Amplitude Modulation

1.
AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION
AIM: To generate the amplitude modulated signal and also calculate the modulation index.
APPARATUS:
1. Bread board trainer.

2. Regulated Power Supply (0-30v)
3. C.R.O
4. Function generator
5. Decade inductance box
6. Resistors 68k, 10k, 12k , 3.3k
7. Capacitors 0.001F, 1, 10, 0.1
8. Transistor SL 100.
9. Diode OA-79
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
XSC1
VCC 24V
G
T
VCC A B
R4
12kohm
R1 C4 D1 OA79
68kohm
3 6
Q1
DIODE_VIRTUAL
C1 BC107BP 1uF
1 C2 7
0.001uF 0.01uF C5
2 Vc C3 L1 demodulated
4 4.05mH
m0dulated
10V R2 10uF signal
7.07V_rms signal
10kohm
25kHz Vm 0.01uF
5 R3
0Deg 10V
7.07V_rms 3.3kohm
1000Hz
0Deg
0
THEORY:
Amplitude modulation is a change in the signal voltage with all other factors
remaining constant. I.e. the amplitude of a carrier signal is varied by the modulating signal
voltage whose frequency is lower than that of carrier. Am defined as the system of modulation
in which the amplitude of the carrier is made proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating voltage.
The carrier voltage Vc and modulating voltage Vm can be represented by Vc= Vc Sin Wct,Vm=
VmSinWmt.
The modulation m is given by m=Vm/Vc.
1. The change in the amplitude of the wave is caused by, and is directly proportional to the
polarity and amplitude of the message signal.
2. The zero level of the message signal corresponds to the maximum level of the un
modulated carrier signal. When the message signal goes positive ,the total signal is made
greater in amplitude than the un modulated by an amount equal two the message signal.
When the message signal goes negative, the total voltage is made less than the un
modulated carrier wave by an amount equal to the message signal.
3. The +ve and –ve peaks of the modulated wave are mirror images of each other for conditions of
Vmax and Vmin.
4. When the level of the message signal is equal to the level of carrier signal, the carrier is
said to be fully modulated (100% modulation). The conditions for 100% modulation is
Vc+Vm=2Vc,Vc-Vm=0.
Vmax-Vmin
Modulation factor (m)= ----------------
Vmax+Vmin
i.e. the peak message signal voltage is equal to the peak carrier voltage at 100% modulation . Then the
total voltage in the wave at 100% modulation must be equal to twice the un modulated carrier voltage.
The total side band voltage is equal to the carrier voltage; the voltage of each side band is equal to one-
half the carrier voltage.
There fore total voltage= Vc+mVc/2+mVc/2 ,
Which means that the to side band voltages are equal and the value between zero and one-half of the
carrier voltage.
The expression for the amplitude-modulated wave is
E(message ) = e = Es(max)sin(2π fs)t
E(total)=Ec sin(2π fc)t- mEc/2 cos 2π (fc+fs)t + mEc/2 cos2π (fc-fs)t.
Ec sin(2π fc)t represents the carrier signal,
mEc/2 cos 2π (fc+fs)t is upper sideband and
mEc/2 cos2π (fc-fs)t. is lower side band.
The minimum voltage to be transmitted will be the unmodulated carrier voltage Ec for m=o.The
maximum voltage to be transmitted will be 2Ec for 100% modulation, with a voltage of Ec/2in the lower
side band and a voltage of Ec/2 in the upper side band.
The process of extracting a base band signal from the modulated signal is known as de
modulation .AM signal with large carrier are detected by using the envelope detector. The envelope
detector employs the circuit that extract the envelop of the AM wave. The envelope of the AM wave is
the base band signal , How ever, a low level modulated signal can be detected by using square law
detector in which a device operating in the non linear region is used to detect the base band signal.
A diode operating in a linear region of its characteristics can extract the envelop detector .it is
very simple and less expensive.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown

2. The circuit is designed such that fc =25khz,
i. fc= 1/2 √LC Where C=0.01μF& L= 4.05mh
3. The output of the amplitude- modulated signal is taken across the collector and is observed on
CRO.
4. The readings are noted such that keeping Vc at 10v and by varying Vm for 2v,3v& 4v,notedown
5. Vmax &Vmin. And calculate modulation index.
i. Vmax-Vmin
ii. Modulation index (m)= -----------------
i. Vmax+Vmin
6. Now the demodulation circuit is connected across the out put of modulator circuit ,to
measure the frequency & amplitude of the out put message signal.
7. The AM can be measured using trapezoidal method on CRO by connecting modulated
out put to ch.2 and message signal to ch.1.
8. On CRO we observe a trapezoid with longer side L1 and shorter side L2.So m=(L1 –
L2)/(L1+L2).
L1 L2 m
OBSERVATIONS:
Vc Vm Vmax Vmin M=Vm/Vc %modulati

on
MODEL WAVE FORMS:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections must be tight.

2. The modulation index must be calculated carefully.
RESULT:
1. The amplitude modulated waveform for different cases is observed and the modulation index is
calculated.
2. The AM can also be measured using CRO by trapezoidal method.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define AM and draw its spectrum?

2. Draw the phases representation of an amplitude modulated wave?
3. Give the significance of modulation index?
4. What are the different degrees of modulation?
5. What are the limitations of square law modulator?
6. Compare linear and nonlinear modulators?
7. Compare base modulation and emitter modulation?
8. Explain how AM wave is detected?
9. Define detection process?
10. What are the different types of distortions that occur in an envelop detector? How can they be
eliminated?
11. Over modulation causes
12. How many channels are contained in the AM broadcast band?
13. What is the bandwidth
14. of each of the channels in the AM broadcast band

Amplitude Modulation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Amplitude Modulation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Amplitude Modulation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1.

AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

1. Bread board trainer.

The modulation m is given by m=Vm/Vc.

Modulation factor (m)= ----------------

There fore total voltage= Vc+mVc/2+mVc/2 ,

E(message ) = e = Es(max)sin(2π fs)t

E(total)=Ec sin(2π fc)t- mEc/2 cos 2π (fc+fs)t + mEc/2 cos2π (fc-fs)t.

Ec sin(2π fc)t represents the carrier signal,

mEc/2 cos 2π (fc+fs)t is upper sideband and

mEc/2 cos2π (fc-fs)t. is lower side band.

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown

Vc Vm Vmax Vmin M=Vm/Vc %modulati

MODEL WAVE FORMS:

1. Connections must be tight.

1. Define AM and draw its spectrum?

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.