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    Lecture 5 PDF

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    Aqrabullah
    This document discusses methods for estimating gas deliverability from reservoirs and wells. There are two main methods for establishing well inflow performance relationships (IPR) under different flow conditions: analytical and empirical. Analytical methods use equations that relate production rate to pressure drawdown, reservoir properties, and fluid properties. Empirical models like the Forchheimer and back pressure models are more widely used in practice as they are easier to apply and only require a few test points to determine constants. Nodal analysis is then used to determine achievable production rates by combining the well's inflow performance relationship with the wellbore's outflow performance relationship at different nodes like the bottom hole or wellhead.

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    Lecture 5 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Aqrabullah
    99 views16 pages
    This document discusses methods for estimating gas deliverability from reservoirs and wells. There are two main methods for establishing well inflow performance relationships (IPR) under different flow conditions: analytical and empirical. Analytical methods use equations that relate production rate to pressure drawdown, reservoir properties, and fluid properties. Empirical models like the Forchheimer and back pressure models are more widely used in practice as they are easier to apply and only require a few test points to determine constants. Nodal analysis is then used to determine achievable production rates by combining the well's inflow performance relationship with the wellbore's outflow performance relationship at different nodes like the bottom hole or wellhead.

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    This document discusses methods for estimating gas deliverability from reservoirs and wells. There are two main methods for establishing well inflow performance relationships (IPR) under different flow conditions: analytical and empirical. Analytical methods use equations that relate production rate to pressure drawdown, reservoir properties, and fluid properties. Empirical models like the Forchheimer and back pressure models are more widely used in practice as they are easier to apply and only require a few test points to determine constants. Nodal analysis is then used to determine achievable production rates by combining the well's inflow performance relationship with the wellbore's outflow performance relationship at different nodes like the bottom hole or wellhead.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    99 views16 pages

    Lecture 5 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Aqrabullah
    This document discusses methods for estimating gas deliverability from reservoirs and wells. There are two main methods for establishing well inflow performance relationships (IPR) under different flow conditions: analytical and empirical. Analytical methods use equations that relate production rate to pressure drawdown, reservoir properties, and fluid properties. Empirical models like the Forchheimer and back pressure models are more widely used in practice as they are easier to apply and only require a few test points to determine constants. Nodal analysis is then used to determine achievable production rates by combining the well's inflow performance relationship with the wellbore's outflow performance relationship at different nodes like the bottom hole or wellhead.

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    You are on page 1of 16

    Estimation of gas deliverability

    Engr Usama Ahmed Khand


    Gas Reservoir Engineering
    Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering
    Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering, and Management
    Sciences, Quetta
    CONTENT
    Introduction
    Reservoir deliverability
     Analytical methods
     Emprical methods

    Well deliverability
     Nodal analysis
    INTRODUCTION
    Gas reservoir deliverability is evaluated using well inflow performance relationship (IPR).
    Gas well IPR determines gas production rate as a non-linear function of pressure drawdown (reservoir
    pressure minus bottom hole pressure)
    Gas well IPR also depends on flow conditions, that is, transient, steady –state, or pseudosteady state flow
    which are determined by reservoir boundary conditions.
    There are 2 methods for establishing well IPR under different flow conditions: Analytical and Empirical
    Analytical Methods
    General solution to pseudosteady state flow in a radial-flow gas reservoir is expressed: (Pres=2000-3000 Psi)

    Note: μ and z may vary considerably as a function of pressure. Therefore, the pseudo-pressure function
    𝑷 𝑷
    was developed: m(p)=𝟐 dP
    𝑷 𝒘 𝒇 μ𝒛
    q - is the gas production rate in Mscf/d
    k - the effective permeability to gas in md
    m(p) - the real gas pseudopressure in psi2/cp at the reservoir pressure p in psi
    m(pwf) - the real gas pseudopressure in psi2/cp at the flowing bottom hole pressure pwf
    D - the non-Darcy coefficient in d/Mscf
    T - the reservoir temperature in R
    .
    PSEUDOPRESSURE OR REAL GAS POTENTIAL
    ANALYTICAL METHODS
    As the real gas pseudopressure is difficult to evaluate without a computer program, approximations to
    Equation are usually used in the natural gas industry.
     At pressures lower than 2000 psia:

    Equation using a pressure-squared approach


    pb is the base pressure,
    μ – the average gas viscosity
    Z – the average gas compressibility factor.

     At pressures higher than 3,000 psia, highly compressed gases (behave like liquids)
    Approximated using pressure approach
    Bg -the average formation volume factor of gas
    in rb/scf

    Disadvantage: it is difficult and costly to obtain values of all the parameters in above equations
    EMPIRICAL METHODS
    Empirical models are more attractive and widely employed in field applications:
    Forchheimer model Backpressure model

    A, B, C, and n are empirical constants that can be determined based on test points.
    The value of n is usually between 0.5 and 1.
    It is obvious that a multirate test is required to estimate values of these constants.
    If two test points are (q1, pwf1) and (q2, pwf2), expressions of these constants are:
    EMPIRICAL METHODS (SIMPLIFICATION )
    Forchheimer model Backpressure model

    Simplification:
    Pressure-squared approach

    The constants can be determined with test points:


    WELL DELIVERABILITY
    Determination: combination of well inflow performance and wellbore flow performance
    Well inflow performance – reservoir deliverability
    Wellbore flow performance-resistance to flow of tubing

    Flowhead
    BOP Stack

    Casing

    VLP
    Tubing

    Test tool
    Packer
    IPR IPR
    Focuses: prediction of achievable gas production rates from gas reservoirs
    Technique of analysis: Nodal analysis (SLB Patent)
    NODAL ANALYSIS
    Fluid properties (z and μ) change with location-dependent pressure and temperature in the gas
    production system
    To simulate the fluid flow in the system, it is necessary to break the system into discrete nodes that
    separate system elements (equipment section)
    The system analysis for determination of fluid production rate and pressure at a specified node is
    called Nodal analysis.
    Principle: pressure continuity, that is only one unique pressure value at a given node ( no matter
    upstream or downstream equipments)
    Operating point
    (operating Q and P)

    Intersection of the two performance curves

    Upstream equipment Downstream equipment


    Inflow performance curve Outflow performance curve
    NODAL ANALYSIS
    Use: Bottom hole or wellhead as the solution node

    Analysis with the Bottom Hole Node (tubing shoe is set to the top of the pay zone)

    The inflow performance is the well Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)


    &
    the outflow performance is the Tubing Performance Relationship (TPR),

    The IPR is defined:

    The TPR is defined:

    Operating flow rate qsc and pressure pwf at the bottom hole node can be determined graphically by
    plotting above equations
    OR can be solved numerically by combining above equations
    NODAL ANALYS
    NODAL ANALYSIS
    Analysis with Wellhead node
    The inflow performance curve is the Wellhead Performance Relationship (WPR) that is obtained
    transforming the IPR to wellhead through TPR
    The outflow performance curve is the wellhead Choke Performance Relationship (CPR)

    Solution: plotting the WPR and CPR and finding solution at the intersection point
    IPR DATA
    IPR DATA (FROCHEIMER)
    The Forcheimer equation expresses the inflow performance in terms of turbulent and non turbulent pressure
    drop coefficients expressed as
    IPR DATA (BACK PRESSURE)
    In this form of the back pressure equation C is determined from the reservoir pressure and reservoir properties.
    NEXT SESSION
    Gas well performance

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