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    Sanjay Ram
    This document divides ancient history in India into different periods based on the tools used: Palaeolithic (Old Stone Age), Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age), Neolithic (New Stone Age), Chalcolithic (Copper Age), and Iron Age. It provides details on the time periods, tools and technologies used, climate changes, domestication of animals, early agriculture, and major archaeological sites from each period.

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    Ncert Notes

    Uploaded by

    Sanjay Ram
    281 views4 pages
    This document divides ancient history in India into different periods based on the tools used: Palaeolithic (Old Stone Age), Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age), Neolithic (New Stone Age), Chalcolithic (Copper Age), and Iron Age. It provides details on the time periods, tools and technologies used, climate changes, domestication of animals, early agriculture, and major archaeological sites from each period.

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    This document divides ancient history in India into different periods based on the tools used: Palaeolithic (Old Stone Age), Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age), Neolithic (New Stone Age), Chalcolithic (Copper Age), and Iron Age. It provides details on the time periods, tools and technologies used, climate changes, domestication of animals, early agriculture, and major archaeological sites from each period.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    281 views4 pages

    Ncert Notes

    Uploaded by

    Sanjay Ram
    This document divides ancient history in India into different periods based on the tools used: Palaeolithic (Old Stone Age), Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age), Neolithic (New Stone Age), Chalcolithic (Copper Age), and Iron Age. It provides details on the time periods, tools and technologies used, climate changes, domestication of animals, early agriculture, and major archaeological sites from each period.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Ancient history can be divided into different periods according to the tools used by people

    then.

    1. Palaeolithic Period: 2 million BC – 10,000 BC


    2. Mesolithic Period: 10,000 BC – 8000 BC
    3. Neolithic Period: 8000 BC – 4000 BC
    4. Chalcolithic Period: 4000 BC – 1500 BC
    5. Iron Age: 1500 BC – 200 BC

    Palaeolithic Period (Old Stone Age)


    This is further divided into three:

    1. Lower Palaeolithic Age: up to 100,000 BC


    2. Middle Palaeolithic Age: 100,000 BC – 40,000 BC
    3. Upper Palaeolithic Age: 40,000 BC – 10,000 BC

    Lower Palaeolithic age

     Hunters and food gatherers; tools used were axes, choppers and cleavers.
     Earliest lower Palaeolithic site is Bori in Maharashtra.
     Limestone was also used to make tools
     Major sites of lower Palaeolithic age
     Soan valley (in present Pakistan)
     sites in the Thar Desert
     Kashmir
     Mewar plains
     Saurashtra
     Gujarat
     Central India
     Deccan Plateau
     Chotanagpur plateau
     North of the Cauvery River
     Belan valley in UP
     There are habitation sites including caves and rock shelters
     It was declared a World Heritage Site in 2003
     An important place is Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh
    Middle Palaeolithic age

     Tools used were blades, pointers, scrapers and borers.


     The tools were smaller, lighter and thinner
     Important middle Palaeolithic age sites
     Belan valley in UP
     Luni valley (Rajasthan)
     Son and Narmada rivers
     Bhimbetka
    Upper Palaeolithic age

     Emergence of Homo sapiens


     Lot of bone tools, including needles, harpoons, blades, fishing tools and burin tools.
     Major sites of Upper Palaeolithic age
     Belan
     Son
     Chota Nagpur plateau (Bihar)
     Maharashtra
     Orissa and
     Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh
     Paintings at Bhimbetka site belong to this age.

    Mesolithic Period (Middle Stone Age)

     Major climate change happened.


     Climate became warmer and more humid.
     Rainfall increased and so more availability of flora and fauna.
     Domestication of animals and plants were seen for the first time.
     Started 12000 years ago.
     First animal to be domesticated was the wild ancestor of the dog.
     Sheep and goats were the most common domesticated animals.
     Hunting and food gathering continued.
     First human colonization of the Ganga plains.
     Microliths have been excavated.
     They are small stone tools that were probably stuck to stones to be used as saws and sickles.
     Major sites:
     Brahmagiri (Mysore)
     Narmada
     Vindhya
     Gujarat
     UP
     Sojat (Rajasthan)
     Bhimbetka
     Godavari Basin
     Sarai Nahar Rai
     Tools used were blades, crescents, triangles, trapezes, spearheads, knives, arrowheads, sickles,
    harpoons and daggers.
    Neolithic Period (New Stone Age)

     Starting of agriculture
     Moving from nomadic to settled life
     Wheel discovered. Ragi, wheat and horse gram were cultivated
     They knew to make fire
     Knew pottery
     Art was seen in cave paintings of dance
     Also show first intentional disposal of the dead
     Important sites:
     Inamgaon
     Burzahom (Kashmir)
     Mehrgarh (Pakistan)
     Daojali Hading (Tripura/Assam)
     Hallur (AP)
     Paiyampalli (AP)
     Chirand (Bihar)
     Evidence of houses

    Chalcolithic Period (Copper Age/Bronze Age)


    Indus Valley Civilization (2700 BC – 1900 BC)

     Other settlements at
     Brahmagiri Navada Toli (Narmada region)
     Chirand (Ganga region) and
     Mahishadal (West Bengal)
    Iron Age

     Arrival of the Aryans: Vedic Period


     Jainism, Buddhism
     Mahajanapadas: the first major civilisation on the banks of the river Ganga after the Indus Valley.

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