Heat Exchangers

S K Mondal’s Chapter 8

8. Heat Exchangers

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (GATE, IES, IAS)

Previous 20-Years GATE Questions

Types of Heat Exchangers

GATE-1. In a counter flow heat exchanger, for the hot fluid the heat capacity = 2
kJ/kg K, mass flow rate = 5 kg/s, inlet temperature = 150°C, outlet
temperature = 100°C. For the cold fluid, heat capacity = 4 kJ/kg K, mass
flow rate = 10 kg/s, inlet temperature = 20°C. Neglecting heat transfer to
the surroundings, the outlet temperature of the cold fluid in °C is:
[GATE-2003]
(a) 7.5 (b) 32.5 (c) 45.5 (d) 70.0

Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)

GATE-2. In a condenser, water enters at 30°C and flows at the rate 1500 kg/hr.
The condensing steam is at a temperature of 120°C and cooling water
leaves the condenser at 80°C. Specific heat of water is 4.187 kJ/kg K. If
the overall heat transfer coefficient is 2000 W/m2K, then heat transfer
area is: [GATE-2004]
(a) 0.707 m2 (b) 7.07 m2 (c) 70.7 m2 (d) 141.4 m2

GATE-3. The logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) of a counterflow

heat exchanger is 20°C. The cold fluid enters at 20°C and the hot fluid
enters at 100°C. Mass fl0w rate of the cold fluid is twice that of the hot
fluid. Specific heat at constant pressure of the hot fluid is twice that of
the cold fluid. The exit temperature of the cold fluid [GATE-2008]
(a) is 40°C (b) is 60°C (c) is 80°C (d) Cannot be determined

GATE-4. In a counter flow heat exchanger, hot fluid enters at 60°C and cold fluid
leaves at 30°C. Mass flow rate of the hot fluid is 1 kg/s and that of the
cold fluid is 2 kg/s. Specific heat of the hot fluid is 10 kJ/kgK and that of
the cold fluid is 5 kJ/kgK. The Log Mean Temperature Difference
(LMTD) for the heat exchanger in °C is: [GATE-2007]
(a) 15 (b) 30 (c) 35 (d) 45

GATE-5. Hot oil is cooled from 80 to 50°C in an oil cooler which uses air as the
coolant. The air temperature rises from 30 to 40°C. The designer uses a
LMTD value of 26°C. The type of heat exchanger is: [GATE-2005]
(a) Parallel flow (b) Double pipe (c) Counter flow (d) Cross flow
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 Heat Exchangers
S K Mondal’s Chapter 8

GATE-6. For the same inlet and outlet temperatures of hot and cold fluids, the
Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) is: [GATE-2002]
(a) Greater for parallel flow heat exchanger than for counter flow heat
exchanger.
(b) Greater for counter flow heat exchanger than for parallel flow heat
exchanger.
(c) Same for both parallel and counter flow heat exchangers.
(d) Dependent on the properties of the fluids.

GATE-7. Air enters a counter flow heat exchanger at 70°C and leaves at 40°C.
Water enters at 30°C and leaves at 50°C. The LMTD in degree C is:
[GATE-2000]
(a) 5.65 (b) 4.43 (c) 19.52 (d) 20.17

Heat Exchanger Effectiveness and Number of

Transfer Units (NTU)
GATE-8. In a certain heat exchanger, both the fluids have identical mass flow
rate-specific heat product. The hot fluid enters at 76°C and leaves at
47°C and the cold fluid entering at 26°C leaves at 55°C. The
effectiveness of the heat exchanger is: [GATE-1997]

GATE-9. In a parallel flow heat exchanger operating under steady state, the
heat capacity rates (product of specific heat at constant pressure and
mass flow rate) of the hot and cold fluid are equal. The hot fluid,
flowing at 1 kg/s with Cp = 4 kJ/kgK, enters the heat exchanger at 102°C
while the cold fluid has an inlet temperature of 15°C. The overall heat
transfer coefficient for the heat exchanger is estimated to be 1 kW/m2K
and the corresponding heat transfer surface area is 5 m2. Neglect heat
transfer between the heat exchanger and the ambient. The heat
exchanger is characterized by the following relation: 2 ε = 1 – exp
(–2NTU). [GATE-2009]
The exit temperature (in °C) for - the cold fluid is:
(a) 45 (b) 55 (c) 65 (d) 75

Previous 20-Years IES Questions

Types of Heat Exchangers

IES-1. Air can be best heated by steam in a heat exchanger of [IES-2006]
(a) Plate type (b) Double pipe type with fins on
steam side
(c) Double pipe type with fins on air side (d) Shell and tube type

IES-2. Which one of the following heat exchangers gives parallel straight line
pattern of temperature distribution for both cold and hot fluid?
(a) Parallel-flow with unequal heat capacities [IES-2001]
(b) Counter-flow with equal heat capacities
(c) Parallel-flow with equal heat capacities
(d) Counter-flow with unequal heat capacities
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 Heat Exchangers
S K Mondal’s Chapter 8
IES-3. For a balanced counter-flow heat exchanger, the temperature profiles
of the two fluids are: [IES-2010]
(a) Parallel and non-linear (b) Parallel and linear
(c) Linear but non-parallel (d) Divergent from one another

IES-4. Match List-I (Heat exchanger process) with List-II (Temperature area
diagram) and select the correct answer: [IES-2004]
List-I
A. Counter flow sensible heating

B. Parallel flow sensible heating

C. Evaporating

D. Condensing

Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 4 1 2 (b) 3 2 5 1
(c) 4 3 2 5 (d) 4 2 1 5

IES-5. The temperature distribution

curve for a heat exchanger as
shown in the figure above
(with usual notations) refers
to which one of the following?
(a) Tubular parallel flow heat
exchanger
(b) Tube in tube counter flow
heat exchanger
(c) Boiler
(d) Condenser
[IES-2008]

IES-6. Consider the following statements: [IES-1997]

The flow configuration in a heat exchanger, whether counterflow or
otherwise, will NOT matter if:
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 Heat Exchangers
S K Mondal’s Chapter 8
1. A liquid is evaporating
2. A vapour is condensing
3. Mass flow rate of one of the fluids is far greater
Of these statements:
(a) 1 and 2 are correct (b) 1 and 3 are correct
(c) 2 and 3 are correct (d) 1, 2 and 3 are correct

IES-7. Which one of the following diagrams correctly shows the temperature
distribution for a gas-to-gas counterflow heat exchanger?

[IES-1994; 1997]

IES-8. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes
given below the lists: [IES-1995]
List-I List-II
A. Regenerative heat exchanger 1. Water cooling tower
B. Direct contact heat exchanger 2. Lungstrom air heater
C. Conduction through a cylindrical wall 3. Hyperbolic curve
D. Conduction through a spherical wall 4. Logarithmic curve
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 4 2 3 (b) 3 1 4 2
(c) 2 1 3 4 (d) 2 1 4 3

IES-9. Match List-I (Application) with List-II (Type of heat exchanger) and
select the correct answer using the code given below the lists:[IES-2008]
List-I List-II
A. Gas to liquid 1. Compact
B. Space vehicle 2. Shell and Tube
C. Condenser 3. Finned tube
D. Air pre-heater 4. Regenerative
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 2 4 3 1 (b) 3 1 2 4
(c) 2 1 3 4 (d) 3 4 2 1
IES-10. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer [IES-1994]
List-I List-II
A. Number of transfer units 1. Recuperative type heat exchanger
B. Periodic flow heat exchanger 2. Regenerator type heat exchanger

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 Heat Exchangers
S K Mondal’s Chapter 8
C. Chemical additive 3. A measure of the heat exchanger
size
D. Deposition on heat exchanger surface 4. Prolongs drop-wise condensation
5. Fouling factor
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 2 5 4 (b) 2 1 4 5
(c) 3 2 4 5 (d) 3 1 5 4

IES-11. Consider the following statements: [IES-1994]

In a shell and tube heat exchanger, baffles are provided on the shell
side to:
1. Prevent the stagnation of shell side fluid
2. Improve heat transfer
3. Provide support for tubes
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (b) 1, 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 2 (d) 2 and 3

IES-12. In a heat exchanger, the hot liquid enters with a temperature of 180ºC
and leaves at 160ºC. The cooling fluid enters at 30ºC and leaves at
110ºC. The capacity ratio of the heat exchanger is: [IES-2010]
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.40 (c) 0.50 (d) 0.55

Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)

IES-13. Assertion (A): It is not possible to determine LMTD in a counter flow
heat exchanger with equal heat capacity rates of hot and cold fluids.
Reason (R): Because the temperature difference is invariant along the
length of the heat exchanger. [IES-2002]
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true

IES-14. Assertion (A): A counter flow heat exchanger is thermodynamically

more efficient than the parallel flow type. [IES-2003]
Reason (R): A counter flow heat exchanger has a lower LMTD for the
same temperature conditions.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true

IES-15. In a counter-flow heat exchanger, the hot fluid is cooled from 110°C to
80°C by a cold fluid which gets heated from 30°C to 60°C. LMTD for the
heat exchanger is: [IES-2001]
(a) 20°C (b) 30°C (c) 50°C (d) 80°C
IES-16. Assertion (A): The LMTD for counter flow is larger than that of parallel
flow for a given temperature of inlet and outlet. [IES-1998]
Reason (R): The definition of LMTD is the same for both counter flow
and parallel flow.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A

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 Heat Exchangers
S K Mondal’s Chapter 8
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true

IES-17. A counter flow heat exchanger is used to heat water from 20°C to 80°C
by using hot exhaust gas entering at 140°C and leaving at 80oC. The log
mean temperature difference for the heat exchanger is: [IES-1996]
(a) 80°C (b) 60°C
(c) 110°C (d) Not determinable as zero/zero is involved

IES-18. For evaporators and condensers, for the given conditions, the
logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) for parallel flow is:
(a) Equal to that for counter flow [IES-1993]
(b) Greater than that for counter flow
(c) Smaller than that for counter flow
(d) Very much smaller than that for counter flow

IES-19. In a counter flow heat exchanger, cold fluid enters at 30°C and leaves
at 50°C, whereas the enters at 150°C and leaves at l30°C. The mean
temperature difference for this case is: [IES-1994]
(a) Indeterminate (b) 20°C (c) 80°C (d) 100°C

IES-20. A designer chooses the values of fluid flow ranges and specific heats in
such a manner that the heat capacities of the two fluids are equal. A
hot fluid enters the counter flow heat exchanger at 100°C and leaves at
60°C. The cold fluid enters the heat exchanger at 40°C. The mean
temperature difference between the two fluids is: [IES-1993]
(a) (100 +60 + 40)/3°C (b) 60°C (c) 40°C (d) 20°C

Overall Heat Transfer Co-efficient

IES-21. Given the following data, [IES-1993]
Inside heat transfer coefficient = 25 W/m K 2

Outside heat transfer coefficient = 25 W/m2K

Thermal conductivity of bricks (15 cm thick) = 0.15 W/mK,
The overall heat transfer coefficient (in W/m2K) will be closer to the
(a) Inverse of heat transfer coefficient
(b) Heat transfer coefficient
(c) Thermal conductivity of bricks
(d) Heat transfer coefficient based on the thermal conductivity of the bricks
alone

Heat Exchanger Effectiveness and Number of

Transfer Units (NTU)
IES-22. The 'NTU' (Number of Transfer Units) in a heat exchanger is given by
which one of the following? [IES-2008]
UA UA UA C
(a) (b) (c) (d) max
Cmin Cmax E Cmin

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 Heat Exchangers
S K Mondal’s Chapter 8
U = Overall heat transfer coefficient C = Heat capacity
E = Effectiveness A = Heat exchange area

IES-23. When tc1 and tc2 are the temperatures of cold fluid at entry and exit
respectively and th1 and th2 are the temperatures of hot fluid at entry
and exit point, and cold fluid has lower heat capacity rate as compared
to hot fluid, then effectiveness of the heat exchanger is given by:
[IES-1992]
tc1 − tc 2 th 2 − th1 th1 − th 2 tc 2 − tc1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
th1 − tc1 tc 2 − th1 th 2 − tc1 th1 − tc1

IES-24. In a parallel flow gas turbine recuperator, the maximum effectiveness

is: [IES-1992]
(a) 100% (b) 75% (c) 50% (b) Between 25% and 45%

IES-25. In a heat exchanger with one fluid evaporating or condensing the

surface area required is least in [IES-1992]
(a) Parallel flow (b) Counter flow
(c) Cross flow (d) Same in all above

IES-26. The equation of effectiveness ε = 1 − e − NTU for a heat exchanger is valid

in the case of: [IES-2006]
(a) Boiler and condenser for parallel now
(b) Boiler and condenser for counter flow
(c) Boiler and condenser for both parallel flow and counter flow
(d) Gas turbine for both parallel now and counter flow

IES-27. The equation of effectiveness ε = 1 − e − NTU of a heat exchanger is valid

(NTU is number or transfer units) in the case of: [IES-2000]
(a) Boiler and condenser for parallel flow
(b) Boiler and condenser for counter flow
(c) Boiler and condenser for both parallel flow and counter flow
(d) Gas turbine for both parallel flow and counter flow

IES-28. After expansion from a gas turbine, the hot exhaust gases are used to
heat the compressed air from a compressor with the help of a cross
flow compact heat exchanger of 0.8 effectiveness. What is the number
of transfer units of the heat exchanger? [IES-2005]
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 16
IES-29. In a balanced counter flow heat exchanger with M hCh = M cCc , the NTU
is equal to 1.0. What is the effectiveness of the heat exchanger?
[IES-2009]
(a) 0.5 (b) 1.5 (c) 0.33 (d) 0.2

IES-30. In a counter flow heat exchanger, the product of specific heat and mass
flow rate is same for the hot and cold fluids. If NTU is equal to 0.5, then
the effectiveness of the heat exchanger is: [IES-2001]
(a) 1.0 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.33 (d) 0.2

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 Heat Exchangers
S K Mondal’s Chapter 8
IES-31. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes
given below the Lists (Notations have their usual meanings): [IES-2000]
List-I List-II
UA
A. Fin 1.
Cmin
x
B. Heat exchanger 2.
2 ατ
hp
C. Transient conduction 3.
kA
D. Heisler chart 4. hl / k
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 1 2 4 (b) 2 1 3 4
(c) 3 4 2 1 (d) 2 4 3 1

IES-32. A cross-flow type air-heater has an area of 50 m2. The overall heat
transfer coefficient is 100 W/m2K and heat capacity of both hot and cold
stream is 1000 W/K. The value of NTU is: [IES-1999]
(a) 1000 (b) 500 (c) 5 (d) 0.2

IES-33. A counter flow shell - and - tube exchanger is used to heat water with
hot exhaust gases. The water (Cp = 4180 J/kg°C) flows at a rate of 2 kg/s
while the exhaust gas (1030 J/kg°C) flows at the rate of 5.25 kg/s. If the
heat transfer surface area is 32.5 m2 and the overall heat transfer
coefficient is 200 W/m2°C, what is the NTU for the heat exchanger?
[IES-1995]
(a) 1.2 (b) 2.4 (c) 4.5 (d) 8.6

IES-34. A heat exchanger with heat transfer surface area A and overall heat
transfer coefficient U handles two fluids of heat capacities C1, and C2,
such that C1 > C2. The NTU of the heat exchanger is given by: [IES-1996]
(a) AU / C2 (b) e{ AU /C2 } (c) e{ AU /C1 } (d) AU / C1

IES-35. A heat exchanger with heat transfer surface area A and overall heat
transfer co-efficient U handles two fluids of heat capacities Cmax and
Cmin. The parameter NTU (number of transfer units) used in the
analysis of heat exchanger is specified as [IES-1993]
ACmin U UA
(a) (b) (c) UACmin (d)
U ACmin Cmin
IES-36. ε -NTU method is particularly useful in thermal design of heat
exchangers when [IES-1993]
(a) The outlet temperature of the fluid streams is not known as a priori
(b) Outlet temperature of the fluid streams is known as a priori
(c) The outlet temperature of the hot fluid streams is known but that of the cold
fluid streams is not known as a priori
(d) Inlet temperatures of the fluid streams are known as a priori

Heat Pipe
IES-37. Heat pipe is widely used now-a-days because [IES-1995]

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 Heat Exchangers
S K Mondal’s Chapter 8
(a) It acts as an insulator (b) It acts as conductor and insulator
(c) It acts as a superconductor (d) It acts as a fin
IES-38. Assertion (A): Thermal conductance of heat pipe is several hundred
times that of the best available metal conductor under identical
conditions. [IES-2000]
Reason (R): The value of latent heat is far greater than that of specific
heat.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true

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 Heat Exchangers
S K Mondal’s Chapter 8
Answers with Explanation (Objective)

Previous 20-Years GATE Answers

GATE-1. Ans. (b) Let temperature t°C

Heat loss by hot water = heat gain by cold water

mh c ph (th1 − th2 ) = mc c pc (tc 2 − tc1 )

or 5 × 2 × (150 − 100 ) = 10 × 4 × (t − 20 )
or t = 32.5°C

GATE-2. Ans. (a) θi = 120 − 30 = 90

θ o = 120 − 80 = 40
θ − θo 90 − 40
LMTD = i = = 61.66°C
⎛ θi ⎞ ⎛ 90 ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟ ln ⎜ 40 ⎟
⎝ θo ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Q = mc p (tc 2 − tc1 ) = UA ( LMTD )
⎛ 1500 ⎞
⎜ 3600 ⎟ × 4.187 × 10 × ( 80 − 30 )
3

or A = ⎝ ⎠
2000 × 61.66
2
= 0.707 m

GATE-3. Ans (c) As mhch = mccc. Therefore exit temp. = 100 – LMTD = 100 – 20 =80°C.

GATE-4. Ans. (b)

GATE-5. Ans. (d)

GATE-6. Ans. (b)

GATE-7. Ans. (b) θi = 70 − 50 = 20

θ o = 40 − 30 = 10
θ − θo 20 − 10
LMTD = i = = 14.43°
⎛ θi ⎞ ⎛ 20 ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟ ln ⎜ 10 ⎟
⎝ θo ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

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 Heat Ex
xchange
ers
S K Mondal’s Cha
apter 8
GA
ATE-8. Anss. (b)
Q t −t
s (ε ) =
Effectiveness
E = c 2 c1
Qmax th1 − tc1

5 − 26
55
= = 0.5
58
7 − 26
76

1 − e − NTU
ATE-9. Anss. (b) ε =
GA
2
UA 000 × 5
10
d
and NTU = = = 1.25
Cmin 000 × 1
40
th1 − th 2 tc 2 − tc1 t − 15
or ε = 0.459 = = = c2 ⇒ tc 2 = 55
th1 − tc1 th1 − tc1 1002 − 15

Previious 20
0-Yearrs IES Answers
IE
ES-1. Ans. (c)
IE
ES-2. Ans. (b
b)
ES-3. Ans. (a)
IE
Th in
Cold Flu
uid
Tc out
Hot Flu
uid
Th ou
ut
ΔT Cold Flu
uid

Tc in
n C
Coutter Flo
ow

Surface
S Are
ea
IE
ES-4. Ans. (a)
ES-5. Ans. (d)
IE

IE
ES-6. Ans. (a) If liquiid is evaporrating or a vapour is condensing
g then whe
ether heat
excchanger is counter fllow or otherwise is immaterial. Same matters for
uid/gas flow
liqu ws.

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 H
Heat Exch
hangers
S K Monda
al’s Chaptter 8

IES-7
7. Ans. (b)
IES-8
8. Ans. (d)
IES-9
9. Ans. (b)
IES-1
10. Ans. (c)
IES-1
11. Ans. (dd) Baffles help
h in improving heatt transfer a and also prrovide supp
port for
tubes.
t h − t h 2 180° − 160°
12. Ans. (a)) Capacity ratio of heat exchanger = 1
IES-1 = = 0.25
t c1 − t c 2 110° − 30°
IES-1
13. Ans. (d))
IES-1
14. Ans. (c)
15. Ans. (c) θ1 = θ2 = 50
IES-1 0°
θ1 = θ2 = 50°θ1 = Thi
h = T∞

= 11
10 − 60 = 50°C
θ2 = Tho
h = Tci = 80 − 30 = 50°C

IES-1
16. Ans. (b
b) Both stattements are correct but R is nott exactly coorrect expla
anation
for A.
IES-1
17. Ans. (b)
Δto − Δti
D=
LMTD will
log e ( Δto / Δti )
plicable wheen Δti ≠ Δto
be app
and iff Δti ≠ Δto th
hen LMTD
= Δti = Δto

IES-1
18. Ans. (a))

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 Heat Exchangers
S K Mondal’s Chapter 8
IES-19. Ans. (d) Mean temperature
difference =
Δti = Δto = 100°C

IES-20. Ans. (d) Mean temperature difference

= Temperature of hot fluid at exit – Temperature of cold fluid at entry
= 60° – 40° = 20°C
IES-21. Ans. (d) Overall coefficient of heat transfer U W/m2K is expressed as
1 1 Δx 1 1 0.15 1 27 25
= + + = + + = . So, U = which is closer to the heat
U hi k ho 25 0.15 25 25 27
transfer coefficient based on the bricks alone.
IES-22. Ans. (a)
IES-23. Ans. (d)
1 − exp( −2NTU )
IES-24. Ans. (c) For parallel flow configuration, effectiveness ∈=
2
1
∴ Limiting value of ∈ is therefore or 50%.
2
IES-25. Ans. (d)
⎛ C ⎞
− NTU ⎜⎜1+ min ⎟⎟
⎝ Cmax ⎠
1−e
IES-26. Ans. (c) ∈= = 1 − e − NTU
C
1 + min
Cmax
Cmin
For Parallerl flow[As boiler and condenser → 0]
Cmax
⎛ C ⎞
− NTU ⎜⎜1+ min ⎟⎟
⎝ Cmax
1−e ⎠
= ⎛ C ⎞
= 1 − e − NTU for Counter flow
Cmin − NTU ⎜⎜1+ min ⎟⎟
⎝ Cmax ⎠
1+ e
Cmax
IES-27. Ans. (c)
NTU
IES-28. Ans. (b) Effectiveness, ε = = 0.8
1 + NTU
NTU
IES-29. Ans. (a) In this case the effectiveness of the heat exchanger ( ε ) =
1 + NTU
IES-30. Ans. (c)
IES-31. Ans. (a) Fin − hp / kA = m
Heat exchanger − NTU = UA / Cmin
Transient conduction − hl / ksolid (Biot No.)
x
Heisler chart −
2 ατ
AU
IES-32. Ans. (c) NTU = , A = Area = 50m2
Cmin

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 H
Heat Exch
hangers
S K Monda
al’s Chaptter 8
U = Ovverall heat transfer
t coeffficient = 100 W/m2 K
Cmin = Heat capacity = 1000 WW/K
50 × 10
00
∴ NT
TU = =5
1000 0
UAA 200 × 32.2
33. Ans. (a)) NTU =
IES-3 = = 1.2
Cmin
m 1030 × 5
5.25
34. Ans. (a) NTU (num
IES-3 mber of traansfer unitss) used in aanalysis of heat
h exchannger is
specifiied as AU/C
Cmin.
IES-3
35. Ans. (d))
IES-3
36. Ans. (a))
37. Ans. (c)) Heat pipe can be used
IES-3 d in differen
nt ways. Insulated porrtion may bee made
of flex
xible tubing to permit accommoda ation of diffeerent physiical constraints. It
can also
a be appplied to micro-electtronic circu uits to maintain
m coonstant
temperature. It consists
c of a closed pipe lined w with a wick king materiial and
containing a conddensable gass. The centrre portion off pipe is insulated and its two
non-innsulated endds respectiv
vely serve ass evaporatorrs and condensers.
Heat pipe
p is devicce used to obtain
very high
h rates of heat flow w. In
practicce, the thermmal conducttance
of heat pipe may m be seeveral
hundred (500) times
t then that
best available
a metal
m conduuctor,
hence they act a as s
super
conducctor.

IES-3
38. Ans. (a))

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