Biodata.
ter
-n News & Views
Work in groups of four to write a cinema script. Choose from:
E A cinema script based on a man's lW @xcerpts A, B, C).
the
a A cinema script based on all excerpts (A-E). You may follow these steps:
E Agree on the idea on uthich to construct the script. Choose from:
1 It is not victory or defeat that matters but the struggle itself.
2 Man's dignity is asserted through his continuous attempt to overcome fear (to make
terms with the outer and the inner threats).
3 If the hero is to be defeated, it is upon his own terms which also include loyalty to a
code of honour.
tr Sometimes, to give a hint or stress the message, frlm directors resort to a 'subliminal
image' - that is an image shown for too short a time for viewers to be conscious of it.
{
I Decide on one uerA short such echo-image (either from the excerpts or imagined by you)
which could be repeated after each seguence and would adequately reinforce the idea
evil you present.
tiels

Americans take to the air

Two bicycle manufacturers from Dayton, Ohio, the
Wright brothers designed a biplane, The Flyer, and
ealed went aloft on December 17,1903. The flight at Kitty
;tar, Hawk, North Carolina, lasted 59 seconds and covered
on of 852 feet
ses, Charles Lindbergh, known as the Lone Eagle,
;, and helped design the Spirit of St Louis to fly nonstop from
the New York to Paris. Lindbergh flew solo to Paris in
1930, determined to win the $25,000 prize that was
!992) promised to the first person to accomplish this feat.

t65
 fIIl work in pairs.
E Read and, discuss with your pa.rtner the following facts about the use of English in the
world today. What does the informdtion tell you dbout the status of English?
I Twenty per cent ofthe world's population speaks English.
2 The number of Chinese people learning English is bigger than the population of the
ywnere. USA.
I Bryson 3 English is the language of international air tralfic control, tourism and business.
4 Seventy-five percent of all international letters and telexes are in English.
5 Almost 85% of all information in the world's computers is in English.
6 English radio programmes are received by 150 million people in 120 countries.
7 English is the main language of pop music, satellite broadcasting and video games.
8 There are more than 500,000 words in the Orford English Dictiondrg
9 Over 50 million children study English at primary level and over 80 million at
secondary level (ligures exclude China).
E Read thetefi belou and say which of the aspects refefied to in EL III.1 are also
mentioned in the tefi belou.

According to British linguist David Crystal, began life as a mongrel language when Danes
around a thousand million people in the world mingled with Anglo-Saxons in Britain in the 6th
have some ability in English. And today the and 7th centuries AD, and it has never lost that
400,000 million mother-tongue speakers of the character. Three hundred years later, the
language are outnumbered, by more than 2 to 1, Norman invasion added thousands of new
by speakers of English as a second language. By French words and helped to simplify grammar.
the end of the 21-st century, more than half the British colonial expansion from the early 1-7th
human race will speak some form of English. century further exposed the language to
Quite a progression for a language which in contamination from abroad. But growing impurity
Shakespeare's time belonged to fewer than four only increased the mongrel's vigour. A
million people. The question logically arises: who fascinating aspect is that its two most important
owns the "copyright" to the English language? centres, Britain and the United States, did not
Several factors contribute to the increase in create academies to guard linguistic purity.
status of a language: economic power, political As David Crystal puts it, "You can't have it
and military strength, cultural and reli$ious both ways. lf you wish to preserve the identity of
influence, the need for a common code of your own language, it is to some extent at the
communication. lt is precisely that need that expense of making it more difficult for people
suggested the creation of artificial languages from outside to learn it". However, this could be
that would not favour any of the national the main danger as, while the language
languages; however, the idea did not prove becomes used in all corners of the world by
feasible in practice. There is no doubt that the people from all walks of life, it begins to develop
a
G dominance of English ag a world language has new spoken varieties which, in time, might
been facilitated by the economic and cultural become mutually unintelligible.
power of the Anglo-Saxon countries, especially It is only natural that a global language like
the United States. As a consequence, science English does need to have some standard or
and technology, business, politics, the film reference point. This is particularly important for
industry, sports, and transportation have all speakers of English as a second language.
adopted English as their main language of There are pidgin forms resulting from a few
communication. English words mixed with the respective mother
Zealand
Yet, how can the unprecedented rise of tongue and no grammar rules, and there are the
English to its present-day world status really be many local varieties clearly recognizable as
explained? First of all, by its linguistic qualities; English but not always easy to understand if you
it is fluid, elastic, open and absorbent, greedy do not belong to that particular group. Hence,
for new words, ever ready to rework and reclaim the need for international standard English as a
them as its own. lt is this thirst for new words widely used tool of communication across
t,
from other languages that has given English cultural boundaries all around the world.
ke such a vast and eclectic vocabulary. The Oxford Despite voices foretelling the rise in
English Dictionary lists about half a million importance of major regional languages such as
words, far more than for any other language, and Mandarin Chinese, Arabic and Spanish, to ever
about 1,500 new ones are added every year. think that the ascension of English can now be
Another strength of English is its impurity. lt stopped seems totally unrealistic.

aaaaaa aaaaaa aa.aaaaaaat,

1.67
 tr Read the aboue text again and make brief notes und.er these headings:
1 Factors contributing to the increase in status of English.
2 Fields of activity where English is the language of international communication.
3 Qualities of the English language.
4 Historical events which influenced the subsequent development of English.
5 Features of pidgin English.
#H List the three points that impressed Aou most in the text and compare them with Aour
partner.
#E Which of the words belout woulcl Aou use to accottnt for the uitaltty of the English
language?

openness isolation impurity

to guard the English language

flexibility -contaminatiori

afll Read and comment rrpon the following opinions about the "copyright" to English. Who do
you think is "right"? Why?
. Others may speak and read English but it is our language, not theirs. It was made in
England by the English and it remains our distinctive property, however widely it is
learned or used.
. English is no longer the language of the English alone; it is about to become the
language of the human race.
. It's our view in America that this is our language as much as anybody else's. Chaucer
and Shakespeare belong to me as much as they do to anyone in Britain.

GE'RGE The structure fo ever think that the ascension of English... in the last sentence of
Y the text seems a little strange to me. ls there anything special about it that we
should know?
TEACHER Well, the structure is called the sp/it infinitive because to is separated from the rest
of the infinitive by an adverb.
e.g. I meant to really scare him.
Shakespeare himself is known to have lovingly split infinitives. Nowadays, although
traditional grammar books advise against the use of split infinitives, they are quite
common, especially in informal style - which says a lot about the flexibility of
English. There are people, though, who consider them incorrect and avoid them, if
possible, by putting the adverb in another position.
e.g. He began to slowly move his arms and legs.
He began to move his arms and legs slowly.

-n News & Views

Choose one of the statements in Ex. IV and write a letter of response for Aour "lVews &
Wews" megezine.

WHAT THEY SAY AND WHAT THEY MEAN

When they say: a Brit means: an American means:
first floor second floor ground floor
vest undershirt waistcoat
purse wallet (for a lady) handbag
bitl check (in a restaurant) (bank)note
wash up wash the dishes wash your hands
subway unoerpass underground railway
to be through (on the phone) connection is made conversation is over
large chest, suitcase car boot

168
 English today

-l tr The drawings illustrate common nouns which haue their origi,n in proper names (of
people and places). Tick those nouns from the list below which are shown in the picture.

[ho do

ein
tr
tr
watt rT biro I
tr
teddy
is r
T
mackintosh
wellington
cardigan
T
I
hooligan
stetson
boycott
I
I
denim
tweed
cashmere
tr sandwich tr jersey I damask
ucer A Which of the nouns aboue come from names of persons and which from names of places?
# El Filt in each gap with the name of the person from which the common noun deriues.
1 James ...... the Scottish inventor of the steam engine
of
2 The Duke of . the English general who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo
3 Lord who was too busy to have proper meals
4 Theodore Roosevelt, nicknamed "......", the American president who was offered a toy
rest bear
5 ...... , a Scot who had the idea of using waterproof cloth to keep off the rain
6 Laszlo a Hungarian who invented a ball-point pen used by English soldiers in
lgh World War 2
ite 7 an Irish landlord unpopular for his treatment of his tenants, who then sociallv
isolated him
8 The ......, an Irish family notorious for their rough behaviour and language

-Il
E The fottowing word,s are rather new in English. Can you explain what they mean?
o faxable I snowboarding I mega hit
. xerox machine I word processing o user-friendly
s& I microwave I e-mail r network
A The text below is about the way in which language changes. Scan it to jind examples of
words which are completely new and others which haue changed their meanings.
Explain their meanings in your own words.

Language is not a fixed entity. lt fluctuates and changes as much as the society it reflects.
With the introduction of new words such as information superhiglhway, faxable, e-mail, and
car-iacking, we are constantly updating our vocabulary so that not only is present-day
English radically different from Shakespeare's, but even our children use words in a way
that seems quite alien to us.
In part, this is due to the advent of mass communication through the. media, especially
television, which has had a huge impact on language. News items spawn new words that
are repeated and circulated on a larger scale than we could have dreamed possible 50
years ago. lt remains to be seen which of these words will survive and become part of the
language.

1,69
 Evolving new words is not the only way in which language changes. Meanings of existing
words also slide and shift, often in the space of just a few years. Political correctness in the
1-980s has caused re-adjustment of vocabulary. Handicapped became disabled, then
differently abled.
The word super has undergone a significant shift of meaning. The straight adjectival
sense (What a super car!) is becoming unfashionable and in its place we find a sense that
means "extremely" (super clean, super confident and compounds such as supermodel and
supermum). Mega, meanwhile, has taken on the role that great used to have, appearing in
phrases like a really mega party.
The world of business is a rich source of language change. The booming computer-literate
80s saw the introduction of words like downloading instead of passing on, and marketing
popularized the suffixes friendly (environmentally-friendly, user-friendly), and free (sugar-free,
CFC-free).
Many business terms come from American English, which continues to have an impact in
Britain. Younger British speakers use movie instead of film and speakers of all ages have
taken on board the American meaning of mad ("angry") and smarf ("clever"). American
English readily makes verbs from nouns and these too are passing into a more general
World English. Verbs such as impact, access, pressure are all becoming common.
The English language will continue to change whether we like it or not. As interested
parties, all we can do is observe the changes, map progress and continue to speculate
about the English we will speak in the 21st century.

g Work in groups.
E Read the text again and discuss language change. Refer to:
,,-, areas and sources of change

o the relationship between sociaVpolitical issues and language change

c the impact of fashion trends on language
c the influence of American English
# tr Formulate your own hypothesis about the future of English and disczss it in your group.

anl
tr Giue examples of English words with an international circulation which are commonly
used in Romania,n, too. The following are some of the areas such words belong to:
I economics r computers o politics o sports I music I food
A The foltowing English words are somewhat similar to Romanian words. Some of them
mean both the same thing as in Romanian and also haue dffirent additionul meanings,
others are totally 'false friends". Grottp them under these two headings and explain
those with more than one meaning.
I scholar realize
o o actual I machine o industry
. resume r magazine r apparition I circus o conductor
o audience I presently I equipment o valour o physician
o advertisement o figure o novel o notorious o petrol
. nervous a station o confectioner I cafeteria I resolve
I professional . camera o chemist I interest o patron

g F|II each blank with the right word from aboue, making any slight change necessarA.
1 I knew what he meant but he never said the ...... words.
2 We had to give up the loan as the ...... was much too high.
3 She was a little ...... because it was her first major role on Broadway.
4 Discussions will be ...... after the coffee break.
5 Scottish clans were famous for their ...... and pride.
6 St. George is the ...... saint of England.
7 It was a surprise to see Placido Domingo as the ...... of the Covent Garden Orchestra.
8 They saw the best ...... in town but none of them could find a cure for his disease.
9 .. she rose from her seat and left without a word.
10 We have our lunches in the students' ...... because the prices are lower.

1.7 0
 an#
tr Matuh each cartoon to the appropriate, language-related idiom from the list belou.

)tn
e

I ll
trijl
1 To put it in a nutshell, it's an excellent film.
2 I'd weigh my words before speaking in public.
3 A few days in London and you'll pick up English before you know it.
4 Don't ever try to put words in my mouth!
5 I can't make head or tail of what they're saying.
6 He's beating about the bush, as usual.
rOUp.
7 I've known them for years and they're always talking at cross-purposes.
8 The audience were hanging on the speaker's every word.
9 I'm afraid I can't follow you here.
nla 10 I'm fed up listening to him talk through his hat.
1,1 Wait a minute, it's on the tip of my tongue!
1,2 This wraps up our discussion rather nicely.

m A Find Romanian equiualents for the aboue idioms.

ings,
rl ffi
n Work in groups.
The following notices displayed in public places and meant for tourists contain a
)r number of mistakes. Re-write them in good English, paying attention to punctuation,
n
'false friends", tDord orden lexical and grammatical choice.

In a hotel Visitors are expected to In a zoo

ls forbidden to steal hotel complain at this office between Please do not feed the animals.
towels please. lf you are the hours of 9 and 77 a.m. lf you have any suitable food,
not a person to do such daily. (ive it to the guard on duty.
thing is please not to read lf you want just condition of
warm in your room please In a tailor's shop
notis.
The lift is being fixed for the control yourself. Order your summers suit.
next day. During that time we Because is big rush we will
Menus
regret that you will be execute customers in strict
Our wines leave you nothing to rotation.
unbearable.
hope for.
To move cabin push button In a cemetery
rstra. Special today: no icecream!
for wishing floor. You are welcome to visit the
e. Please leave your values at On an airline ticket cemetery where famous
the front desk. we take your bags and send composers, artists and writers
them in all directions. are buried daily except Thursday.

t71,
 English and ... English an
EJ
Listen to a well-knoutn Australian folk song. Can you understand ushat it is about? What
-- makes it dfficult?
EI
-Il
E Listen to a radio talk about Australian Engli,sh and decide which of the following
aspects are being referred to.
1, Differences between British and Australian traditions.
2 Differences between British and Australian English.
3 Differences between the standard of living in Britain and Australia.
E Listen again and mark the following statements as True or False.
1 Most Australian English is impossible for British English speakers to understand.
2 Many features of Australian English are derived from British dialects.
3 Australians are not aware that their language is a distinct variety of British English.
4 Many words referring to Australian flora and fauna were borrowed from the
Aborigines
5 The origin of the word 'kangaroo' is disputed.
6 There are no differences between Australian and British English in the vocabulary
used to describe landscapes.
7 The common greeting in Australia is "Good day".
8 The major difference in pronunciation is in the vowel sounds.
EI The cartoon illustrates the ioke you
haue listened to on cassette. Where
does the humour come from? ,
E

Oid you come

here lo die? No, I came
-n
here yeolerday.

1.7 2

II
I
 ffi
aE A young Brit, John Smith, is visiting Australian English Bdtish English
Bruce, his Australian cousin for the first
time. He can't understand very well what Aussie Australian
his cousin says and he is quite confused. Oz, down under Australia
What Poms Brits
Read the dialogue they are hauing and pond
billabong
replace the words in bold with their beaut beautiful, great
British English equiualent in order to make creek stream
things clearer. Use the uocabulary box. arvo afternoon
)i What are we doing this afternoon? Are we barbie barbecue
having a barbecue? field paddock
This arvo (1), mate? Too right. I've got some dingo wild dog
yabbies (2) from the creek (3) and some snags/mystery bags sausages
snags (4), too - so we'll chuck them on the tinnies cans of drink
barbie (5), jump in the ute (6) and go and get tucker food
some tinnies (7) in, come back and have our jumbuck sheep
tucker (8). Ripper (9), eh? trooper policeman
t' Oh, I see ... And tomorrow? yabbies prawns
B: Tomorrow we'll go to the village fete (10), as ute utility truck
ripper! great!
:ish. you call it in Pommie land (11).
billy kettle
I' The village fight?
Yes, it's very well organized. lt happens once a fete
year. lt will be beaut (12). (outdoor entertainment or celebration)
ry An organized village fight - quite extraordinary. pronounced /fait/ pronounced /feit/
And why are they fighting? ...

1 5 9
2 6 10
3 7 11,
4 8 L2

tEt
IVow listen to "Waltzing Matilde," again. What is
-n it about?
Choose from the following and justifu Aour
dectsion.
a) a man who died while trying to rescue Matilda
from drowning in a pond;
b) a man who died while defending his property;
c) a man who preferred to die rather than go
to jail.

Flag: the small Union Jack, the large 7-pointed

star representing the six states and territories
Australia in brief and the small stars forming the Southern Cross,
Area: 7,682,300 square km, 4,000 km east to typical of the Southern Hemisphere night sky.
west and 3,2OO km north to south. National day: January 26
Coastline: 36,735 km Fauna: Australia's best-known animals are the
Official language: English (Australian English). kangaroo (national symbol), koala, platypus,
Capital city: Canberra dingo, and the spiny anteater, plus 700 bird
Gurrency: the Australpn dollar. species, the large, flightless emu included, 400
National anthem: Advance Australia Fair of which are found nowhere else.
(replaced God Save the Queen in 1984). Flora: 26,000 species of plants including living
National colours: green and gold. fossils, no less than 700 species of acacia and
L,2OO varieties of eucalyptus or gumtrees.

The Wizard of Oz'

173
-L E Read the text and answer the questions at the side:

By the end of the morning we had @pent) all our money and
we were terribly tired, so we looked for a place to sit.
Is this a transitiue or
an intransitiue uerb? I
(ii) Direct or Indirect
It(too$ us a couple of minutes to find a park and luckily
there were some empty benches. Object?
l(askeQmy buddy what the time was and he said how on
(iii) How manA objects?
(iu) Does it haue a Direct
earth should he know so I decided to ask a passer-by.
Much to my dismay, the first person to walk past our bench Object? Which?
(u) AnA Direct Object?
was a policeman whose wrist watch I

distance. I usually think twice before talking to policemen Where?

under normal circumstances, but this time I wasn't dying to
(ui) Direct or Indirect e
see one at all. He stopped and gave us a suspicious look Object in Romanian?
(uii) What part of speech
as we were probably dirty and sweaty. Two dangerous
criminals had just escaped from the local prison, he said for the Direct Object?
(uiii) WhA preposition
and(eyed us)again. lwas so scared lcould have fainted but
I nevertheless managed(to smile) back at him and mumble before the Indirect
Object here?
a comment about crime these days. Contrary to my worst
fears, he took two photos of the criminals out of his pocket Compare to the
and handed them(to us)just in case we ran into them.
structure in (ui)
@
EI Underline all the d,itransitiue uerbs in the text aboue. The REMEMBERT box wilt help
aou.

Verbs with two objects

1 With ditransitive verbs - verbs that can take two objects - (e.g. give, buy, cost, lend, make, offer,
owe, send, show)- the indirect object usually comes first, especially if it refers to a person.
e.g. They showed John the new dictionary.
2 When the focus is on the indirect object, this is placed after the direct object and preceded by a E
preposition (usually to ). tV
+-
e.g. They showed the new dictionary to John. ta

fc
3 When the indirect object is a pronoun, the direct object always comes after it.
S1
e.g. They showed him the new dictionary.
W
4 In present-day spoken English you may hear sentences like: O(
Show me it.
di
Give me it.
S
5 Some verbs (explain, suggest, say, describe, reply) always need the preposition to to introduce the lo
indirect object. tc
e.g. / suggested a Scottish meal to my guests. p(
They explained to us what steps to take.
E
6 Other verbs (build, cook, design, save, write, etc.) take an indirect object preceded by the
m
preposition for.
hi
e.g. She cooked a lovely meal for the guests.
e)
She left a note for the milkman.
st
7 Some verbs (ask, cause, allow, charge, cost, envy, forgive, promise, refuse) do not have their ttt.
indirect object introduced by either to or for . hi
e.g. They charged us too much for a sandwich and a glass of juice.
W(
They allow their son $7O a week.
Ht
pr
g Translate into English: Desi nu rni se pdrea cd-i datorarl vreo explicatie, i-am ldsat un bilet la
to
OL
vedere, pe masd, in care ii ceream scuze cd n-am putut s-o agtept mai mult de 30 de minute
peste ora fixatd. De- acum inainte, ii mai spuneam, md sim{eam dezlegat, odatd pentru
totdeauna, de orice oblieatie fatd de ea.

174
 They all speak English
te or
The young people in the pictures need Engtish in their future profession. Here are their
zrb? -l names and the profession they haue chosen:
o Robin - guide o Lee Chang - teacher of English
o Samantha - interpreter o Tobias - travel agent
s?
o Sung Lee - translator o Lynne - overseas reporter
rect
E Look at the pictures and read the descriptions below. Match each description to its
'? corresponding picture. Make use of the uocabulary box on the next page.

@ o
an?
sch
ect?

:t

tr Samantha is in her early E Tobias is the athletic type, tr Robin is 22. He has short
twenties. She has an oval face, with a heavy neck, round face gingery-brown hair with a side
fair complexion, a high and short, dark, curly hair. He parting. His ears stick out a bit
forehead, thin eyebrows, a has a high forehead with a and this adds to his personal
straight nose and a full mouth. receding hairline and he wears charm. He has deep- set eyes,
When she smiles, which she a thin moustache. He's got full a Roman nose, thin lips and
does very often, two small lips, a flat nose and pitch black regular white teeth. He looks
dimples show in her cheeks. eyes. He looks friendly but a bit like the type of person you
She has wide green eyes and reserved. would have for your best friend:
long wavy fair hair. She seems reliable, friendly and open-
to be a confident and cheerful minded.
person.
tr Lee Chang is 25 but looks tr Sung Lee is in her late E Lynne is dark-skinned, with
more mature than his age. He teens. She's got a round chin well-shaped eyebrows, a
has a broad forehead, slanted and high cheek bones, slanted straight nose and a beautiful
eyes, a pointed nose, and dark, eyes, a small nose, and a well- mouth. Her long straight hair,
straight, lank hair brushed shaped mouth. There are with a centre parting, has a
back. His chin is square and dimples in her cheeks. Her lovely coppery sheen. She
his mouth is rather big. He straight, dark-chestnut hair is looks in control of herself and
wears steel-rimmed glasses. shoulder-long and she wears it finds it easy to relate to people.
He's got a flashy smile and a with a fringe. She seems to be
prominent Adam's apple. He an interesting combination of
looks like a determined, gentleness and strong will.
let la
outspoken person.

A Nota that you haue id,entified them, do you think their appearance and personality
recommend them for the professions they haue chosen?

1,7 5
-rlE The picture shows a group of students from Berkeley University, California.
Choose one person, Iook closely and select those details which strike Aou as most
important. Note down suitable descriptiue words and phrases. The Useful Language box
will help you. I

a In about 60 words write the description of the person you chose from the picture; include
whateuer personality traits the person's appearance suggests to you.

Describing appearances r---- ------l

twrinkle rid I

Face: round, oval, square, broad, long, with scars/wrinKles/ freckles pistrui
freckles, clean shaven, with a beauty spot,/mole mole alunild
Cheeks: high, rosy, pale, hollow, with dimples beauty spot alunitl
Complexion: pale, fair, dark, pink, sallow, tanned I hollo*n scobit
Forehead: broad, hifh, low, square, wrinkled, receding hairline
!vv' tiny
Ears: small, large, sticking out, pointed, r"'r
dimple
ttsallow ri
gropi{a
' Q
F_.^-_ _:__- ...:r^ Li2 ^-^^,, pdmAntiu
Eyes: size: wide, big, small, narrow
receding haiiline inceput de chelie
shape: slanting, round, almond-shaped, set apart, close slanting oblic
I atmonJshaped migdalat
grey, hazel,
colour:' b'vr' "sAv|' vs"\ vtvv' pale blue
dark-eyed, r deeo set adancit
expression: cold, mean, friendly, bright, smiling, staring, stern I stern sever
Eyebrows: thin, thick, bushy, well-shaped I snubby cArn
Eyelashes: long, dark, silky I

r.---- ,--z -L-.-rL' g||gvv'|

short,
long, 9||v|
Nose: |v||6' --..LL.. pointed,
snubby, -^:-a^r L^^r-^r flat
hooked, ir^r i plotluding! proeminent
llvgv. n,v|||lvv' .."".'."."].',::: i |ank neted, lins
Mouth: small, large, round, well-shaped, full/thin /straighl/curved I sheen luciu
liPs I spiky gepos
Teeth: regular, even plaits /plats/ cosile
Chin: round, square, pointed, protruding, double
Hair: lengfth: long, short, shoulder-long, thinning on top ' ti dreadlocks suvite
'
patting cirare
cofour: chestnut, auburn, fair, dark, grey i iriig"-U..,on
styfe: sL'q'6"1'
straight, waw,
rruyr' curly,
vs"r' spiky,
sv"\r' 'vvsv' plaits, dreadlocks,
loose, v's,re' ' i crewcut tuns ogriutd
with a centre/side parting, with a fringe, pushed back 'i ponytail coadd' de cal
behind the ears, crewcut, ponytail, bun, brushed I fun'.n.
back/forward I trimmed tuns ingrijit
Beard: short, long, trimmed, pointed, goatee goatee cioc, barbiqon -
Moustache: thin, thick, bushy I ]tout indesat
L::'lt_'1"_11"j'_1rr _'_!11v: !:3:yi_'lr!'_pllT!::l"ll'_tiry: l:9"_ _ _ _'_-_-_ _-_-_:::-_ _:::::::::::::l
1,7 6
 # tr Write a short description of your fauourite literary character or film/sports/music stan
and read it aloud for the class to guess who it refers to.
: box
Work in pairs.
-El
E Two of the people in Ex. II haue chosen the career of translator and interpreter. What do
you think some of the requirements for the two jobs are? What do they haue in common
and what is dilferent?
A Discuss the role of translating /interpreting in cross-cultural communication.
Write down some of the features of a "good" tro,nslation/interpretation.
#g The following excerpt contains a description of Mr Rochesten one of the main characters
in Charlotte Brontri's nouel Jane Eyre. Use the dictionary to translate it into Romanian.

Two wax candles stood lighted on the

table, and two on the mantelpiece; basking
in the light and heat of a superb fire, lay
Pilot - Adele knelt near him.
Half reclined on a couch appeared Mr
Rochester, his foot supported by the
cushion; he was looking at Adele and the
dog. The fire shone full on his face. I knew
my traveller, with his broad and jetty
eyebrows, his square forehead, made
squarer by the horizontal sweep of his
black hair. I recognized his decisive nose,
more remarkable for character than
beauty; his full nostrils, denoting, I
thought, choler; his grim mouth, chin, and
rclude jaw - yes, all three were very grim, and no
mistake. His shape, now divested of cloak,
I perceived harmonized in squareness with
his physiognomy.
I suppose it was a good figure in the
athletic sense of the term - broad-chested
and thin-flanked, though neither tall nor
graceful.

:helie The English-Speaking Union is an independent, non-

political educational charity with members throughout the
world in more than 40 countries (including Romania) who
share the aim of promoting international understanding
and human achievement through the widening use of the
English language. lt was established in 1918 in the belief
that people who use a common language will soon discover
that they also share similar values, whatever their
differences in nationality and background. Nowadays, the
organisation offers a variety of competitions and
programmes to improve standards in spoken English; these
include the International Public Speaking Competition, the
English Language Book Award, and the USA National
Shakespeare Competition.

-n Assemble Aour project

News & Views
for the Uear Bring together all the materials you haue worked on
J
J in Units 1-7 and giue a final form to your News & Wews school magazine.

t77
 ROUND UP Bjorn again

Discussion points.
-l L Look at the photo. Do you know who they are? Are they English?
2 Do you know any singers/groups from non-English speaking countries who write and
perform their songs in English?

Work in pairs.
-Il
E WhU d,o you think English has become popular with most rock and pop groups?
What problems may Aou meet in writing a song in a langudge which is not Aour own?
E Here is what Bjorn Ulvaeus of ABBA, the famous Swedish group of the 197Os, has said
about his experience in writing songs in English.
Which of the problems you haue referced to are mentioned bA Biorn, too?

When I grew up, pop music and rock music was in English. Virtually nothing was sung in
Swedish. And I realized that if I want to do something in the field, English is the language I

am going to sing in. Among the first lyrics I wrote was a song called No Time. At that time I
didn't have the knowledge I have now so there was a lot of looking up in the dictionary. Well,
eventually, I think I came out with something that was comprehensible. Well, it's the sound
of the language, the flexibility of the language and the richness. All those synonyms and all
the idioms that are unique to English, I think, compared to Swedish. There are, you know, at
least five times the amount of words in English, which makes it easier for a lyricist. As I

read, I tend to remember idioms very much because there's an element of music in idioms.
I work basically from my head, but obviously I have all those dictionaries - all kind of, you
know, everything you can think of from thesaurus to whatever. They tend to get more varied
with years. Because I lived in England for so many years it tends to become easier and I'm I
more pleased with every new lyric. Obviously what's happened to me is that I have read a
lot of books, I have watched a lot of television, listened to a lot of radio - all in English -
during the past years, and that I think is the main reason why my lyrics have improved. lt's
not so much that I have learned more about the craft from my English colleagues, it's more
that I've been exposed to the language a lot.
I don't listen to my own recordings very much but when I have to listen to it, when it
comes over the radio or something, there are, you know, quite a number of things I would
have liked to change - especially from early days. But, there is one particular lesson in that,
before I wrote Dancing Queen, I didn't understand that it's a very clever thing never to use
slang or trendy language in lyrics because they'll be outdated before you know it. Whereas,
if you stick to 'proper' English, they would be okay in ten years' time. The example in
DancingQueen is the diggin'the DancingQueen, I mean the word digis so outdated, isn't
it? So, every time I hear that, I switch off the radio.
It's absolutely true that today I find it more difficult to write in Swedish than in English.
Because of the lack of words sometimes and lack of rhymes, obviously when you have to
rhyme - which is frequently in pop music. And I don't think English people quite appreciate
the richness and flexibility with which it takes in new words from outside and they
immediately sound English. lt's a wonderful language.
(BBC English October 1993)

t78
 g Read the text again and answer the
following questions. digt /ils/ u (-gg-; pt, pp dug /d,^g/) { (a) to use one's
1 Why did Bjorn choose English as the hands, a spAoEr, a machine, etc to break up and
language of his songs? move earth, etc; to make one's way by doing this:
IYI I spent the morning digging. IYprl They are
2 How did he work on his lyrics? digging through the hill to rnake a tunnel. lYpJ dig
down into the soil [Vn] It b dilfuult to dig the ground
3 What features of English made his task
) and when it is frozen. lYnpl di7 the soil away (from the
as a lyricist easier? roors) [Vnpr] di| the manure into the sojJ. O picture
at speoor. (b) to make a hole, etc by doing this: [Vn]
4 What helped him improve his English? dig a pit/tunnel/shaft. (c) - for sth to search for sth
5 What lesson did he learn about the by doing this: [Vpr] dig for mirural deposits. 2
(dated infmt) to enjoy, appreciate or understand sth:
language to use in songs? lYnl I don't dig modern jazz.@fi,dlg one,s rheets/
What example does he give to support 'toes In to resist sth in a sruBBoRN(l) way; to refuse
to change one's ideas or plans. dig sb in the ribs to
his point? Choose the outdated push or pnoo(l) sb in the side, eg to attract their
attention. dlg (deep) in/into one's pocket(s) to
meaning of the word "digging" Bjorn
comments on from the dictionarv entrv.
ffi tr "Look up" a,ll the phrasal uerbs in Bjorn's interuiew.

E Match each of them to their d,eftnition below. There are two extra definitions.
1 to get comfortable in a group ......
2 to develop from being a child to being an adult ......
3 to try to find a particular bit of information in a book, on a computer, in a
dictionary ......
4 to try to persuade someone ......
5 to turn off a machine, electric light, by using a switch ......
;aid
6 to express, to produce ......
tr Replace the underlined uerbs and phrases with the right phrasal uerbs
from the box. Make all necessaru changes. pick out
L How did you discover his new address? show up
2 Now you are an adult. come up with
;el 3 They didn't arrive till long after midnight. grow up
lel 4 What may have delayed them? turn off
/ell, 5 we'd like to participate in all the preparations for the party. hold up
rnd 6 Finally she selected the right greeting card for her friend. find out
all 7 Don't forget to extinguish the light before leaving the room. take part in
rV, at 8 We've postponed our departure because of the weather. pick up
9 How soon can you find the money? put off
,ff|S. 10 He may learn some Spanish while staying there.
you
'ied #
I'm
a
-n- How good are Uou at rhymingT
E Look at the words in the box below. Which of them rhyme?
t's
a few day late through roam
rore
bright home park fed high
shady town head trace forever
SIOW tale eye go part
d
place found date way right
Ihat,
flame king mark said led
SC
foam light lady face SO
0S'
leave hold sail too thing
1't

'1.
A Tiy your hand at writing the lyrics for a song. You may use word3 from the aboue box or
others. Remember what Biorn said about writing his first songs in Engtish.
o
Ite

ee3)

179
 Some of the sentences below contain mistakes. Identifu the ones with mistakes and
-T rewrite the sentences in the correct waA.
1 He suggested them an original way of solving the problem.
2 She simply gave me it without a word of thank you.
3 He explained her his reasons for having acted like that.
4 I hear you've moved. Describe me your new house.
5 I owe a lot of money to Jim.
6 They offered them a wonderful present for their anniversary.
7 I've come to say everybody good-bye.
8 Can you possibly explain your next move to us?
9 She cooked her guests a lovely meal.
_att-
'ml

Thefollowing translation, published in a tourist

-D magazine, has a number of mistakes. Identifu and
correct them.

BrAncuEi - The Morning Star of the Romanian Sculpture

The Romanian modern art evolution is marked by the meteor-like
apparition of Brdncuqi. Unique and genial by his vision of
humanity, Brincuqi the sculptor models in stone the fillings
of Brincugi the human being.
Born in Hobi{a village, in Gorj county, in I876, the young
BrAncuqi leaves his fingerprint on the parental house.
After finishing his studies in Romania, his life changes
completelyi he settles down in Paris, where he begins a new
creative period. Now, the first notorious sculptured portraits are
born in his studio.

aEl
E The English language makes wide use of abbreuiations. Read the following and group
them under the corresponding headings in the table.
BBC EU CV UNESCO FBI RSVP e-mail VIP
NB Ms PS ad(vert) GP laser info Mr(s)
TB UN ET AIDS CD Ltd fax CD-rom

ABBREVIATIONS

read as individual read as words used in informal used in written

letters situations communication

a Where do you expect to read the abbreuiations 1-5 below?

OAP - old age pensioner
Match them to the contexts (a)-k).
'], OAP a) on a gravestone
PTO - please turn over
c/o - care of
2 ext. b) on an envelope TB - tuberculosis
3 PTO c) on a reduced-rate ticket RIP - rest in peace
4 c/o d) on a business card ext. - extension
5 RIP e) in a letter

Can you read these?

u(ALL)S 4U2C
NOW OICU

180
 The sounds of silence

If wHAT's rN A BooK covER?

E The book below has Salvador Dali's The Persistence of Memory (1931)
on its front cover.
Which o{ll9fo!'lowing do you think are true about this painttig?
1 SUBJECT: It is about an urban/rural/dream world.
2 THEME: It is an image of decadence/vitarity.
It shows the fragmentariness/wholeness of this world.
3 srYLE: It looks like a regular painting/a collage.
4 YOUR RESPONSE: It makes me feel opti-istiJpessimistic.
't

*i-i-,1i Tiili iirl'l)i, I

The Four Quartets, the series of four

I
r! ili :l:J i! !-4 2r
I c LJ t
'
I

poems - Burnt Norton, East Cokec The I

Dry Salvages, Little Gidding - published

I

by Nobel Prize-winner T.S. Eliot between

1935 and 1942 mixes the four elements
of medieval physics - water, ai4 earth,
and fire - within the structure of a
musical quartet in a meditation on the
theme of human consciousness in
relation to time.

The Four Quartets gives You a new

perspective on the present, the past in
memory and on 'what might have been',
on Man as Part of changing nature, on
history and on the nature of poetry' 7tr la a
tr, ta
Eliot's poem is a fragmentary response to
a fragmented age'
of Memory
Front cover illustration: The Disintegration of the Peaistance
Dali/DAcS 1998
tisi2-5al by Salvador Dali. o Fundacion Gala-Salvador

ET Read the blurb on the back couer and, answer these guestions:
1 Which of these are mentioned?
a) theme of the poem
b) medieval thinking
c) musical structure
d) date of publication
e) optimistic outlook
2 What does the blurb tell you about T.S. Eliot?
3 Does the front cover fit what the blurb says about the poem?
4 Would you buy a book with such a blurb? Why (not)?

1954 Ernest Hemingway (USA)

Writerc in English who have won the Nobet prize 1-962 John Steinbeck (USA)
for Literature 1969 Samuel Beckett (lreland)
L9O7 Rudyard Kipting (GB) 1976 Saul Bellow (USA)
7923 W.B. Yeats (tretand) 7978 lsaac Bashevis Singer (USA)
7925 G.B. Shaw (tretand) 1980 Czeslaw Mitosz (USA)
1930 Sinclair Lewis (USA) 1981 Elias Canetti (cB)
7932 John Galsworthy (GB) 1983 William Gotding (GB)
1936 Eugene O'Neiil (USA) 1986 Wole Soyinka (Nigeria)
1938 Pearl S. Buck (USA) 1987 Joseph Brodsky (USA)
7948 T.S. Etiot (bB) 1991 Nadine Gordimer (South Africa)
!949 William Fautkner (USA) !992 Derek Walcott (St Lucia)
1950 Bertrand Russelt (GB) 1993 Toni Morrison (USA)
1953 Winston Churchiil (GB) 1995 Seamus Heaney (lreland)

1,81
 A PoEM ABour rrME -Et
-Il DON'T BE
E Read this and say what connection you see with the warning on the rEr I

right: A
Modern poetry often seems difficult to understand because, to a LAZY
greater extent than poetry before, it is ELLIPTICAL, i.e. the poet
intentionally skips some connecting words or ideas and the reader READER!
must fill in what is missing.
Ad Read excerpt Afrom The Four Quartets by T S.
Eliot and excerpt A1, which looks like a jilled- EE
in uersion of excerpt A. Work with Aour partner Thinking in the abstract, Time
to decide which text you prefer and why. Think present and time past Are both
of HOW you read prose and HOW you read perhaps present in time future, as
poetry.
they prepare it. And, reciprocally,
time future is contained in time past
tr and anticipated by it. What you are
going to be is the result of your
Time present and time past
growing since you were born. If all
Are both perhaps present in time future,
And time future contained in time past. time is eternally present and we
lf all time is eternally present realize that time-table divisions of
All time is unredeemable. time into yesterday, today and
What might have been is an abstraction tomorrow are mere conventions All
Remaining a perpetual possibility time is unredeemable and you cannot
Only in a world of speculation. change either the past, the present
What might have been and what has been or the future. What might have been
Point to one end, which is always present. is an abstr,action Remaining a
Footfalls echo in the memory
perpetual possibility and it exists
Down the passage which we did not take Only in a world of speculation like a
parallel existence. lf you always
Towards the door we never opened
lnto the rose-garden. compare What might have been,lhe
choice you did not make, and what
has been, the choices you did make
# tr Work with Aour partner to write text 81 for or that were made for you, you will
excerpt B.
see that both the actual and the
possible Point to one end, which is
tr always present. That is why there are
In my beginning is my end. ln succession always Footfalls that echo in the
Houses rise and fall, crumble, are extended, memory Down the passage which
Are removed, destroyed, restored, or in their place we, you or I or anybody did not take
ls an open field, or a factory, or a by-pass. Towards the door we never opened
Old stone to new building, old timber to new fires, which would have taken us lnto the
Old fires to ashes, and ashes to the earth ... rose-garden of fulfi lment.

g tr Read this and answer the question below:

Modern poetry is not only ELLIPTICAL but also
AMBIGUOUS: it gives you SUGGESTIONS rather than clear
statements. For instance, T.S. Eliot's The Four Quartets can
be read to refer to Christ. "the intersection of a moment in
time by eternity" or to yourself, to your own mental state.
Which of these two possible readings of the poem was
adopted in text A1 aboue?
# tr Work with Aour partner to suggest:
1 another word for "rose-garden".
2 other words for "beginning" and "end". (Where have you
already come across the line "ln my beginning is my
end"?)
3 a geometrical shape to illustrate T.S.Eliot's view of Thomas Stearns Eliot
history as expressed in excerpt B. (7888-7965)

t82
 -El A PoEM ABour rHE UNIVERSE
tEl E Read excerpt C while g
Iistening to T.S. Eliot
Ash on an old man's sleeve Scrum pe mineca unui b[trdn
reading it. What is it e
ls all the ash the burnt roses leave. Din trandafirii arqi tot ce r5mAne
about? Dust in the air suspended .......... (1) aer suspendatd
-n
A Work in groups to choose Marks the place where a story ended. Locul unei intAmpldri trecute-aratd.

one word from each set

Dust inbreathed was a house - Praful din pldmini a fost o casd -
The wall, the wainscot and the mouse. Lambriul, zidul, qoarecul i-apas[.
below to fill the gaps in The death of hope and despair, Moartea sperantei qi-a ...... (2),
the Romanian This is the death of air. Iatf, moartea aerului.
translation.
There are flood and drouth Sunt viituri qi stearp[ caldura
Pay attention to rhyme,
Over the eyes and in the mouth, Deasupra ochilor qi-n gurd.
style and context! Dead water and dead sand Apa moarti si moarta silice
S
Contending for the upper hand. .......... (3) pe tron sd se ridice.
The oarched eviscerate soil Ars pamdntul spintecat se cascd
rast 1 praf / pulbere/15rAna / colb Gapes at the vanity of toil, Spre deqarta ......(4) omeneascd,
,e
2 desperdrli / deznddejdii / Laughs without mirth. RAde fira voioqia gAndului.
vaierului This is the death of earth. Iatf, moartea pdmAntului.
il 3 intrecAndu-se / rivalizdnd /
luptAndu-se/concurAnd Water and fire succeed Apa gi focul urmeazd-mpreund

I
4 osteneald,/trudd/ The town, the pasture and the weed. Oraq, paqune $i ...... (5).
muncd/lucru Water and fire deride Apa qi focul iqi bat joc amdndoi
The sacrifice that we denied. De jertfa taglduita de noi.
5 buruiand /neghind/
vt Water and fire shall rot Apa qi focul vor ...... (6)
nnot
mdtrl,gtn1, / iarbd r ea/ The marred foundations we forgot, Uitatele, vechi temelii
balSrie
Of sanctuary and choir. Ale bisericii locului.
nt 6 a strica/ a n'arui / a putrezi / This is the death of water and fire. Iatd moartea apei qi focului.
?en a descompune (trad. de Sorin Marculescu)

)a g These are the adjectiues in the excerpt. AII but one haue something in common. What?
old(man) dead (water) (the) upper (hand) eviscerate (soil)
the burnt (roses) dead (sand) parched (soil) marred (foundations)
at
)ke
4 These are the uerbs in the excerpt. How manA haue a positiue connotation and how
mana a negatiue one?
tl
otobe rtoend o to laugh a to mar
/S
r to burn I to inbreathe r to succeed r to forget
are
r to leave o to contend I to deride
o to suspend o to parch I to deny
o to mark . to gape . to rot
?

tke #E Now work with Vour partner to list and, interpret the nouns in the excerpt. (Which are
)d more frequent? What connota,tion do they haue?)
he
E Answer these questions:
E What kind of uniuerse is presented in excerpt C? (Remember Aour conclusions in
Exercises 3, 4 and 5.)
tr Does this painting by Picasso fit your conclusion? Why (not)?

CUBIST ART:
Pablo Picasso,
Guernica, 1937
0 Succession Picasso/DACS 1998

183
 #'
E A P0EM ABOUT POETRY
E Read excerpts D, E and F Jrom The Four Quartets and work in groups to decide which of
the works on the right are allud,ed. to here. Quote T S. Eliot's lines to support Vour I
choice.
Dante Alighieri,
tr The Divine Comedy, The lnferno
So here I am, in the middle way, having had twenty years - John Keats,
Twenty years largely wasted, the years of l'entre deux guerres* - Ode to a Grecian Urn
Trying to learn to use words, and every attempt
ls a wholly new start, and a different kind of failure
Fair youth*, beneath the trees,
thou canst not leave
T
Because one has only learnt to get the better of words
Thy song, nor ever can those
For the thing one no longer has to say ...
trees be bare;
tr Bold Lover, never, never canst
Words move, music moves thou kiss,
Only in time; but that which is only living Though winning near the goal -
Can only die. Words, after speech, reach
Into the silence. Only by the form, the pattern,
yet, do not grieve;
She cannot fade, though thou
j
Can words or music reach hast not thy bliss,
b
The stillness, as a Chinese jar still For ever wilt thou love, and she be
C
Moves perpetually in its stillness. fair! n
* the poet refers to a youth about to
E kiss a maiden, as carved on a
e
The end is where we start from. And every phrase Greek vase
And sentence that is right (where every word is at home,
Taking its place to support the others, William Shakespeare, :
The word neither diffident nor ostentatious, Hamlet
2
An easy commerce of the old and the new, HAMLET: O. I die. Horatio!
The common word exact without vulgarity, I cannot live to hear the news ,
The formal word precise but not pedantic, from England,
The complete consort dancing together) - the rest is silence.
Every phrase and every sentence is an end and a beginning. The Bible: -
Every poem is an epitaph. "... dust thou art, and unto dust
* French - between the two wars shalt thou return." (Genesis, 3, 19)
--
A Do the same for excerpts A, B and C on pages L82 and 183.

.{tb.
zif

Quote lines from the T.S. EIiot excerpts in this lesson that illustrate the ideas below:
-n 1, Tradition At any given moment, the masterpieces of the past form a system which is
subtly altered every time a new masterpiece is created. Consequently, all literature is
contemporary. This is why Eliot includes numerous literary allusions in his poems.
2 The impersonality of art. According to Eliot, "... the emotion of art is impersonal." As
the poet matures, his/her poetry becomes less personal and more aware of tradition.
3 The poet's task is to dtscouer analogy and unity in disparate experiences and to
communicate them.
4 The poem as a whole is a symbol and works by suggestiueness. The poem is
organized in such a way as to avoid limiting its meaning to a particular significance
and needs the reader to participate in building up its significance.
5 Technique: Following the example set by Ezra Pound, Eliot economizes on language
in order to obtain a greater impact on the reader. For instance, he uses juxtaposition
(the setting side by side of images not obviously related) to create a dramatic and
precise effect.

'#
afil Tbentieth century art is more'international' than preuious art. Find euidence in this
Iesson to substantiate this statement.

r84
ch of
Some questions for Aou: traffic rules thelaw manners/etiquette
-l 1 Which of these codes languages secretcodes computer language
do you use? sign language body language literary trends
2 Why do you think dress codes in metrication
codes are necessarv? schools science symbols

rEl
S
all socrAL coDES
You are going to hear an interuiew with Baroness Thatchen
former Prime Minister of the
UK- First read the items in the chart, then listen to the cassette and tick the items as T
(Tiue) or F (Fulse), uccording to what Margaret Thatcher says.

t- T F

7, The Victorian values ale

a/ hard work
he be b/ charity
c,) patriotism
rt to
d) humility
e/ cleanliness
0 elegance
g) economizing
h) sense of duty
2 The prosperous made the nation progress by:
a) reforming the hospitals and the prisons
b) opening schools and public libraries in small towns
c/ setting funds for the unemployed
3 The rights of the 'have-nots' are ovelrooked in victorian society.
ust
3, 1_9)
.ITf LITERARY CODES.
ru LITERARY TRENDS: Work with Aotff partner to:
E read the text below and note down the main idea in each paragraph;

The year 1900 is more than an arbitrary naturalistic movement, continues the current
his chronological milestone in literary history: it
'e is which began in the 19th century with Stendhal,
marks the onset of a new era in literature as it Balzac, Tolstoy and lbsen. In the 20th century,
;.
does in the field of social activity. this movement tends to become more militanfly
'As On first examination, the striking characteristic political, more liberal in outlook, and at the same
0n. of 20th century literature is its extreme diversity. time more consciously scientific in technique.
There is no one single school, no one tendency, The second great movement might be roughly
which can be said to typify the age. Never before termed "the reaction to realism". lt comprises
in literary history have there been so many the various forms of repudiation of external
ce cenacles, so many schools, circles and objectivity: psycholoSical literature, neo-
movements existing simultaneously. romanticism, impressionism, expressionism, and
Amid the complex diversity of 20th century other forms of anti-realistic experimentalism.
le literary schools it is possible to discern two
,ion (From Donald Heiney and Lewenthel H. Downs,
basic tendencies. the first of these, the realistic- Conti nental European Literatu re\

tr list the literary works you haue met in this book ancl group them accord,ing to the two
tendencies mentioned in the text, euen if some of theie works were not written in the
20th century.
E Include George Calinescu and Hortensia Papadat Bengescu in one of the two trends
mentioned.
tr Decide which trend Aou would adopt tf you were a writer. Giue reasons.

185
 A SWLE: Read these parodies and decide who the author qf each might be. Giue reasons.

1 Hank went into the bathroom to brush his LADv D: Another? She must be beginning to think
teeth. there is some resemblance. I see the Dean of
"The hell with it," he said. "She shouldn't Windsor has been consecrated Bishop of
have done it. " Bombay.
He opened the cabinet over the washbasin wrrHERS:Bombay. Hmm. lf I may say so, ma'am,
and took out his toothpaste. He looked at his that seems to me to be taking Christianity a little
teeth in the mirror. They were large yellow teeth, too far.
but sound. Hank could still bite his wav for a
while.
4 As we get older we do not get any younger.
Seasons return, and today I am fifty-five.
Hank unscrewed the top of the toothpaste
And this time last year I was fifty-four.
tube, thinking of the day when he had unscrewed
And this time next year I shall be sixty-two.
the lid of the coffee jar, down on the Pukayuk
And I cannot say I should like (to speak for
River, when he was trout fishing.
myself)
2 The clear note of the cuckoo which has To see my time over again - if you can call it
ousted the legitimate nest-holder, time:
The whistle of the railway gluard despatching Fidgeting uneasily under a draughty stair,
the train to inevitable collision, Or counting sleepless nights in the crowded tube
The maiden's monosyllabic reply to a
polysyllabic proposal,
5 lt was with the sense of a, for him, very
memorable something that he peered now into
The fundamental note of the last trump, which
the immediate future, and tried, not without
is presumably D natural;
compunction, to take that period up where he
All of these are sounds to rejoice in, yea to let
had, prospectively, left it. But just where had he
your ribs re-echo with.
left it? The consciousness of dubiety was, for our
3 Enter WITHERS, the butler, pushing LADY friend, not, this morning, quite yet clean-cut
DUNDOWN, a wealthy Edwardian widow in a enough to outline the figures on what she had
wheel-chair. called his 'horizon', between which and himself
LADv D: ls there anything in the newspapers this the twilight was indeed of a quality somewhat
morning, Withers? intimidating.
wrrHERS:They have named another battleship (from The Faber Book of Parodies,
after Queen Victoria, ma'am. Simon Brett, ed.)
cri-
'.,f

SPELLIM: Read the article below. Work in pairs to:

-in
E explain the title;
tr do the task it sets for you;
El pna the aduantages and disaduantages of the changes proposed. WhA dre such changes
possible?
t"lt"ll?l|u|ala|a|ala|al.l"l.
E-=_
"There would be no coercion"' said secretary
A nue wae to sPel wirds Bob Brown. "I'm thinking of four- or five-year-olds"'
said Ron Footer, "or foreigners learning the
Jonathan Sale encounters the complex language." Under his what-you-see-is-what-you-say
simPlicitY of new s7elling rytL*l spelling would follow pronunsiaeshn

oN THE AGENDA was Proposed Nue Speling Gi'-d' consistentlY.

to instil
"Proposed New Spelling Guide" is how you and I The SSS has been battling since 1908
insists
migtrt put it. But if the eight men sitting round the some logic into a language which obstinately
on sticking to "thought" and "through" when it
could
table (]aebl) have anythingto do with it' our way
(wae) of putting it will one day (wun dae) be as employ tlmut and throo.
outmoded as Anglo-Saxon. iry'you, hand, and eye, on the first sentence of
Members of the Simplified Spelling Societyx' fne Stirby H. G' Wells, rendered into New Spelling:
which held a committee meeting recently in London' "lt woz the ferst dae ov the nue veer that the
work together (wirk tuugedhr) to bring about a total anottnstnent woz maed, aulmoest simultaeneusli from
three obzenlatoris, that the moeslrcn ov the
planet
revampof written Inglish. "A decision should be ov all the planets that weel
teach Neptune, the outermoest
taken ihat from a certaln date, schools should
the new spelling," said Christopher Upward' editor
of about the sun, had bekum veri eratik"'
the society's Journal' "Adults would not be expected
(English Teaching, 1994)
to change their waYs."

186
ns.
Tips For Writing A Good Essay
Structure . link two short clauses into one sentence.but
cut very long sentences into several shorter
An essay has three parts:
ones:
I. Introduction . re-draft your essay.
II. Argument
III. Conclusion
Start with the argument and then write your Do's
introduction and conclusions. In this way your t Announce the structure of your essay:
introduction anticipates the conclusion and e.g. There are three ..., The first is ...,
the conclusions will echo your introduction, Secondly ...
and this will round off your essay. The 2 To make your essay clear, consistent and
introduction is the right place for the thesis logical, use:
sentences, i.e. the statement that expresses . unambiguous pronoun and adverb
the central purpose of your essay. reference, e.g. this, here, there, now,
theni
. linking devices appropriate to your
purpose.
Before you attempt to write an essay you should be Here are some examples of linkers used to
able to write good, coherent paragraphs. Each signify:
paragraph should contribute to the overall . an additional idea: also, moreover,
development of an essay. Similarly, in a paragraph,
further, in addition to, too, likewise;
each piece of information should develop the central
theme. A paragraph can:
. a companson'. amilarly, in comparison
o present a contrasting idea, facts/analogies; to, in like mannen
. offer comments on ideas/evidence; o a contrasl: however, nevertheless,
o draw conclusions/summarize ideas. unlike, on the contrary, whereasl
o a cause effect relationship:. therefore,
Steps consequently, it follows that, hence,
accordingly,
I ReJbre lhe u,ritirtg . an example/specific meaning: in
Make notes about: particular, in general, namely, for
. what you know about the topic and what fits instance, usually,
the theme: o a summary: lo sum up, in short, to
. ideas to be included (pros and cons); conclude, on the whole, all in all.
o ex&rnples to be used;
nges o your own opinions.
3 Replace first person pronouns with
impersonal ones: it seems that, if it is
Organize your notes: considered, one would say that ...
. order notes so that ideas flow logically; 4 Place your quotations between inverted
rry o connect ideas from simple to complex, from
commas and indicate the source(s).
5. cause to effect. from fact to illustration.
.he Choose a title:
;ay . it has to summ arize the content and be Don'ts
lm
catchy.
Avoid
2 \I/hile urilittpl . words you do not fully understand just
. anticipate what would be interesting for the because you think 'they look nice';
reader; o vely short sentences (sounds aggressive) or
. look up words you do not feel sure about paragraphs (not enough room for illustration
of (e.g.'false friends'); of the topic sentence);
ng: . draft a final version. o Very long sentences or paragraphs (difficult
the
'oln il .lrfler the u,rilirtg to follow, boring, risk of losing control);
,net . check grammar and spelling; o too many rhetorical questions
'eel . change order of paragraphs if necessary; . irrelevant examples or illustrations;
o cut irrelevant or redundant words or . colloquial words/phrases.
sentences:

1,87
Writing Literary Essays: Writing About Plot wI
Applied to A Midsummet Night's Dream to the assignment. Draw a chart to highlight Appl
by William Shakespeare the structure of the three plots corresponding Cha
to the three levels in the play.
When you write about the plot (the sequence \\'e u
of events in a story), you have to evaluate the 1 ll t"il irtrl I irr' ltrtt'rt11r'rtltlts him,l
lrr t lorlucrion - Example of thesis statement: A n orl,
story line by explaining how the conflicts lead
up to the climax and to the resolution, and Midsummer Night's Dream develops at three the f
how the resolution makes sense. levels simultaneously according to an char
intricate, yet very symmetrical structure.
I (,ottt't'1ll s
lo t't'nt('nll)t't': These three sub-plots are linked by certain | ( rt
Do you remember the structure of the plot common elements: one character (Puck), the ctl tc
from Grade L0? place (the woods), the time (Midsummer Eve) tl'
a) The Exposition - information that tells and a certain type of experience (the dream). si
why and how the characters have become The three sub-plots have three different tC

involved in this situation. resolutions, all three contributing to the tl

b) The Initiating Action - the event which overall meaning of the play: the di
brings the opposing forces into conflict. "reconciliation of opposites", a theme very bt\
c) The Rising Action - the separate events dear to Renaissance writers and of great cl
which advance the conflict; the problems impact in the modern world as well. \\'
which faced the characters. liotlr - di
d) The Climax - the point at which the a) Explain each level according to the chart C(

protagonist in the conflict takes the action below: concentrate on the three resolutions. c)A
which determines the future course of the b) Explain why the resolutions follow logically St

conflict. It is the point of highest interest from the expositions. Concentrate on br

and it triggers the highest emotional symmetry. Notice that the climaxes of sub- cl
response in the reader or audience. plots L and 3 are similar. Can you find lir
e) The D6nouement /,der'nu:ma/ or resolution other similarities? Notice that all three rh
- the incidents in which the conflict caused resolutions have one point in common: the cl
by the Initiating Action is resolved. In most reconciliation of opposites. This is the main e\
cases, the resolution of the conflict returns theme of the play - show how the structure bi
us to a situation similar to, but not exactly of the plot highlights this theme. 2 1s'
the same as, that presented in the (,orrr'lrrsiorr - Re-phrase the thesis statement
CorrtT
exposition. and show that the play is about "dream", Hctt'i:
"life", and "art", &s separate resolutions of the Itfe i:
-'! lssitltttttt'ttl
three sub-plots. The theme of the play is the trhat
Show how the conflicts in A Midsummer
reconciliation of opposites, and the three sub- Pip.
Night's Dream make up a complex but
plots are themselves "reconciled" at the end of
symmetrical plot. Indicate what the elements
the play (although they deal with
of this plot are and what Shakespeare wanted
irreconcilable worlds and people). Or is it that
you to understand from this plot. "dream" and "life" are united in "art", the art
itttl ( st,t' r'lt(!t'l itelott' )
.'l l)t'(,-trt'it of Pyramus and Thisbe and of A Midsummer Joe
Order the information in the lesson according |Vight's Dream?

Level 1 lnitiating Action Climax D6noument Miss

Oberon and Titania Puck uses his magic Titania is in love with The charm THE DREAM/IMAGINATION
quarrel for power over on Titania. ass-headed Bottom. is removed. Titania gives up the page to Magr
a page. Oberon.

Level 2
Lysander and Hermia They run away to the Lysander and The charm THE WEDDING/LIFE
are not allowed to woods. Demetrius are both in is removed. Lysander marries Hermia.
marry. Puck uses his magic love with Helena, and Demetrius marries Helena.
on Lysander by Hermia is deserted. Theseus marries Hippolyta.
mistake.
Level 3
The Mechanicals Puck plays a trick To his amazement, The charm , THE PI-AY/ART
rehearse a play for on Bottom. Bottom is loved by is removed. , Pyramus and Thisbe is played at
the Duke's wedding. Titania. . THE WEDDING.

188
 Writing Literary Essays: Writing About Character
ht Applied to Great Expectations by ,'i l)re-u'r'i(
itttl ( sr'., ('lt(rt-l ltcloit. t
ling Gharles Dickens order the information in the lesson according
We understand a character by comparing to the assignment. Draw a chart to highlight
him/her with other characters in ttr-e titerary the influences/changes pip suffers beclus"e of
t:A yvork. Usually, the secondary characters have
his contact with Joe, Miss Havisham and
ee
the functions of highlighting the main Magwitch.
character. 1 ll ritirtrl the puruqruplts
I ( otttcpls lrt r(nt(tnb(,r: trrtrii:lrrr'tiirir - Thesis statement: pip grows
I
te a) to compare - to examine two or more from a country chitd into a gentlemrai through
ve) things/people in order to find the a series of painful lessons tift giues him. From
similarities; Joe, Miss Hauisham and Magwitch he
n). finds
to contrast - to examine two or more out that common sense, duty, loue ani, respect
things/people in order to find the for one's fellow beings orc iorc importani
differences. than social status or money, although both are
b) A character may be flat or round. A flat necessaru.
i'o'ti
character is dominated by a single trait,
whereas a round character has a) Use the chart below to compare and
-urru
different traits, some of which may bL contrast Pip with the other three
't contradictory. characters. Quote from the excerpts in the
c) A character may be static or dynamic. A lesson. Comment on these quotes.
)ns.
ally static character does not change from b) Discuss Pip in terms of a flat/round
beginning to end. A dynamic character static/dynamic character. Show that pip
rb- changes in some way during the piece of undergoes a process of evolution and
literature, for the better (evolution) or for introduce the notions of .,privilege" and of
"responsibility". pip was able to become
the worse (involution). Some works take a a
he character from childhood to adulthood or real gentleman only when he assumed the
ain even old age. Such a novel is called a responsibility, very close to ,honour', given
ure bildung sroma,n ('formation novel'). him by his newly-acquired status. Also
mention that the point of view adopted by
2 .lssiqnmenI Dickens leads the reader into the fbcus oi
Lt
Compare and contrast pip, Joe, Miss the novel: pip as a Victorian character.
Hauisham and Magwitch, and shou how pip's ( ,rrr'lrrsi,rr Re-state your
the life is influenced bV the other three. Indicaie
- thesis statement
l using different words, and add your own
what Wctorian ualue(s) each of them teaches opinions about pip and about the novel. Show
b- Pip.
lof what values were likely to lead to success in
Victorian times.
rat
Lrt
r
Pip learns that common
sense is more important than
education or social status.
the aristocratic world uses Pip Pip learns that love is more love and respect
important than social status. for all human beings
uses and loves pip Pip learns that sometimes one
has to be grateful to people
society rejects and that there
is something good in evervone.

789
Writing Literary Essays: Writing About Theme
Applied to Alice's Adventures in chapter: a tea-party, a social gathering
Wonderland by Lewis Carroll where people are supposed to meet and
Chapter Vll - A Mad Hatter's tea-party enjoy each other's company, as it appears
in Wonderland.
I (,'ottt't,1ll s I rt r(,nr(ntl)('r: b) Ask yourself the questions under each
a\ The Theme - the central idea of the heading in the chart in order to go beyond
literary work or the generalization it the subject of the excerpt to the theme and
communicates about life. The theme raises answer the questions.
a question about human nature or about
the meaning of human experience. The 1 ll t'itittq Ilte puruclruplts
iri! r-irrlur'! ion - Thesis statement:
theme is sometimes clearly stated by the
author, but usually it is suggested through Alice is a commentary on the roles that
other elements, such as character, setting, illusion and reason haue in understanding
people, Iift and oneself. AII the elements of
events, point of view and tone.
the story - characterization, setting, plot,
b) The Subject - the specific events and
point of uiew, and tone - highlight the tension
characters the work deals with.
betuteen innocence and conuention, between
3 . lssirylttttt,ttl imagination and the lack of it.
Show that the theme ln Alice's Adventures in iioti'. - Write two or three paragraphs in
Wonderland ls that "Life, uiewed rationally, which you show how the characters, setting,
and without illusion, appears to be a plot, point of view, and tone illustrate the
nonsense tale." theme. (Detail the answers to the questions
above.)
ittrl ( st'r' ('lturl (teIott' )
.'! l)t-t'-tt't'il
Order the information in the lesson according
- Re-state your thesis statement
,' tir,'i11-si1*r
using different words, and add your own
to the assignment. opinions about theme of Alice.
a\ Identify the subject. The subject of the
excerpts is stated in the title of the

Gharacters . Alice acts the rational character. She finds Wonderland absurd because she jud€es it
What do the characters think, say according to the rules of Victorian England.
say or do regarding the subject? o The Hatter, the March Hare and the Dormouse shock her with their behaviour and their
What are the main character's remarks. Alice, the well-mannered Victorian, is first revolted by their behaviour, then she
key traits? Does the character is amazed, and finally she understands them because she understands the rules of
change at all during the course of their "game".
the excerot?
Setting . A very large table under a tree set for afternoon tea as if many people were expected
How do the time, place, clothing, - this is in accordance with the subject matter.
and other details of the setting . The Dormouse is sleeping - this is not in accordance with the subject matter.
serve as a suitable background . The time is "always tea-time" - this is very much in accordance with the subject
for the subject of the excerpt? matter.
Plot o The conflicts between Alice, on the one hand, and the Hatter, the March Hare and the
What do the particular conflicts Dormouse, on the other, are caused by HOW language is used. Alice feels that what the
of the excerpt have to do with its others say has little or no connection with what is actually going on. (Discuss here one
subject matter? What do the of the "incidents".)
climax and the resolution have to . The climax is Alice's thought "The Hatter's remark seemed to have no meaning in it,
say about the subject matter of and yet it was certainly English."
the excerot? . Resolution: Alice adopts the other characters' way of thinking and finally understands
why that large table is full of tea things - time as she used to know it has stopped and
now it is always tea-time.
Point of view . Omniscient (3rd person): the focus is on Alice (the only character whose thoughts are
What does the ooint of view revealed to us) and on her initiating experiences in Wonderland.
make us realize about the
subject matter?
Tone . The author shows sympathy and understanding to Alice, as if he were a teacher and
What is the author's attitude she were an innocent child gradually finding out the truths of life.
towards the subject as revealed
by word choice and other details?

190
 Writing Literary Essays: Writing About Point of View
t) Appf ied toThe Portrait of a Lady by trust the narrator/author and accept all his or
ld Henry James her opinions.
)ars
I (,'ortrepls trt r(nt(tnber: 2 .lssiclrtrnettl
a) Point of view is the relationship between Show the strengths and limitattons of the
the narrator and the story. One point of mttltiple point of uiew chosen by Henry Jumes
/ond
) and view is not in itself better or worse than for The Portrait of a Lady and its effect on the
another but, for any given work of reader's response to the nouel.
literature, one particular point of view may .'JPt'?-u't'itirttl (see cltar'l ltelou')
be more effective. Every aspect of the story
Order the information in the lesson according
is affected by the point of view because it to the assignment.
determines what information the reader a/ \\'ho is telling the story? Look at pronouns.
g receives and how that information is (Remember: the author and the narrator
of presented.
ma)'be different!)
b) Strengths, limitations and effect of the b) What does the narrator tell me. and.
'sion point of view on the reader. No point of
,en especialh', what does he or she NOT tell
view is perfect. When analysing the point me, about the characters and events?
of view used in a work of literature, look
c) Why did the author select this particular
for the reasons why the author may have point of view'?
ng, chosen it and, especially, how much
i) Answer the questions above;
thinking, reasoning, deducing, etc., the ii) Order your ideas about the multiple point
tls reader is expected to do. Some points of of view
view are fit for a "lazy" reader, others
rnt require a more active one. 1 ll'rit ittq I lte pctruqruplt,:
Example of analysis of THE OMNISCIENT lrrlrorf rrction - Thesis staternerfi: The rnultiple
POINT OF VIEW: point of uieu, chosen by Henry Jctmes for The
Strengths: Portrait of a Lad1. is.fully .irtstified. It ntuy be a
i) The narrator (who is the author) can tell painstaking utriting technique, but it has some
us everything that is happening obuious aduantages end ntukes the reucler
everywhere; actually take part in the portraying of Isubel
ii) The narrator/author can give us his own Archer.
commentaries on characters and events. Bodl - Develop here the ideas in the chart
Limitations: (add others if you want) in three paragraphs -
i) The reader is kept at a distance from the strengths, limitations, effect on the reader.
characters as if the narrator/author were a Quote from the excerpts in the lessolts to
screen between the reader and the substantiate your ideas.
characters: (lorrr'lusiorr - Re-state vour thesis statement
ii) This point of view, based on the unrealistic using different words, and add l'our o\\'n
convention that the author knows opinions about the use and efficiencl' of the
everything, can seem too artificial. multiple point of view in The Portruit of a
Effect on reader: The reader is expected to Lady.

Strengths Limitations Effect on reader

The novel is made up of opinions coming from several The final image about lsabel The reader must constantly be
characters about lsabel Archer, the central character. The Archer may not be a very clear on the look out to connect,
portrait resulting from these concurrent angles has a one; but this is true in life as interpret and place in the
better chance to be complex and realistic than if it were well. proper perspective every item
done from the point of view of only one character or of the Very little actually happens in of information received about
author. This is psychological realism. the novel. What we get are lsabel Archer. In a way, her
This point of view helps the author focus on the topic: the commentaries on what has portrait is something every
transformation undergone by a generous and naive young just happened and on lsabel's reader will have to draw for
woman in contact with many kinds of people, against the ideas, reactions and actions. themselves.
background of the more general contrast, American vs. As a result, the novel
European. progresses at a slow pace.
This point of view keeps the author's voice at a minimum.

1,91
Writin Writing Literary Essays: Writing About Setting
Applied to less of the D,llrbervilles by a) Is the setting significant for the dominant
Applied to
Thomas Hardy - Chapter LVlll mood of the excerpt?
Wonderlar
I (,'ottt't,1tl s ( tt t.? tn(' ntb(,r: b) What physical or psychological features
Chapter V are revealed as characters interact with
a) The Setting includes not only time and
I (,'ottt't'1tls
place, but also seasons, weather, physical the setting?
a) The Tht props, and clothing as well as the wider
c) Is the setting significant for the plot (of the
literary excerpt)?
culture in which the conflict and action
commur occur. If the setting is effective, the reader
d) Can some elements of the setting say more
a questi about the life of the characters in
cannot associate those particular events
the mea particular and life in general?
and characters with any other background.
theme ir In other words, even if the theme is
i) Answer the general questions above to find
author, ways in which the setting reveals the
universal, the time and place of the action
other el author's purpose.
are very specific and precisely suitable.
events, b) The Choice of Setting can reveal the ii) Go into detail by consulting the chart at the
b) The Sul bottom of the page.
writer's purpose in telling the story: (1)
charact creating a mood or atmosphere; (2) J ll ril irttl I lte pu ruclru plts
2 Assicltttrt illuminating the characters; (3) unifying or I rr I t'orlrrr'l iorr
- Thesis statement:
Show that organizing the plot; (4) pointing beyond The excerpt deals with ?.ess's last dppeura,nce
Wonderlan itself to a deeper symbolic meaning. The before she is hanged. The setting reueals,
and usithot writer may use the setting in one or all accompanies and intensifies the solemnity
nonsense t four of the preceding ways. and tragedy of the whole scene.
liorf r - Write five paragraphs about how
,'i Pn'-u'riI 3 . I ssiryl t ttt t'tt I
setting affects the atmosphere, the characters
Order the Write a 600-word essay to show how the
and the meaning of the excerpt. Develop the
to the assi Setting serues Hardy's purpose ln Tess of the
ideas in the chart below.
a) Identifl d'Urbervilles. ( ruri'lrrsiorr - Re-state the thesis statement
excerpl i tttl ! t;t,r' r.llqrl ltclott, )
,'i I)rt,-u,t'it using different words and explain what the
Order the information in the lesson according setting adds to the story.
to the assignment.

Elements of the setting Detailed questions (Use supporting detail from the text.
Time How do light and darkness/night contribute to creating special effects and perspectives?
(supporting detail: e.g. it was about midnight; lighted fitfutty by the few tamps)
Place
roads what does the gradual progress from city roads to open space tell you?
(supporting detail: e.g. town bridge; open ptain)
civilized vs. primitive place Why does Hardy use elements of city architecture to describe a heathen temole?
(supporting detail: e.g. out of doors; roofless; towerlike piilar)
Stonehenge What connections can you establish between Tess and the temple? Think of its symbolic
shape and its location in a landscape not distorted by Man. Think also of its religious
function (including sacrifices) and of its age - Hardy thought the past weighed heavily on
man.
(supporting detail: e.g. vast upward structure, closein his front. rising sheeh
Weather What does the weather forebode?
(supporting detail: e.E. the sky was dense with ctoud, some fralment of a moon\
Physical props
vegetation ls there a real description of vegetation? Why?
(supporting detail: e.g. turf, the grass)
stone Why does stone "borrow" the characteristics of other elements?
Can you find any contrasting symbols in ,,grass,' and .,stone"?
(supporting detail: e.g. the place was roofless ... att doors\
Others
advance and obstacles Do movement, direction and stops tell you anything about Tess's progress in life?
(supporting detail: e.g. to walk across; crossingi keeping offl
silence vs. noise
What attributes does silence impart to the whole scene?
(supporting detail: e.g. that it might not echo their footsteps)

192
190
 Engtish News & Views for Grade 11 continues the approach
to f earning and teaching begun in English My Love and
Perspectives on English. Features include:
o a topic-based syllabus
o review of gtammar in context
o coverage of all four language skills: speaking, listening,
reading, and writing
o vocabulary development
o a systematic development of translation skills
o project work
o regular revision
o English and Romanian glossaries for reading texts
. regular lessons on 'Culture and Civilization' from both a
British and an American perspective
. tips for essay wtiting
The course consists of a Student's Book, a Teachel's
Book, an Activity Book, and a Class Cassette

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

ISBN 0-19-312126-3

,llilIill|lllill[Lull