GENERALIZED CIRCUIT CONSTANTS

It is well known that line constants of the transmission line are uniformly
distributed over the entire length of the line. However, reasonable accuracy can
be obtained in line calculations for short and medium lines by considering these
constants as lumped. If such an assumption of lumped constants is applied to
long transmission lines (having length excess of about 150 km), it is found that
serious• errors are introduced in the performance calculations. Therefore, in
order to obtain fair degree of accuracy in the performance calculations of long
lines, the line constants are considered as uniformly distributed throughout the
length of the line. Rigorous mathematical treatment is required.

The equivalent circuit of a 3-phase long transmission line on a phase-neutral•

basis. The whole line length is divided into n sections, each section having line
constants 1/nth of those for the whole line. The following points may by noted :•

(i) The line constants are uniformly distributed over the entire length of line as is
actually the case. (ii) The resistance and inductive reactance are the series
elements.• (iii) The leakage susceptance (B) and leakage conductance (G) are
shunt elements. The leakage• susceptance is due to the fact that capacitance
exists between line and neutral. The leakage• conductance takes into account the
energy losses occurring through leakage over the insulators

The leakage current through shunt admittance is maximum at the sending end of
the line and• decreases continuously as the receiving end of the circuit is
approached at which point its• value is zero.
Fig shows one phase and neutral connection of a 3-phase line withimpedance
and shuntadmittance of the line uniformly distributed.Consider a small element in
the line of length dx situated at a distance x from the receiving end.• Let z = series
impedance of the line per unit length• y = shunt admittance of the line per unit
length• V = voltage at the end of element towards receiving end• V + dV = voltage
at the end of element towards sending end• I + dI = current entering the element
dx• I = current leaving the element dx

A 3-φ transmission line 200 km long has the following constants

:• Resistance/phase/km = 0·16 Ω Reactance/phase/km = 0·25 Ω Shunt

admittance/phase/km = 1·5 × 10–6 S Calculate by rigorous method the sending
end voltage and current when the line is delivering a load of 20 MW at 0·8 p.f.
lagging. The receiving end voltage is kept constant at 110 kV

Example :• A (medium) single phase transmission line 100 km long has the
following constants :• Resistance/km = 0·25 Ω ; Reactance/km = 0·8 Ω•
Susceptance/km = 14 × 10−6 siemen ;• Receiving end line voltage = 66,000 V•
Assuming that the total capacitance of the line is localised at the receiving end
alone, determine• (i) the sending end current (ii) the sending end voltage (iii)
regulation and (iv) supply power factor.• The line is delivering 15,000 kW at 0.8
power factor lagging. Draw the phasor diagram to illustrate your calculations.

Generalised Circuit Constants of a TransmissionLine• In any four terminal

*network, the input voltage and input current can be expressed in terms of output
voltage and output current. Incidentally, a transmission line is a 4-terminal
network ; two input terminals where power enters the network and two output
terminals where power leaves the network.

A, B ,C and D (generally complex numbers) are the constants known

asgeneralised circuit constants of the transmission line.Once the values of these
constants are known, performancecalculations of the line can be easily worked
out.
Example• A balanced 3-phase load of 30 MW is supplied at 132 kV, 50 Hz and 0·85
p.f. lagging by means of a transmission line. The series impedance of a single
conductor is (20 + j52)ohms and the total phase-neutral admittance is 315 × 10−6
siemen. Using nominal T method, determine: (i) the A, B, C and D constants of the
line (ii) sending end voltage (iii) regulation of the line.

In any linear network with two output terminals the input voltage and the input
current can be expressed in terms of output voltage and output current.
Incidentally, a transmission line can be represented as a network with two input
terminals, where the power enters the network, and two output terminals, where
the power leaves the network. Such a circuit is passive as it does not contain any
source of emf linear as its impedance is independent of current flowing and
bilateral as its impedance is independent of direction of current flowing.

The input voltage per phase (voltage at sending end) and the input current (current
at sending end) of a transmission line can b expressed as
Vs = AVR + BIR
IS = CVR + DIR
Where VS is the sending end voltage per phase
Is is the sending end current,
VR is the receiving end voltage per phase
IR is the receiving end current.

and A, B, C and D are called the Generalized Circuit Constants of the transmission
line. The values of these constants A, B, C and D depend upon the particular
method of solution employed. Once the values of these constants for a particular
transmission line are known, the performance of the line can be determined easily.
The values of A, B, C, and D can be determined as follows:

On open circuit IR = 0 so A = Vs/VR and C = IS/VR

On short circuit VR = 0 so B = VS/IR and D = IS/ IR
From the above expressions A, B, C and D can be defined as follows:-

A can be defined as the ratio of sending end voltage VS to receiving end voltage
VR when the line is open circuited on receiving end. A is dimensionless and usually
a complex number.

B is defined as the ratio of sending end voltage VS to receiving end current IR when
the line is short circuited on receiving end. B is also the complex number and has
the unit of ohm.
C is defined as the ratio of sending end current IS to receiving end voltage VR when
the line is open circuited on the receiving end. C is also the complex number and
has the unit of mho.
D is defined as the ratio of sending end current IS to receiving end current IR when
the line is short-circuited on the receiving end. D is dimensionless and usually a
complex number.
For passive network AD-BC = 1
and in symmetrical network A = D

The values of generalized constants A, B, C and D for various methods of solution

adopted are given as follows:
1. Short Transmission Lines (Simple Series Impedance Method). In this method the
effect of line capacitance is neglected and, therefore, the line can be considered to
have series impedance.

Here IS = IR; VR + IR Z; A = 1; B = Z; C = 0 and D = 1

2. End Condenser Method. In this method, the capacitance of the line is assumed
to be lumped at the load end. This method over estimates the capacitance effect.
Here we have IS= YVR ; VS = VR (1+zy) + ZIR; A = 1 + ZY; B = Z ; C = Y and D = 1.

3. Nominal T- Method. In this method, the capacitance of each conductor is

assumed to be concentrated at the midpoint of the line.
Here we have IS = YVR + IR(1 + ); VS = (1 + ) VR + (Z + ) IR
A = D = 1 + B = Z + and C = Y
4. Nominal Method. In this method the capacitance of each conductor is assumed
to be divided into two halves, one half being shunted between conductor and
neutral line at the receiving end and the other half at the sending end.
Here we have IL = IR + VR; IS = IL + VS and VS = VR + ILz= (1 + YZ) VR + IRZ
Or IS = IR+ YVR + YVS = VRY(1 + YZ)+ IR (1 + )

A = D = 1 + YZ; B = Zand C = 1 +

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A, B ,C and D (generally complex numbers) are theconstants known

asgeneralised circuit constants of the transmission line.Once the values of
these constants are known, performancecalculations of the line can be easily
worked out. 10. Example. A balanced 3-phase load of 30 MW is supplied at 132 kV,
50 Hz and 0.