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Div and Curl 9-7 PDF

This document provides an overview of vector calculus concepts including divergence and curl. It defines divergence and curl for vector fields with two and three variables, and explains their physical interpretations. Divergence measures the outflow or inflow of a vector field from a point, while curl measures the rotation. Examples are given of vector calculus applications in fluid mechanics, heat transfer, electromagnetics and other fields. Key concepts like solenoidal and irrotational fields are also introduced.

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177 views

Div and Curl 9-7 PDF

This document provides an overview of vector calculus concepts including divergence and curl. It defines divergence and curl for vector fields with two and three variables, and explains their physical interpretations. Divergence measures the outflow or inflow of a vector field from a point, while curl measures the rotation. Examples are given of vector calculus applications in fluid mechanics, heat transfer, electromagnetics and other fields. Key concepts like solenoidal and irrotational fields are also introduced.

Uploaded by

hamza naeem
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Divergence and Curl of a Vector Function

ƒ This unit is based on Section 9.7 , Chapter 9.


ƒ All assigned readings and exercises are from the textbook
ƒ Objectives:
Make certain that you can define, and use in context, the terms,
concepts and formulas listed below:
1. find the divergence and curl of a vector field.
2. understand the physical interpretations of the Divergence and
Curl.
3. solve practical problems using the curl and divergence.
ƒ Reading: Read Section 9.7, pages 483-487.
ƒ Exercises: Complete problems
ƒ Prerequisites: Before starting this Section you should . . .
9 be familiar with the concept of partial differentiation
9 be familiar with vector dot and cross multiplications
9 be familiar with 3D coordinate system
1
Differentiation of vector fields
ƒ Example of a vector field: Suppose fluid moves down a
pipe, a river flows, or the air circulates in a certain pattern.
The velocity can be different at different points and may be
at different time.
ƒ The velocity vector F gives the direction of flow and speed of
flow at every point.
ƒ Applications of Vector Fields:
• Mechanics
• Electric and Magnetic fields
• Fluids motions
• Heat transfer
ƒ There are two kinds of differentiation of a vector field F(x,y,z):
1. divergence (div F = ∇ . F) and
2. curl (curl F = ∇ x F) 2
Examples of Vector Fields

3
The Divergence of a Vector Field
ƒ Consider the vector fields
Vector function with two variable :
r
F ( x, y ) = P( x, y )ˆi + Q( x, y )ˆj
Vector function with three variable :
r
F( x, y, z ) = P( x, y, z )ˆi + Q( x, y, z )ˆj + R( x, y, z )kˆ

ƒ We define the divergence of F


r ∂P ∂Q ∂R
Div F = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
ƒ In terms of the differential operator ∇, the divergence of F
r r ∂P ∂Q ∂R
Div F = ∇ • F = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
ƒ A key point: F is a vector and the divergence of F is a scalar.
r r
Example: F = 4 xyiˆ + ( 2 x + 2 yz ) ˆj + 3( z + y )kˆ, Find ∇.F
2 2 2
4
Divergence
• Divergence is the outflow of flux from a
small closed surface area (per unit volume)
as volume shrinks to zero.

• Air leaving a punctured tire: Divergence is positive,


as closed surface (tire) exhibits net outflow

• The divergence measures sources and


drains of flow:

∇ ⋅ F(@ P ) > 0 ⇒ source


∇ ⋅ F(@ P ) < 0 ⇒ sink
∇ ⋅ F(@ P ) = 0 ⇒ no source or sink
5
Physical Interpretation of the Divergence
ƒ Consider a vector field F that represents a fluid velocity:
The divergence of F at a point in a fluid is a measure of the rate
at which the fluid is flowing away from or towards that point.
ƒ A positive divergence is indicating a flow away from the point.
ƒ Physically divergence means that either the fluid is expanding or
that fluid is being supplied by a source external to the field.
ƒ The lines of flow diverge from a source and converge to a sink.
ƒ If there is no gain or loss of fluid anywhere then div F = 0. Such a
vector field is said to be solenoidal.
ƒ The divergence also enters electrical
engineering topics such as electric and
magnetic fields:
• For a magnetic field:∇ · B = 0, that is
there are no sources or sinks of magnetic
field, a solenoidal filed.
• For an electric field:∇ · E = ρ/ε, that is
there are sources of electric field.. 6
The Curl of a Vector Field
ƒ Consider the vector fields
r
F( x, y , z ) = P( x, y , z )ˆi + Q ( x, y , z )ˆj + R( x, y , z )kˆ
ƒ The curl of F is another vector field defined as:

iˆ ˆj kˆ
r ∂ ∂ ∂
curl F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
P Q R
ƒ In terms of the differential operator ∇, the curl of F
r r ∂R ∂Q ˆ ∂P ∂R ˆ ∂Q ∂P ˆ
Curl F = ∇ × F = ( − )i + ( − ) j + ( − )k
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
ƒ A key point: F is a vector and the curl of F is a vector.
r r
Example: F = 4 xyiˆ + ( 2 x + 2 yz ) ˆj + 3( z + y )kˆ, Find ∇ × F 7
2 2 2
Physical Interpretation of the Curl
ƒ Consider a vector field F that represents a fluid velocity:
The curl of F at a point in a fluid is a measure of the rotation of
the fluid.
ƒ If there is no rotation of fluid anywhere then ∇ x F = 0. Such a
vector field is said to be irrotational or conservative.
ƒ For a 2D flow with F represents the fluid velocity, ∇ x F is
perpendicular to the motion and represents the direction of axis of
rotation.

Related Course:
ENGR361

ƒ The curl also enters electrical engineering topics such as electric


and magnetic fields:
¾ A magnetic field (denoted by H) has the property ∇ x H = J.
¾ An electrostatic field (denoted by E) has the property ∇ x E = 0,
an irrotational (conservative) field. Related Course: Elec 251/351 8
Further properties of the vector differential operator ∇
1) div[grad f ( x, y , z )] = ∇ • ∇f = ∇ 2 f ;
∂ f ∂ f ∂ f
2 2 2 ∇2 is called the
= 2 + 2 + 2 Laplacian operator
∂x ∂y ∂z

2 ) ∇ [ f ( r ) g ( r ) ] = g∇ f + f ∇ g
[ r
] r r
3) ∇ • f ( r ) F ( r ) = f∇ • F + F • ∇f
[ r
] r r
4 ) ∇ × f ( r ) F ( r ) = f∇ × F + ( ∇ f ) × F
[ r r
] r r r r
5) ∇ • F ( r ) × G ( r ) = G • (∇ × F ) − F • (∇ × G )
r r
6) div[curl F ( r )] = ∇ • (∇ × F ) = 0
7) curl[grad f ( r )] = ∇ × (∇f ) = 0
r
Verification Examples: f =x y z ;
2 2 3
F =< x 2 y, xy 2 z,− yz 2 >
9
Vector Calculus and Heat Transfer
ƒ Consider a solid material with density ρ, heat capacity c , the
temperature distribution T(x,y,z,t) and heat flux vector q.
ƒ conservation of heat energy
∂
(ρcT ) + ∇ ⋅ q = 0
∂t
ƒ In many cases the heat flux is given by Fick’s law
q = −k∇T
ƒ Which results in heat equation:

∂T
= κ∇ 2T ,
∂t
ƒ Related Course: MECH352
10
Vector Calculus and Fluid Mechanics
ƒ Conservation of Mass:
Let
ρ be the fluid density and
v be the fluid velocity.
Conservation of mass in a volume gives
∂ρ
+ ∇ ⋅ (ρv) = 0
∂t
Which can be written as

∂ρ
+ ρ∇ ⋅ v + v ⋅ ∇ ρ = 0
∂t
ƒ Related Course: ENGR361
11
Vector Calculus and Electromagnetics
ƒ Maxwell equations in free space
• Maxwell Equations describe the transmission
of information ( internet data, TV/radio
program, phone,…) using wireless
communication.

∇ ⋅ E = ρ v / ε 0 , ∇ × E = −∂B / ∂t
∇ ⋅ B = 0, ∇ × B = µ0 J + ε 0∂E / ∂t
ƒ Solutions of this equations are essential for the analysis, design
and advancement of wireless devices and system, high-speed
electronics, microwave imaging, remote sensing, …etc.
ƒ Related Courses: ELEC251, ELEC351, ELEC353, ELEC453,
ELEC 456, ELEC 457
12
Magneto-static Field Example
Magneto-static Field is an example of rotational field

∇×B = J

∇ × B = 0, outside the cable


∇ × B ≠ 0, inside the cable

13

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