BEE Notes- Induction Motors | VIVEK DHADAM

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

When a 1ph AC supply is given to stator of a 1ph motors only alternating flux is produced in stator
which is not of rotating type, hence rotational torque is not produced. Alternating magnetic flux cannot
move the rotor. Therefore Single phase induction motors are not self-starting.
Types of single phase induction motors:
1. Split Phase Motors or Resistance start Induction run Motor
2. Capacitor Motors
a. Capacitor start Induction run Motors
b. Permanent Capacitor run Motors
c. Capacitor start Capacitor run Motors
3. Shaded Pole Motors
4. Repulsion Motors
5. AC series Motors

Rotating Magnetic Field by using two phases:

Single phase induction motor consist of 2 windings in stator
Main or running winding
Auxiliary or starting winding
Capacitor is connected in series with auxiliary winding
Because of this connection current from main and auxiliary winding creates phase difference of 900 and this
phase difference occurs in their respective fluxes also. These two fluxes produces Rotating Magnetic Field
(RMF) which is responsible for induction in case of single phase induction motors.
(Refer Class work book for, How RMF is generated in case of two fluxes?)

Split Phase Induction Motor:

Construction:
Stator: It is made up of silicon steel stamping having internal slots for receiving single phase stator
winding.
Stator winding: It is made up of good quality enamelled copper and is split into starting winding and running
winding.
Rotor: It is a round cylindrical part having slots on the periphery for Round Cu bars and is made of
silicon steel stamping.
Rotor conductors: These are round Cu bars embedded in the rotor slots& permanently short circuited
(squirrel cage rotor)
Centrifugal Switch: It is connected in series with the starting winding.
Working:
 When an A.C supply is given to the stator of the motor, the current (I) splits into Im & Is flowing in
the main winding& starting winding.
 The current (Im) lags the applied voltage by greater angle since more inductive & (Is) lags the
applied voltage by a smaller angle since more resistive less inductive.
 The currents Im & Is produces its own flux m & S having a phase angle difference which interact
and Rotating magnetic field is set and the rotor start rotating.
 When the rotor reaches 70 – 80% of the normal speed, the centrifugal switch is operated and the
starting winding is disconnected electrically from the circuit. Hence the name (resistance start
induction Run motor)
 BEE Notes- Induction Motors | VIVEK DHADAM

 Starting Torque of this type of motors is low.

Application: Small machine tools, duplicating machines.

CAPACITOR MOTORS

Capacitor Start Induction Run Motor:

Construction:
Stator: It is made up of silicon steel stamping having internal slots for receiving single phase stator
winding.
Stator winding: It is made up of good quality enamelled copper and is split into starting winding and running
winding.
Rotor: It is a round cylindrical part having slots on the periphery for Round Cu bars and is made of
silicon steel stamping.
Rotor conductors: These are round Cu bars embedded in the rotor slots& permanently short circuited
(squirrel cage rotor)
Centrifugal Switch: It is connected in series with the starting winding

Working:
 When an AC supply is given to the motor, the current (I) splits into Im and Is flowing in the main
winding and starting winding.
 The Current (Im) lags by a greater angle since more inductive and Current (Is) leads by a smaller
angle since more capacitive and less inductive.
 The current Im and Is produces its own flux ∅m and ∅s having a phase angle difference which
interacts and rotor starts rotating.
 When the rotor reaches 70- 80% of the normal speed, the centrifugal switch is operated and starting
winding is disconnected electrically from the circuit

Applications:
Refrigerator, drilling machine, lathe machine, Pumps, cooler, printing press
 BEE Notes- Induction Motors | VIVEK DHADAM

Permanent Capacitor Run Motor:

Construction:
Stator: It is made up of silicon steel stamping having internal slots for receiving single phase stator
winding.
Stator winding: It is made up of good quality enamelled copper and is split into starting winding and running
winding.
Rotor: It is a round cylindrical part having slots on the periphery for Round Cu bars and is made of
silicon steel stamping.
Rotor conductors: These are round Cu bars embedded in the rotor slots& permanently short circuited
(squirrel cage rotor)

Working:
 When an AC supply is given to the motor, the current (I) splits into Im and Is flowing in the main
winding and starting winding.
 The Current (Im) lags the applied voltage by a greater angle since more inductive and Current (Is)
Leads the voltage by a smaller angle since more capacitive and less inductive.
 This create a phase angle difference between main winding flux and starting winding flux and
rotating magnetic flux is set up .Thus rotor starts rotating.
 BEE Notes- Induction Motors | VIVEK DHADAM

 The capacitor remains permanently in the circuit even in the running condition
Applications: Ceiling fan, Table fan

Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor:

Construction:
Stator: It is made up of silicon steel stamping having internal slots for receiving single phase stator
winding.
Stator winding: It is made up of good quality enamelled copper and is split into starting winding and running
winding.
Rotor: It is a round cylindrical part having slots on the periphery for Round Cu bars and is made of
silicon steel stamping.
Rotor conductors: These are round Cu bars embedded in the rotor slots& permanently short circuited
(squirrel cage rotor)
Centrifugal Switch: It is connected in series with the Starting Capacitor.

Working:
 The two capacitors are used Cs and Cr. Cs is of higher value but short duty and Cr is of lower value
but continuous duty.
 When the supply is switched on the current (I) splits into splits into Im and Is flowing in the main
winding and starting winding.
 The Current (Im) lags by a greater angle since more inductive and Current (Is) leads by a smaller
angle since more capacitive and less inductive.
 This create a phase angle difference between main winding flux and starting winding flux and
rotating magnetic flux is set up .Thus rotor starts rotating.
 When the rotor reaches 70- 80% of the normal speed, the centrifugal switch is operated and the Cs is
disconnected from the circuit whereas Cr remains permanently in the circuit
Applications: Room Cooler, Refrigerator, Compressor
 BEE Notes- Induction Motors | VIVEK DHADAM

THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

Advantage of 3 three phase induction motors:

1. Compact & Simple in construction
2. Shape & weight is small
3. Maintenance is less
4. Self – starting
Drawbacks:
1. Speed variation is difficult
2. Speed variation arrangement are not reliable
3. Starting torque is not more.
4. Efficiency decreases with speed variation

Construction of Three phase Induction Motors:

Stator: It is made up of silicon steel stamping having internal slots for stator winding.
Stator winding: It is made up of good quality enamelled copper and is either star or delta connected.
Rotor: It is a round cylindrical part having slots on the periphery to receive round copper bars or rotor
winding.
There are two types of rotor: Squirrel Cage Rotor used in squirrel cage induction motor.
Phase wound rotor used in slip ring induction motor.
Rotor winding:
Squirrel Cage rotor: These are round copper bars which are embedded in rotor slots and are
permanently short circuited.

Slip ring rotor: This is made up of good quality enamelled copper and is star connected. The ends of which
are connected to the slip rings through which external resistance can be added.
Slip rings: These are mounted on the shaft and are made of phosphor –bronze.
Brushes: These are made of carbon and kept touching to the commutator under the tension of the springs.

Why three phase Induction Motors are called as Self-Starting motors?

When three phase AC supply is given to the stator winding of three phase induction motors, it
produces rotating magnetic field with constant magnitude and this field can induce EMF in rotor circuit
which is responsible for starting of induction motors, hence three phase induction motors are called as Self-
Starting motors.
 BEE Notes- Induction Motors | VIVEK DHADAM

Synchronous speed: When 3-phase supply is given to 3-phase stator rotating magnetic field is produced in
stator. The speed of rotating magnetic field in stator is called synchronous speed. NS is synchronous speed of
the stator magnetic field.
120𝑓
𝑁𝑆 = 𝑃
Where, f = Frequency and P = No. of poles.
WORKING:
 When three phase supply is given to the stator, magnetic flux of constant magnitude but rotating at
synchronous speed is produces in stator.
 The flux passes through air gap and cut the stationary rotor conductor. Due to Relative speed
between rotating flux and stationary conductors EMF is induced in rotor conductors.
 The direction of this EMF. can be found by Fleming’s Right Hand Rule.
 This causes current to circulate in the rotor conductor, whose direction is shown by dot.
 This current carrying conductor produces magnetic field according to right hand thumb rule is shown
in the figure c.
 These two fields interact and the resultant field is produced.
 It is seen that the effective field on the L.H.S is stronger as they are in same direction
whereas the effective field on the R.H.S is weaker as they are in opposite direction.
 This produces force on the R.H.S which can be proved by Flemings Left Hand Rule.
 Hence the rotor starts rotating in the clock wise direction. [In the same direction as stator rotating
field.].

Starting Methods or Starters for phase Induction Motors:

Stator – Resistance starter:

Three equal resistances are connected in each phase of the stator. As these resistances are connected in series
with stator windings of the motor, some voltage drops across series resistances and reduced voltage is
applied to the motor. Thus, motor starts with a reduced voltage & draws less current. When the rotor gains
70 to 80% of rated speed, back EMF is developed and current gets automatically limited. The handle is
moved to ‘RUN’ position. At this position the resistances are cut out & stator receives full voltage & the
motor runs with the desired speed. This starter is used up to 7.5 H.P. motors.
 BEE Notes- Induction Motors | VIVEK DHADAM

Stator Resistance Starter

Star Delta starter:

It is a simple manually operated starter which connects the stator to the supply. At the time of starting
1
the stator windings are connected in star. These reduces the voltage, per phase by VL
√3
This, motor starts with a safer value of current.
Once the motor gains speed back EMF is developed and current gets automatically limited.
The handle is moved to ‘RUN’ position and the windings are connected in delta. In delta phase voltage is
equal to line voltage. Thus rated line voltage is applied to the motor in running condition

Star-Delta Starter
 BEE Notes- Induction Motors | VIVEK DHADAM

Auto – Transformer starter:

Three phase auto transformer is used for this method.
The tapings are identical for each phase of autotransformer. This steps –down the voltage in every phase.
Thus, the motor starts with the safe current at ‘START’ & when motor catches speed back EMF is
developed and current gets automatically controlled , the handle is moved to the ‘RUN’ position & the
motor runs with it, rated capacity.

Auto Transformer Starter

Rotor resistance starter:

At start the three equal resistances in the form of a circular arrangement are connected in the rotor circuit.
As external resistance is added in the rotor circuit, the motor starts with safe current.
When motor catches speed the handle is moved from ‘START’ to ‘RUN’ position gradually, cutting off
the resistances from the rotor circuit. There is a switch which prevents starting the motor directly in
‘RUN’ position of the handle.

Rotor Resistance Starter

 BEE Notes- Induction Motors | VIVEK DHADAM

Speed Control of Induction Motors:

Speed Control Methods used:

Speed control by changing frequency
Speed control by changing poles
Speed control by changing applied voltage
Speed control by Rotor resistance control
Speed change by cascade control

We know that,
Synchronous speed of induction motor is given by,
120𝑓
𝑁𝑆 = 𝑃
Where, f = Frequency and P = No. of poles.

Speed control by changing frequency:

The frequency is directly proportional to the speed.
If the frequency is changed the speed also changes
i.e. if frequency is increased the speed will also increases and vice versa
For this method we have to use VFDs and therefore it is costly. It is used for electrically driven ships.

Speed control by changing poles:

The pole changing methods effects the speed inversely
i.e. by increasing the poles, the speed is decreased and vice versa
E.g. For 2 pole: Ns = 3000 RPM
For 4 pole: Ns = 1500 RPM
For 6 pole: Ns = 1000 RPM
For 8 pole: Ns = 750 RPM

Speed control by changing applied voltage:

This methods is not used widely because to get a little change in speed a larger change in voltage is
required.
This change in voltage seriously disturbs the magnetic condition of the motor which is objectionable.

Rotor Resistance Control:

Three external resistance of same value can be added in the rotor circuit through the brushes
This involves more loss in the rotor circuit, therefore decreases the efficiency.
This Method can be used in case of Slip ring Induction Motors.