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Chapter 1 0
Objects and Classes
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Overview
The basic concepts and terms of solving problems using a computer are covered,
including use of the BlueJ application and object oriented modeling of problems.
1.1 Objects and Classes
Problems solved on computers model some aspect of the real world. For
example, we calculate the date when the distance between Earth and Mars is a
minimum (August 27) by modeling the planetary orbits numerically. The line
between reality and computer modeling apparently grows less distinct when
money is earned and spent electronically or the plane we ride is often piloted by
a computer, but even in these cases the computer programmer has
implemented a model solution for the computer to follow.
Object-oriented programming is one approach to modeling problems based upon
how we humans naturally organize our environment - by classifying things with
similar attributes together. For example, on entering a room we unconsciously
classify individual objects in the room as desks, students, etc. We can then treat
desks as setting objects without thinking much about the details of an individual
desk.
•
Class - A class defines common fields (attributes) and methods
(actions) to objects.
• All objects classified as desks have height, color, location, etc. fields. The
desk class can be defined by its fields as:
class
Desk
height
color
location
•
Object - An object is one specific instance of a class where the
fields have a value.
A room may have 20 objects classified as desks, each desk has color, height,
location, etc. fields. Two desk objects, different instances of desk classification,
can then have field values of:
height 30 inches height 30 inches
color black color tan
location row 3, location row 4,
position 2 position 1
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Exercise 1
1. Name three classes of objects in your immediate possession at this
moment. Nothing risqué please!
2. Write each of the three class names and four obvious fields for each
class.
3. Pick one of the classes for which you possess several objects and define
values for each of the four fields.
1.2 Creating Objects

Create object - To create a new instance of a real desk requires lumber, nails,
etc. but since we are modeling a desk on a computer two new desk instances are
created in Java by:
new new
Desk() Desk()
Name object - Naming each desk allows us to distinguish one desk from
another by:
Desk desk1 = new Desk desk2 = new
Desk() Desk()
Exercise 2
• From Exercise 1, Question 3; Use Java to create and name two of
the objects.
BlueJ
The following assumes that textbook projects has been installed, if not, see
Getting Started.
• Open BlueJ
○ On the computer desktop, double-click the icon.

• Open project shapes
1. Click Project | Open Project
2. Type File Name:
 J:\C201\Projects\chapter01
3. Click on:
 chapter01 | shapes
You should now see the following indicating that shapes project has been
opened:
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Exercise 3 - Creating objects in BlueJ
1. Right-click on the Circle class icon and

choose:
○ new Circle()
2. Create another circle.
3. Create a square.
1.3 Calling Methods

Exercise 3 created two circles that included an isVisible field that when false
the circle is not visible and when true the circle is visible.
circle_1 circle_2
diameter diameter
30 30
isVisible isVisible
false false
•
Methods - A method performs action on the object by using the
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values of the fields.
Method makeVisible() sets the isVisible field to true.
Exercise 4 - Calling methods in BlueJ
1. Right-click on circle_1 icon . Choose

makeVisible().
2. Right-click on circle_1 icon. Choose moveUp(). Repeat
several times.
3. Make circle_1 invisible and visible several times.
1.4 Parameters
Two circles have been created with field values of:
circle_1 circle_2
diameter diameter
30 30
isVisible isVisible
false false
•
Parameters -
Parameters specify
values to be used by
methods.
The method call changeSize(50) specifies 50 as the parameter to the method.
Exercise 5 - Calling
methods with
parameters in
BlueJ
1. Right-click on circle_1 icon in BlueJ.
2. Choose makeVisible().
3. Click on the taskbar icon .

5. Choose changeSize(int).
6. Make circle_1 diameter 150 as at right.
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7. Figure out how to call slowMoveVertical method.
1.5 Data types

Describing real problems as a computer model requires defining the problem
data.
The following fields describe circle_1's diameter, visibility, and color.
circle_1
int diameter
30
boolean isVisible
false
String color
"blue"
•
Data type - Specifies the type of data value of a field
or parameter.
○ int - Integer (whole number). Examples: 34, -25, 9999999, 0.
○ double - real number. Examples: 14.76, 3963.4, 0.5.
○ boolean - Either true or false.
○ String - Anything enclosed in double quotes. Examples: "blue",
"12", "Hi there".
Exercise 6 - Calling methods with String
parameters

3. Call changeColor method with parameter "red".
4. Call changeColor method with parameter "Mary".
5. Call changeColor method with parameter red.
6. Call changeColor method with parameter 14.
7. Call changeColor method with parameter 'red'.
1.6 Multiple Instances

circle_1 circle_2
diameter diameter
Two instances of the Circle 30 30
class isVisible isVisible
false false
•
Class - Defines the fields and methods of objects. An object (instance of
the class) can be created.
Objects - An instance of a class. The fields have values and the methods
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can be called for the object.
Exercise 7 - Multiple
Instances
1. Create three Circle objects by right-clicking on
.
○ Make each visible.
○ Move each around.
○ Make each a different color.
2. Create two Triangle objects.
○ Make each visible.
○ Move each around.
○ Make each a different color.
1.7 State
•
State - The values for all fields of
an object.
The following field values completely define circle_1's state. If the state does not
change, the object does not change. Changing field diameter to 90 changes the
state of the object (and triples the diameter).
circle_1
int diameter
30
int xPosition
70
int yPosition
60
boolean isVisible
false
String color
"blue"
Exercise 8 - Inspecting Object

State
2. Inspect the state of circle_1 by right-clicking on .

○ Choose Inspect.
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○ Call changeColor method using a different color
parameter.
○ Note the color field value.
3. Inspect two objects of the same class (you should have two Circle
objects).
1. Are all fields the same?
2. Are all values the same?
Inspect a Triangle and Circle object simultaneously.
○ What fields are the same?
○ What fields are different?
1.8 What is an object?

•
Objects - An instance of a class. The fields have values and the methods
can be called for the object.
All objects of a class have identical fields; the fields of one object can hold
different values from other objects.
Circle class circle_1 object circle_2 object
int int diameter int diameter
diameter 30 30
int int xPosition int xPosition
xPosition 70 140
int int yPosition int yPosition
yPosition 60 72
boolean boolean isVisible boolean isVisible
isVisible false true
String color String color String color
"blue" "red"
•
All objects of a class have identical methods; methods are called on one,
designated object.
Circle methods
void
changeColor(String)
void changeSize(int)
void makeInvisible()
void makeVisible()
void modeDown()
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Exercise 9 - Using Objects
1. Create a house and sun similar to the
picture at right using the
shapes project classes Circle,
Triangle and Square.
2. Write down what tasks you did; list

the objects created and methods
called. For Example:
a. Circle circle_1 = new Circle()
b. circle_1.makeVisible()
.
.
3. Could the methods be called in any
order?
1.9 Object Interaction

The tasks of Exercise 9 would normally be written as Java instructions that could
be performed by the computer rather than entering by hand each time a house
is to be drawn. In Exercise 10, the tasks have been listed in the picture project.
Exercise 10 - Object Interaction
1. Open the picture project.
a. Click Project | Open Project
b. Type File Name:
 J:\C201\Projects\chapter01
c. Click on:
 chapter01 | picture
2. Create an instance of class Picture.
3. Call the draw method.
1.10 Source Code

Tasks to create objects and call methods can be written in Java, saved to a file,
and reused over and over. The list of Java statements define a new class, the
written text of the statements are the source code for the class.
Exercise 11 - Source Code
1. Open the picture project.
2. Right-click on icon .
3. Click on Open Editor to see the source code text.
4. What is the name of the class?
○ Find the statement that defines the name of the class.
5. Find the fields for the sun and parts of the house.
○ What are the field names?
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6. Find the public void draw method.
○ What are the wall tasks?
○ Does the order in which the tasks are performed matter?
Java statements are written and read by humans but must be compiled
(translated from Java to computer code) before performed by computer.
•
Compile - Translating Java statements to computer
instructions.
Exercise 12 - Compiling
1. Open Editor to see the source code text.
2. Find the public void draw()
method.
○ Change the color of the sun to blue.
○ Compile by clicking the Compile button
(see figure at right).
○ What happened to picture_1 object?
○ Was picture_1 object using the most
recent definition of Picture class?
3. Create an instance of class Picture named
picture_1.
○ Call the draw method.
Exercise 13 - Editing
2. Change the Picture class to have two suns.
a. Add another Sun field named sun2.
b. Compile by clicking the Compile button.
c. Create an instance of class Picture named picture_1.
d. Call the draw method.
3. Did two sun's appear? What happened?
4. Change the draw method appropriately for sun2.
a. Copy and paste sun source code.
i. Make necessary changes.
ii. Make sun2 a color different than sun.
iii. Position sun2 below sun.
b. Compile by clicking the Compile button.
c. Create an instance of class Picture named picture_1.
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 Call the draw method.
Did two sun's appear? What happened?
Exercise 14 - Challenge
2. Change the draw method to add a sunset of a sun.
○ Use the slowMoveVertical(int) method.
3. Compile by clicking the Compile button.
4. Create an instance of class Picture named picture_1.
○ Open the icon to see the results.

○ Call the draw method again to see the sunset.
Exercise 15 - Challenge
2. Add a new method named sunset.
○ Use public void draw() as a pattern.
○ Move the slowMoveVertical call to the sunset method.
3. Compile by clicking the Compile button.
4. Create an instance of class Picture named picture_1.
○ Open the icon to see the results.

○ Call the sunset method to see the sunset.
1.11 Another Example

This is a simple example example of a student database that tracks students in a
laboratory class and prints class lists.
Exercise 16 - Student Database
1. Open project lab-classes.
2. Create a Student object.
○ Fill in the name and id fields as String (enclose String's in ").
3. Inspect the object.
1.12 Return Values

Calling a method can produce a return value as a result. When the name field is
"Jane", the Student class method getName produces the return value "Jane".
•
Return values - Parameters pass information to a method when called.
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Methods pass information back as return values.
•
•
Signature - Method signature
define:
○ number of
parameters
○ name of
parameters
○ class of
parameters
○ return value class
Exercise 17 - Return Values of Methods

1. Continue Exercise 16.
2. Create two Student objects.
○ Fill in the name and id fields with different String values (enclose
String's in ").
3. Inspect each object.
4. Call method getStudentID for each object.
5. Find the signature of the getStudentID method.
○ Right-click Student class
○ Open Editor.
○ What are the parameters?
○ What class is the return value?
○ What field is returned?
○ What is returned for one of the Student objects?
6. Find the signature of the changeName method.
○ Right-click Student class
○ Open Editor.
○ What are the parameters?
○ What class is the return value?
○ What field is returned?
○ What is returned for one of the Student objects?
1.13 Objects as Parameters

Any object can be a method parameter, as long as the object class matches the
method signature.
Exercise 18 - LabClass
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2. Create a LabClass object with maximum of 5 students
○ The LabClass constructor signature indicates an int parameter
which must be passed the maximum number of students.
3. Call the numberOfStudents method.
○ What is the result?
The enrolStudent method is passed a Student parameter.

Exercise 19 - Objects as Parameters
2. Create a Student object with a maximum of 5 students.
3. Call enrolStudent method with the name of one Student object as the
parameter.
○ The enrolStudent signature indicates a Student parameter must be
passed.
4. Call the numberOfStudents method.
5. Call LabClass method enrolStudent with the same Student object as
before.
6. Call the numberOfStudents method again.
○ What does the method do?
The printList method prints the fields of a LabClass object to a terminal window.
Exercise 20 - Print LabClass object
2. Call the printList method for the LabClass object.
○ What does printList the method do?
Exercise 21 - Exploring LabClass
1. Create a LabClass object.
○ The LabClass constructor signature indicates an int parameter
which must be passed the maximum number of students.
2. Create two Student objects with the following field values:
1. Lisa Simpson, student ID: 122044, credits: 56
2. Charlie Simpson, student ID: 12003P, credits: 6
LabClass method enrolStudent toenter the two Student objects.
○ Call the printList method for the LabClass object.
Exercise 22 - Exploring LabClass

2. Set the instructor, room, and lab time fields of the
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LabClass object.
3. Call the printList method for the LabClass object.
4. Inspect the LabClass object.
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Chapter 2
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Understanding class definitions
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Overview
Chapter 1 presented the general concepts behind object oriented programming
and the skills needed for creating and using objects from predefined classes.
Here we will define and refine these concepts more precisely and more detailed.
We will also examine how to take different actions dependent upon a condition
being true or false.
2.1 Ticket machines
Train station ticket machines print a ticket when the correct money is inserted.
We define a class that models a naive ticket machine where:
• a machine is constructed to print tickets of one set amount
• customers get the ticket price
• customers insert money
• customers check balance
• customers request ticket to be printed
Exercise 1
In BlueJ
1. Open project:
C201\Projects\Chapter02\naive-ticket-machine
2. In BlueJ menu:
○ Click View
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○ Check Show Terminal.
3. In Terminal Window:
○ Click Options
○ Check Record method calls.
4. Create an instance of the class using TicketMachine(ticketCost)
constructor.
○ Supply an int parameter for the ticketCost in cents for $1.00.
5. Complete Exercise 2.1-2.4 on page 18 of the text.
Exercise 2.1
a. Try the getPrice method.
 What does it do?
 What is the return class?
b. Insert some money and check the balance using methods:
 insertMoney
 getBalance
c. Inspect the object.
d. Insert more money that a ticket costs.
e. Call method printTicket.
Exercise 2.2
○ Check the balance.
○ What is the balance after printTicket method is called?
○ Is that reasonable?
Exercise 2.3
○ Experiment by inserting different amounts of money before calling
printTicket method.
○ What is the balance after printTicket method is called?
○ What must happen to balance field in printTicket method?
Exercise 2.4
○ Experiment with the TicketMachine class before we examine in in
detail.
○ Create another TicketMachine object with a different ticket price.
○ Buy and print a ticket.
○ Does the ticket look much the same?
○ Is that reasonable behavior? Why?
2.2 Examining a class definition

The TicketMachine class definition source code of page 20 with comments
removed.
public class TicketMachine
{
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private int price;
private int balance;
private int total;
public TicketMachine(int ticketCost)
{
price = ticketCost;
balance = 0;
total = 0;
}
public int getPrice()

{
return price;
}
public int getBalance()
{
return balance;
}
public void insertMoney(int amount)

{
balance += amount;
}
public void printTicket()
{
System.out.println("##################");
System.out.println("# The BlueJ Line");
System.out.println("# Ticket");
System.out.println("# " + price + " cents.");
System.out.println();
total += balance;
balance = 0;
}
}
2.3 Fields, constructors and methods
Exercise 2
1. What are the field names?
2. What is the constructor name?
3. What are the method names?
4. Where does TicketMachine class begin and end?
5. Give the beginning and ending of classes Picture, Circle, Student and
LabClass?
6. How do constructors and methods appear different?
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2.3.1 Fields
•
Fields - Store data for each
object.
Object named ticketMachine_1,

an instance of TicketMachine
class.
It corresponds to the field
definitions.
Field definitions
private int
price;
private int
balance;
private int total;
• private - More in Chapter 5, for now always use private.

• int - The value of the field must be a whole number, an integer.
2.3.2 Constructors
•
Constructors - Create an instance of the class (object) and initialize the
fields to a known state.
Object constructed
by:
TicketMachine (43)
TicketMachine
Constructor
public TicketMachine(int
ticketCost)
{
price = ticketCost;
balance = 0;
total = 0;
}
price = ticketCost;
• Field price is assigned value of parameter ticketCost.
balance = 0;
• Field balance is assigned value 0.
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2.3.3 Passing data via parameters
•
Parameter - Pass value to constructors and
methods.
•
Formal parameter - Parameter name inside constructors
and methods.
public TicketMachine(int ticketCost) - Formal parameter is ticketCost.
•
Actual parameter - Parameter value outside constructors
and methods.
TicketMachine( 43 ) - Actual parameter is 43.
Passing actual parameter43 to formal

parameterticketCost.
public TicketMachine( int ticketCost)
TicketMachine ticketMachine_1 = new

TicketMachine( 43 );
TicketMachine( 43
)
•
Scope - Limit of where a name is known. Formal parameters are only
known in constructor or method.
The scope (where known) of formal The scope of field balance is TicketMachine
parameter ticketCost is constructor, getBalance, insertMoney and
TicketMachine constructor. all other TicketMachine methods.
public TicketMachine(int public int
ticketCost) getBalance()
{ {
price = ticketCost; return balance;
balance = 0; }
total = 0;
}
public void insertMoney(int
amount)
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{
balance += amount;
}
Exercise 3 - Formal Parameters, Fields and Scope

public int private int
getPrice() price;
{ private int
return price; balance;
} private int total;
1. What is the formal parameter of insertMoney method?
2. What is the formal parameter of getPrice method?
3. What is the scope of amount?
4. Can balance be used in method getPrice?
5. Can amount be used in method getPrice?
6. Try in BlueJ.
○ In method getPrice change return price; to return amount;
○ Compile.
○ What happened and why?
2.5 Assignment
•
Assignment - Copies to the variable at the left-side of = from the value of
the expression at the right-side.
boolean
int balance; String name;
onFire;
balance = name =
onFire =
40*3; "Fred";
true;
For now, both sides must be the same data type: int, String, or boolean.
•
Expression - Computes
values.
Exercise 3.5 - Assignment and Expressions
int
String boolean
balance;
name; onFire;
What is the value of the following?

1. balance = 40*3+2;
2. name = "Fred" + "Flintstone";
3. onFire = true or false;
2.6 Accessor methods
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•
Four methods of TicketMachine:
public int
getPrice()
{
return price;
}
public int
getBalance()
{
return balance;
}

{
balance += amount;
}
{
total += balance;
balance = 0;
}
•
○ Comment - For humans to read. Starts with /* and ends with

*/
○ Header - Defines method name, return data type, and
formal parameters.
○ Body - Specifies what the method does in form of variable
definitions and statements. Starts with { and ends with }.
/**
* Return the price of a Comment
ticket.
*/ Header or
public int getPrice() signature
{
return price; Body
}
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•
Return type - int for getPrice which must return an int value such as 45
or price, void for insertMoney.
/**
* Receive amount of money in cents from a Comment
customer.
*/ Header or
public void insertMoney(int amount) signature
{
balance += amount; Body
}
•
Accessor Methods - Methods that return information such as getPrice
and getBalance.
Exercise 4 -Methods
1. How does the header of getPrice and insertMoney differ?
2. How does the body of getPrice and insertMoney differ?
3. Try in BlueJ.
○ Remove the return price; statement from getPrice.
○ Compile
○ What happened and why?
4. Write an accessor method getTotal that returns the total
field value.
○ Compile and test.
2.7 Mutator methods

•
Mutator methods - Change the values of the
object's fields.
Assignment changes a variable, such as a field. Calling method printTicket
mutates the field balance = 0;
public void insertMoney(int public void printTicket()
amount) {
{
balance += amount; System.out.println("##############
} ####");
System.out.println("# " + price + "
cents.");
System.out.println("##############
####");
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total += balance;
balance = 0;
}
Exercise 5 - Mutators
• In BlueJ:
○ Create a TicketMachine object with a positive ticket price.
○ Inspect the object doing the following calls:
1. Call insertMoney method on the object, inserting 53 cents.
2. Call insertMoney method on the object, inserting 47 cents. Is
insertMoney a mutator or accessor method?
3. Call printTicket method on the object. Is printTicket a mutator
or accessor method?
•
= Assignment only.
+= Add then
assignment.
Exercise 6 - Assignment
1. What is the value of balance after each
statement:
balance = 40;
balance = 20;
balance = 10;

statement:
balance = 40;
balance = balance + 20;
balance = balance + 10;
statement:
balance = 40;
balance += 20;
balance +=
10;
2.8 Printing from methods

•
System.out.println( expression ) - Prints the value of the expression
followed by a new line to BlueJ Terminal Window.
Printing object ticketMachine_1
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{ #############
#####
System.out.println("############## # The BlueJ Line
####"); # Ticket
System.out.println("# The BlueJ Line"); # 43 cents.
System.out.println("# Ticket"); #############
System.out.println("# " + price + " #####
cents.");
####");
total += balance;
balance = 0;
}
•
Concatenation - Combining two Strings to one using the
+ operator.
a. "abc"+"def" is "abcdef"
b. "12"+3 is "123". The integer 3 is converted to a String "3" and then
"12" +"3" is concatenated.
Exercise 7 - Printing and String Concatenation
1. What is printed by the following?
2. What is printed by the following when price is 54?
3. What is the result of the following when price is 54?
a. "# " + price + " cents."
b. "ab" + "c"
c. 34 + 5
d. "34"+"5"
e. "34"+"5"
f. "# " +"price" + " cents."
g. "# + price + cents."
In BlueJ:
1. Create the TicketMachine object above.
○ Inspect the object.
○ Call the printTicket method on the object.
2. Exercise 2.19, page 33. Add a method prompt to the TicketMachine class.
The method has void return type and no parameters. The method body
should print:
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Please insert the correct amount of money.
3. Exercise 2.20, page 33. Add a method showPrice to the TicketMachine
class. The method has void return type and no parameters. The method
body should print:
The price of a ticket is xyz cents.
where xyz is replaced by the value of price field when the method is
called.
4. Exercise 2.22, page 33. Add a method showPrice to the TicketMachine
class. The method has void return type and no parameters. The method
body should print:
The price of a ticket is xyz cents.
2.9 Summary of the naive ticket machine

Exercise 8 - TicketMachine
In BlueJ
1. Implement another TicketMachine constructor:
○ with no ticketPrice parameter
○ price is fixed at 1000 cents
○ create a TicketMachine object using your new constructor
○ create a TicketMachine object using the old constructor and an
actual parameter for a ticket price of 54 cents.
○ Inspect both objects. You should have two inspector windows. Is
there any difference in the two objects?
○ Call insertMoney method using both objects.
○ Call printTicket method using both objects. Is there any difference in
the two objects?
In your head
2. Exercise 2.26, page 34.
Why does the following version of refundBalance not give the same results
as the original?
public int refundBalance()
{
balance = 0;
return balance;
}
What tests can you run to demonstrate that it does not?
What happens if you try to compile the TicketMachine class with the
following version of refundBalance:
{
return balance;
balance = 0;
}
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What do you know about return statements that explain why this version
is incorrect?
2.10 Reflecting on the design of the ticket machine

1. No check that enough money inserted to pay for ticket.
2. No check that sensible amount of money inserted, can insert negative
amounts of money.
3. No check that ticket price of constructor is sensible.
4. No refund when too much money inserted.
2.11 Making choices: the conditional statement
1. Check that enough money inserted to pay for ticket.
2. Checks that sensible amount of money inserted, can insert negative
amounts of money.
3. No check that ticket price of constructor is sensible.
4. No refund when too much money inserted.
Exercise 9 - Conditionals
In BlueJ:
1. Open the better-ticket-machine project.
2. Create a TicketMachine object:
○ with a ticketPrice parameterof 25 cents.
4. Call insertMoney method with amount parameter of
-45 cents.
○ What happened to the object state?
5. Call insertMoney method with amount parameter of 5
cents.
6. Call printTicket method.
○ Explain how total changed.
○ Explain how balance changed.
7. Call insertMoney method with amount parameter of 50
cents.
8. Call printTicket method.
○ Explain how total changed.
○ Explain how balance changed.
•
if else conditional - When condition is true, performs the first statement.
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When condition is false, performs statement following the else.
Exercise 10 - if else conditionals

What are the following when:
• amount = 54
• balance = 10
• correct = true
1. 4 > 5
2. if (4 > 5 ) { balance = 6 } else { balance = 7 };
3. 4 <= 5
4. if ( 4 <= 5) { balance = 6 } else { balance = 7 };
5. "a" < "b"
6. "abc" < "ab"
7. amount > 50
8. if (amount > 50 ) { balance = 6 } else { balance
= 7 };
9. amount -10 > 50
10.if (amount - 10 > 50 ) { balance = 6 } else
{ balance = 7 };
11.if (amount > 0 ) {
balance += amount
}
else {
System.out.println( "Use a positive amount: " +
amount );
}
12.if ( true ) { balance = 6 } else { balance = 7 };
13.if ( correct ) { balance = 6 } else { balance = 7 };
Changes to naive-ticket-machine to make the better-ticket-machine

public class
TicketMachine
{

{
if(amount > 0) {
balance += amount;
}
else {
System.out.println("Use a positive amount: " + amount);
}
}
{
if(balance >= price) {
Page
25
total += price;
balance -= price;
}
else {
System.out.println("You must insert at least: " + (price - balance)
+ " more cents.");
}
}

{
int amountToRefund;
amountToRefund =
balance;
balance = 0;
return
amountToRefund;
}
}
2.12 A further conditional-statement example
See printTicket above.
Exercise 11 - printTicket
• Exercise 2.33, page 39. After a ticket has been printed, could the value of
balance field ever be set to a negative value by subtracting price? Justify
your answer.
2.13 Local variables

•
Local variables - Variables defined inside a method. As with a formal
parameter, scope is limited to inside the method.

{
int amountToRefund;
amountToRefund = balance;
balance = 0;
return amountToRefund;
}
Exercise 12 - Local variables
In BlueJ:
1. Open the better-ticket-machine project.
Page
26
2. Create a TicketMachine object:
○ with a ticketPrice parameterof 25 cents.
○ Is amountToRefund variable a field of the object?
4. Call insertMoney method with amount parameter of 45 cents.
5. Call refundBalance method.
○ What value was returned?
6. Add the following line in method printTicket:
balance -= price;
amountToRefund = 0;
○ Compile. What does the error message mean?
7. Correct printTicket method by deleting the added line.

8. Change the local variable definition to a comment as follows:
○ // int amountToRefund;
9. Compile TicketMachine.
○ Why is there an error message?
10.Exercise 2.35, page 40.
11.Local variables are temporary. Each time a method is called, the local
variables are created. When the method returns, the local variables are
destroyed.
What is printed by 4 calls to the method:
public void Exercise12()
{
int count = 0;
count = count + 1;
System.out.println(count
);
}
2.14 Fields, parameters and local variables

Read text, page 40.
Exercise 13 - Fields, parameters and local variables
In BlueJ:
○ Add a new TicketMachine method, emptyMachine, that models
emptying the machine of money.
○ The method should return the value in total and set total to 0.
Page
27
○ Create an object with a ticket price of 45 cents.
○ Inspect.
○ Call insertMoney method with 73 as the actual parameter.
○ Call emptyMachine method to test.
2. Exercise 2.37, page 41. Is emptyMachine an accessor, mutator, or both?
3. Exercise 2.38, page 41. Rewrite printTicket method:
○ declare a local variable amountLeftToPay
○ initialize amountLeftToPay to the difference between price and
balance
○ Rewrite the conditional to check amountLeftToPay <= 0
 if true, print a ticket
 else print an error message stating the amount still required
○ Create an object with a ticket price of 45 cents.
○ Inspect.
○ Test both conditions:
 Call insertMoney method with 44 as the actual parameter.
 Call printTicket method. Was the result as expected?
 How can the other condition be tested? Test to verify.
2.15 Summary of the better ticket machine

• Conditional statement - Performs one of two statements based on a
condition test result.
• Local variables - Temporary variable inside constructor or method.
2.16 Reviewing a familiar example
public class
Student
{
private String name;

private String id;
private int credits;
public Student(String fullName, String
studentID)
{
name = fullName;
id = studentID;
credits = 0;
}
public String getName()

{
return name;
}
Page
28
public void changeName(String
replacementName)
{
name = replacementName;
}
public String getStudentID()

{
return id;
}
public void addCredits(int

additionalPoints)
{
credits += additionalPoints;
}
public int getCredits()

{
return credits;
}
public String getLoginName()

{
return name.substring(0,4) +
id.substring(0,3);
}
public void print()

{
System.out.println(name + " (" +
id + ")");
}
}
Exercise 14 - Review and String methods

1. "01234567".substring(2,5) is the String "234". Assume the name field is
"012345". What is:
1. "01234567".substring(4,5)
2. "01234567".substring(4,7)
3. "01234567".substring(4,10)
4. name.substring(0,3)
5. name.substring(-1,3)
2. "01234567".length() is the integer 8. Assume the name field is "012345".
What is:
Page
29
1. "01234".length()
2. "Harvey".length()
3. name.length()
4. "01234".substring(1,4).length()
5. name.substring(0,5).length()
In BlueJ:
1. Open project C201\Projects\chapter01\lab-classes
○ Examine in the editor.
2. Student class contains how many:
○ fields
○ constructors
○ mutators
○ accessors
3. What do the accessor names have in common?
○ What would be returned by getLoginName for a student with the
name "Henry Moore" and the id "557214"?
○ Create a Student with name "djb" and id "859012". What happens
when getLoginName is called on this student? Why do you think this
is?
2.17 Summary
public class
Book
{
private String author;

private String title;
public Book( String bookAuthor, String
bookTitle )
{
author = bookAuthor;
title = bookTitle;
}
Exercise 15 - Creating a class
Page
30
In BlueJ:
1. Open project C201\Projects\chapter01\lab-
classes
○ Examine in the editor.
Top of F
19574779 r
0
Chapter 3
Object orientation
Search si
om of Form
Overview
Chapter 2 presented a first look at Java source code and details on fields,
constructors, parameters, methods, assignment and conditional statements.
Here we will examine fundamental problem solving approaches of
modularization and abstraction.
3.1 The clock example
A 24-hour clock displays time in hours:minutes format from 00:00
(midnight) to 23:59 (one minute before midnight).
Exercise 1 - Clock example
In BlueJ
1. Open project chapter03\clock-display.
2. Create a NumberDisplay object with rollOverLimit = 3.
○ Inspect the object but don't close.
○ Call increment() method at least 6 times.
○ What behavior does a NumberDisplay object exhibit.
3. Create a ClockDisplay object with hour=23 and minute = 58.
○ Inspect the object but don't close.
○ Call timeTick() method at least 3 times.
○ Notice the displayString field. What behavior does a ClockDisplay
object exhibit?
3.2 Abstraction and modulation

•
Abstraction - Ignores details of object implementation, concerned only
with object use.
Page
31
Abstraction is the standard means humans use to handle complexity, we learn to
ignore it. Consider the chair on which you are setting. A chair implementation is
the modules:
• legs - 4 vertical metal bars about 20 inches long, 1 1/2 inch square,
painted black
• seat - 2 horizontal metal bars 20 inches in length and 2 horizontal
metal bars 18 inches in length
• padding - clothe covering foam rubber, about 24x18 inches,
originally light gray color
• etc.
We use the chair as an abstraction of these parts, ignoring the implementation
details to set on it. The details of the chair are important for understanding how
chairs are implemented but not needed to use a chair.
•
Modularization - Dividing an object into well-defined
components.
Modularization is somewhat the complement of abstraction. It is the standard
means humans use to divide complexity into smaller, simpler components.
Consider again the chair on which you are setting.
To implement a chair we first divide the chair abstraction into smaller modules,
for example the seat. We may then divide the seat into smaller modules, the
padding and seat. We can divide the padding into foam rubber and clothe
modules. Eventually we divide modules to its simplest level. We can then focus
on implementing each module separate of the others; the foam rubber module
can be made separate from the clothe module.
Modularization divides the whole into related detail groups; abstraction combines
the details into the whole.
3.3 Abstraction in software
You have already seen that seemingly simple software has considerable
complexity. Designing correct software is hard primarily due to the large number
of details that must each be correct. Abstraction allows us to think about details
as a group.
Recall the TicketMachine method printTicket, the details are listed below. We
abstract or ignore the details and think only that printTicket method prints a
ticket not about each println statement.
{
####");
System.out.println("# " + price + "
cents.");
####");
Page
32
total += balance;
balance = 0;
}
3.4 Modularization in the clock example
• Single clock display - 4 digits for time
• Modular display - 2 modules of 2 digits where hour digits

range from 00 to 23, minute from 00 to 59.
Modularization divides the single time display to two modules, one for
hours and one for minutes. Display of hours is now separate from the
display of minutes.
• Abstract display - 2 digits where digits range from 00 to an upper

limit. Abstraction ignores the detail of the number range difference
between hour (00-23) and minute (00-59) module using a variable
maximum number range. The hour maximum is 23 and the minute
maximum is 59 is the only difference.
From this brief analysis, we see the clock display has 2 number displays for
hours and minutes.
3.5 Implementing the clock display
The clock display has 2 number displays for hours and minutes. A number
display needs two fields for the state of a NumberDisplay object:
• value - the value of the number
• limit - the maximum of the value
public class
NumberDisplay
{
private int limit;

private int value;
Constructor and methods
omitted
}
The clock display has 2 number displays for hours and minutes. A clock display
needs two fields for the state of a ClockDisplay object:
• hours - the NumberDisplay for hours
• minutes - the NumberDisplay for minutes
public class
ClockDisplay
{
Page
33
private NumberDisplay
hours;
minutes;
omitted
}
3.6 Class diagrams versus object diagrams
•
Class diagram - Shows the classes and
static relationships between them.
Static view - The class diagram at right shows
the class definition relationships. ClockDisplay
depends on the NumberDisplay.
•
Object diagram - Shows the objects and dynamic relationships
between them.
• Dynamic view - The object
diagram a right shows when the
program runs, the dynamic view.
• A ClockDisplay object and two
NumberDisplay objects have been
created.
• The arrow implies the ClockDisplay
hours object references the 11
NumberDisplay object.
• The ClockDisplay minutes object references the 03 NumberDisplay object.
Exercise 2 - Class diagrams and object diagrams
1. Sketch the static Class diagram for the Exercise2A class below.
○ Show any dependency arrows.
2. Sketch the dynamic Object diagram for the person object below after
execution of:
○
 Exercise2A person = new Exercise2A("John", "Crab");
○ Show reference arrows.
3. Sketch the Class diagram for the Exercise2B class below.
○ Show any dependency arrows.
4. Sketch the Object diagram for the couple object below after execution of:
○
 Exercise2B couple = new Exercise2B();
○ Show reference arrows.
Page
34
public class
public class
Exercise2B
Exercise2A
{
{
private Exercise2A husband;

private String name;
private Exercise2A wife;
private String favoriteFood;
public Exercise2B( ) {
public Exercise2A(String newName,
husband = new Exercise2A("John",
String food) {
"Crab");
favoriteFood = food;
wife = new Exercise2A("Sally",
name = newName;
"tripe");
}
}
}
}
3.7 Primitive types and object types
•
Primitive type - Non-object
types.
○ int - Integer (whole number). Examples: 34, -25, 9999999, 0.
○ boolean - Either true or false.
○ char - One character enclosed in single quotes. Examples: 'a', '4'.
○ double - Real or floating pointing numbers. Examples: 123.0, 45.67
3.8 The ClockDisplay source code
3.8.1 Class NumberDisplay
Logic operators - Operate on boolean (true or false) to produce a
boolean result.
Truth tables - Define boolean

operations.
• ! - not. Examples: !true is false, !false is true.
•
X !X
tru fals
e e
fals tru
e e
•
• && - and. Result true when both operands are true.
•
A &&
A B
B
fals fals
false
e e
Page
35
fals tru
false
e e
tru fals
false
e e
tru tru
true
e e
•
• || - or. Result true when either operand is true
•
A ||
A B
B
fals fals fals
e e e
fals tru
true
e e
tru fals
true
e e
tru tru
true
e e
Exercise 3 - Logical operators

1. What is the result of the following?
a. true && false
b. false || true
c. true && (false || true)
d. !true || false
e. (4 < 5)
f. (4 < 5) && (6 >= 5)
g. (4 > 5) || (6 <= 5)
NumberDisplay Source code

public class
NumberDisplay
{
private int limit;

private int value;
public NumberDisplay(int
rollOverLimit)
{
limit = rollOverLimit;
value = 0;
}
public int getValue()

{
return value;
Page
36
}
public String
getDisplayValue()
{
if(value < 10)
return "0" + value;
else
return "" + value;
}
public void setValue(int replacementValue)

{
if((replacementValue >= 0) &&
(replacementValue < limit))
value = replacementValue;
}
public void increment()
{
value = (value + 1) % limit;
}
Exercise 3 - Class NumberDisplay Analysis

1. Give the Java code to create a new NumberDisplay object named miles
with a rollOverLiimit of 5.
○ What is the state of miles?
○
2. Give the Java code to set the object miles to 5 using method setValue.
○ What is the new state of miles?
○ What would happen if the following were used in setValue:
if((replacementValue >= 0) || (replacementValue < limit))
3. Give the Java code to set the object miles to 4 using method setValue.
○
4. Give the Java code to increment the object miles one time.
3.8.2 String Concatenation

Concatenation operator - + with one String operand results in a
concatenated String.
• Examples:
○ "abc" + "efg" is "abcefg"
○ 1 + "a" is "1a"
○ 1 + "2" is "12"
Page
37
○ 1 + "" is "1"
public String
getDisplayValue()
{
if(value < 10)
return "0" + value;
else
return "" + value;
}
Exercise 4 - getDisplayValue() Analysis

1. For value = 5, what is: "0" + value
2. For value = 5, what is: "" + value
3. Assume NumberDisplay object miles has
state:
limit = 10
value = 5
What is: miles.getDisplayValue();
1. Assume NumberDisplay object miles has
state:
limit = 120
value = 105
What is: miles.getDisplayValue();
3.8.3 The modulo operator

Modulo operator - % is the remainder of
division.
Division operator - / is the quotient of
division.
• Examples:
○ 25 % 4 is 1
○ 25 / 4 is 6
○ 17 % 3 is 2
○ ( 16 + 1 ) % 3 is 2
○ 17 / 3 is 5
○ (16 + 1 ) / 3 is 5
public void increment()
{
value = (value + 1)
% limit;
}
Exercise 5 - increment() Analysis

1. What are all the possible results of:
Page
38
○ n%4
○
2. What are all the possible results of:
○ n%m
○
3. Assume NumberDisplay object miles has state:
limit = 7
value = 5
What is: miles.increment();
4. Assume NumberDisplay object miles has state:
limit = 7
value = 6
What is: miles.increment();
1. Rewrite value = (value + 1) % limit using an if-
statement.
3.8.4 Class ClockDisplay

public class
ClockDisplay
{
private NumberDisplay hours;

minutes;
private String
displayString;
public ClockDisplay()
{
hours = new
NumberDisplay(24);
minutes = new
NumberDisplay(60);
updateDisplay();
}
public ClockDisplay(int hour, int

minute)
{
hours = new
NumberDisplay(24);
minutes = new
NumberDisplay(60);
setTime(hour, minute);
}
public void timeTick()
{
minutes.increment();
if(minutes.getValue() == 0) {
Page
39
hours.increment();
}
updateDisplay();
}
public void setTime(int hour, int

minute)
{
hours.setValue(hour);
minutes.setValue(minute);
updateDisplay();
}
public String getTime()
{
return displayString;
}
private void updateDisplay()

{
displayString = hours.getDisplayValue() + ":" +
minutes.getDisplayValue();
}
}
Exercise 6 - ClockDisplay Analysis

In BlueJ
1. Open project chapter03\clock-
display.
2. Create a ClockDisplay object that
corresponds to the object diagram at
right.
○ Inspect the object but don't
close.
○ Call each method.
3. Create a ClockDisplay object with time at 23:58.
4. Test that can be used to test that the clock display rolls over hours and
minutes correctly.
3.9 Objects creating objects

public class public class
NumberDisplay ClockDisplay
{ {
private int limit; private NumberDisplay hours;

private int value; private NumberDisplay minutes;
public NumberDisplay( int public ClockDisplay()
rollOverLimit ) {
{ hours = new
Page
40
limit = rollOverLimit; NumberDisplay( 24 );
value = 0; minutes = new
} NumberDisplay( 60 );
updateDisplay();
}
}
Exercise 7 - Objects creating objects

In your head
• Match each of the Java code below
with one of the objects created at
right.
1. hours = new NumberDisplay( 24 );
2. new ClockDisplay( );
3. minutes = new NumberDisplay( 60 );
• Follow the Java code above as it executes:

{
hours = new NumberDisplay( 24 );
minutes = new NumberDisplay( 60 );
3.10 Multiple constructors

Overloading - When more than one constructor (or method) have the same
name. The signature and call are matched to determine which is called.
public class public class
ClockDisplay NumberDisplay
{ {
private NumberDisplay hours; private int limit;

private NumberDisplay private int value;
minutes; public NumberDisplay(int
private String rollOverLimit)
displayString; {
public ClockDisplay() limit = rollOverLimit;
{ value = 0;
hours = new }
NumberDisplay(24);
minutes = new
public void setValue(int
NumberDisplay(60);
replacementValue)
updateDisplay();
{
}
if((replacementValue >= 0) &&
(replacementValue < limit))
public ClockDisplay(int hour, int value = replacementValue;
minute) }
{ }
Page
41
hours = new
NumberDisplay(24);
minutes = new
NumberDisplay(60);
}
minute)
{
updateDisplay();
}
Exercise 8 - Multiple constructors

Match the objects created below with the corresponding Java code, the signature must match t
call:
1. ClockDisplay myDisplay = ClockDisplay();
2. ClockDisplay myDisplay = ClockDisplay(15, 23 );
3. ClockDisplay myDisplay = ClockDisplay(24, 60);
3.11 Method calls

3.11.1 Internal method calls
Internal method call - Calling a method defined within the class from a
constructor or method defined within the same class. The current object is used.
• Example:
○ ClockDisplay
 Definition - public void setTime(int hour, int minute)
 Internal Call - setTime(hour, minute);
3.11.2 External method calls
External method call - Calling a method defined within a different class. The
dotted object is used.
• Example - ClockDisplay setTime method calls the setValue method of
hours and minutes, two NumberDisplay objects.
Page
42
○ ClockDisplay
minute)
{
updateDisplay();
}
• NumberDisplay
public void setValue(int replacementValue)
{
if((replacementValue >= 0) && (replacementValue < limit))
value = replacementValue;
}
public class
ClockDisplay
{
private NumberDisplay hours;

minutes;
private String
displayString;
{
hours = new
NumberDisplay(24);
minutes = new
NumberDisplay(60);
updateDisplay();
}
public ClockDisplay(int hour, int

minute)
{
hours = new
NumberDisplay(24);
minutes = new
NumberDisplay(60);
}
public void timeTick()
{
minutes.increment();
if(minutes.getValue() == 0) {
hours.increment();
}
updateDisplay();
}
public void setTime(int hour, int minute)

Page
43
{
updateDisplay();
}
private void updateDisplay()
{
displayString = hours.getDisplayValue() + ":" +
minutes.getDisplayValue();
}
Exercise 8a - Internal and External method calls

• Categorize the method calls of ClockDisplay as internal or
external.
○ Example of an external method call:
○ Example of an internal method call:
updateDisplay( );
3.11.3 Summary of the clock display

Abstraction:
• ClockDisplay - Focus on display of NumberDisplay objects hours (00-
23) and minutes (00-59).
• NumberDisplay - Focus on representing, incrementing, and getting
the value of a modulus counter.
Exercise 9
In BlueJ
• Change ClockDisplay (not NumberDisplay) to display a 12 hour clock
rather than a 24 hour clock.
○ Modify the ClockDisplay constructors to a 12 hour NumberDisplay
object.
○ Modify updateDisplay method to display hour 12 when the object
hours value is 0, hour 13 is 1, etc.
○ Hints: Use hours.getValue() to get the hours integer value. Use
modulus operator (i.e. %).
• Test appropriately to verify that values of object hours are displayed as 1-
12 only.
3.11.4 Using a debugger

Debugger - Tool for examining a program state (variables and field values) and
statements as it executes.
3.11.4.1 Setting breakpoints
•
Page
44
breakpoint - A flag that will stop program execution during
debugging.
Exercise 9.1 -
Breakpoints
In BlueJ
1. Create a
ClockDisplay instance with hour=13 and minute=58.

2. Set a breakpoint in ClockDisplay method timeTick.
a. Open the editor for the ClockDisplay class.
b. Click on the line to breakpoint, the statement: minutes.increment();
c. In the BlueJ menu, click Tools | Set/Clear Breakpoint.
3. Call
ClockDisplay method timeTick. The debugger should highlight the first

breakpointed statement encountered in the program.
4. What are the names of the instance variables (or fields) of a ClockDisplay
object. See the Debugger window below.
5. Double-click the minutes field to inspect. What is the value?
6. Close the inspection window.
3.11.4.2 Single stepping
Page
45
•
Single stepping - Executing a single
statement.
Exercise 9.2 - Single stepping

In BlueJ
1. The minutes.increment(); should be highlighted in
the Debugger window.
2. Click Step in Debugger to execute the statement.
3. What changed in the Debugger?
4. Double-click the minutes field to inspect. What changed?
5. Click Step in Debugger to execute the if-statement.
○ Which statement was executed?
○ Why?
Click Continue to complete the method timeTick.
Exercise 9.3 - Single stepping

In BlueJ
1. Call ClockDisplay method timeTick again. The debugger should highlight
the first breakpointed statement encountered in the program.
2. What is the statement at the breakpoint again?
8. Click Step in Debugger to execute the if-statement.
○ Why?
Click Continue to complete the method timeTick.
3.11.4.3 Stepping into methods
executes one statement but will not follow the execution of a method.
executes one statement but follows the execution of a method.

Exercise 9.4 - Single stepping into methods
Page
46
In BlueJ
1. Set a breakpoint at the first statement of method setTime.
2. Call method setTime with hour=23 and minute=59. The debugger should
highlight the first breakpointed statement encountered in the program.
3. What local variables (or parameters) are listed?
4. Click Step to execute until the statement below is highlighted:
○
○ updateDisplay();
○
5. Click Step Into to execute into the updateDisplay method.
6. Click Step to follow the execution.
7. Does the updateDisplay method return to the point where it was called in
timeTick?
3.12 Another example of object interaction

Debugger - Tool for examining a program state (variables and field values) and
statements as it executes.
3.12.1 The mail system example
Exercise 10
• What are the static dependencies shown
by theclass diagram?
In BlueJ
1. Experiment with the mail-system project.
a. Open the mail-system project.
b. Create a MailServer object.
c. Create two MailClient objects:
i. name the two objects sophie and juan.
ii. supply each the MailServer object name just created
iii. give a user name that matches the object's name (i.e.
"Sophie" and "Juan").
d. Use the MailClient objects to
send and receive messages
using:
i. sendMessage
ii. getNextMailItem or
printNextMailItem
2. Sketch the object diagram from
part 1 similar to the ClockDisplay.
3.12.2 The this keyword

•
this - The name of the object used in an internal method. Needed when a
name is overloaded (same name used simultaneously in different ways).
Page
47
• The following MailTerm constructors behave identically. The first
constructor requires this because the field and parameter names are the
same in the scope of the MailItem constructor.
public class
MailItem
{
private String from;

private String to;
private String message;
public MailItem(String from, String to, String
message)
{
this.from = from;
this.to = to;
this.message = message;
}
public MailItem(String newFrom, String newTo, String

newMessage)
{
from = newFrom;
to = newTo;
message = newMessage;
}
}
3.13 Using a debugger
3.13.1 Setting breakpoints
•
breakpoint - A flag that will stop program execution during
debugging.
Exercise 11 -
Breakpoints
In BlueJ
1. Use sophie's
sendMessage to
send a message
from "Sophie" to
"Juan".
2. Don't read the
message yet.
3. Set a breakpoint
in MailClient method printNextMailItem.
a. Open the editor for the MailClient class and set a breakpoint at the
first line of method printNextMailItem.
b. Click on the line to breakpoint.
Page
48
c. In the
BlueJ
menu,
click Tools
| Set/Clear
Breakpoint.
4. Call MailClient method printNextMailItem on juan. The debugger should
5. What are the names of the instance variables (or fields) of a MailClient
object. See the Debugger window below.
3.13.2 Single stepping

•
Single stepping - Executing a single
statement.
Exercise 11 - Single stepping

In BlueJ
1. Note there are no local variables listed in the Debugger window.
2. What does the statement do at the breakpoint?
○
○ MailItem item = server.getNextMailItem(user);
Page
49
○
4. What changed in the Debugger?
5. item is a local variable and references the MailItem object for user "Juan".
a. Since "Juan" has mail, which statement would you expect the if-statement to
execute next?
b. Is the value of item listed as null or something else?
Click Step in Debugger to execute the statement.
○ Why?
Click Continue to complete the method printNextMailItem.
Exercise 12 - Single stepping

In BlueJ
2. Is the statement at the breakpoint again?
○
○ MailItem item = server.getNextMailItem(user);
○
4. item is a local variable and references the MailItem object for what user?
a. Since "Juan" has mail, which statement would you expect the if-statement to
execute next?
b. Is the value of item listed as null?
Click Step in Debugger to execute the statement.
○ Why?
Click Continue to complete the method printNextMailItem.
3.13.3 Stepping into methods
executes one statement but will not follow the execution of a method.
executes one statement but follows the execution of a method.

Exercise 13 - Single stepping into methods
Page
50
In BlueJ
1. The breakpoint should still be set in method printNextMailItem.
2. Use sophie's sendMessage to send a message from "Sophie" to "Juan".
3. Don't read the message yet.
5. What is the variable item?
6. Click Step to execute until the statement below is highlighted:
○
○ item.print();
○
7. Click Step Into to execute into the print method.
8. Continue to click Step Into to follow the execution.
3.14 Method calling revisited

Exercise 14 - Method calling revisited
In BlueJ
1. Set a breakpoint in the first statement of method
sendMessage:
○
○ MailItem mess = new MailItem(user, to, message);
○
2. Use sophie's sendMessage to send a message from "Sophie"
to "Juan".
3. What are the formal parameters (i.e. local variables) listed?
4. Click Step to execute new MailItem(user, to, message)
method.
5. What changed and why?
6. Click Continue to complete the execution.
7. Use juan's sendMessage to send a message from "Juan" to
"Sophie".
○ Repeat 3-6 again.
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51
Top of F
19574779 r
Chapter 4
Search si
Grouping Objects
FreeFind
Modified: 08/27/2004
Bottom o
Overview
Chapter 3 examined fundamental problem solving approaches of modularization
and abstraction. Here we will examine some of the ways objects may be grouped
together into collections.
4.1 Grouping objects in flexible-size collections
Many objects in life come in groups:
• drawer of socks
• list of people to invite to a wedding
• days in a month
• dozen eggs
Some groups are fixed in size while others are flexible size. We need
programming features for modeling both cases.
4.2 A personal notebook
• Stores notes
• No limit on number of notes
• Display individual notes
• Display number of notes stored
Exercise 1 - NoteBook class
In BlueJ
Page
52
1. Open project chapter04\notebook1.
2. Click View | Show Terminal
3. In Terminal window click Options | Record method calls
4. Create a NoteBook object.
○ Add two notes:
1. "Buy bread"
2. "Sell car"
○ Check the number of notes stored.
○ Show each note. The first note is numbered 0, the second 1,
etc.
4.3 A first look at library classes

•
Collections - An object that can store a arbitrary number of
other objects.
Examples:
• drawer object can hold arbitrary number of other objects: socks,
rocks, spoons, forks, photographs.
• note book object can hold arbitrary number of other objects:
shopping list, reminders, class notes, etc. Important that each page
is arranged in numerical order, page 0, page 1, ...
• ArrayList object can hold arbitrary number of other objects: Strings,
ClockDisplay, etc.
•
Class libraries - A class that is already defined and can be used in your
program. Similar classes are normally grouped together as a library.
•
•
Package - What Java calls a library of
classes.
Example packages:
• java.util - Utility classes.
• java.net - Networking classes.
• java.Math - Math classes.
4.3.1 An example using a library
import
java.util.ArrayList;
public class Notebook

{
private ArrayList
notes;
public NoteBook()
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53
{
notes = new
ArrayList();
}
public void storeNote(String

note)
{
notes.add(note);
}
public int numberOfNotes()
{
return notes.size();
}
public void showNote(int noteNumber)

{
if(noteNumber < 0) { // Not valid note
number, so do nothing.
}
else if(noteNumber < numberOfNotes()) { // Valid note number,
so print it.
System.out.println(notes.get(noteNumber));
}
else { // Not valid note
number, so do nothing.
}
}
Using the ArrayList class:
• import java.util.ArrayList; - Gain access to the library.
• private ArrayList notes; - Define field notes as type ArrayList
class.
• notes = new ArrayList() - Create an instance of ArrayList.
ArrayList methods:
The ArrayList class supplies many useful methods, we will use four for now:
1. add - adds an object to the ArrayList. Example:
○ notes.add("Take vacation");
2. size - returns the number of objects in the ArrayList. Example
(assuming 3 objects):
○ notes.size(); returns 3.
3. get - returns the ith object in ArrayList. Example:
○ notes.get( 2 ); returns the 2nd object from ArrayList notes.
4. remove - removes the ith object in the ArrayList. Example
(assuming 3 objects):
○ notes.remove(1);
4.4 Object structures with collections
Page
54
• ArrayList object notes after the following statements are executed:
1. private ArrayList notes;
2. notes = new ArrayList();
3. notes.add("Buy bread");
4.
notes.add("Sell car");
Exercise 2 - NoteBook methods
In BlueJ
1. Inspect the NoteBook object.
a. Click on the notes field and Inspect button.
 What is the value of field size?
b. What do you think is the value of: notes.size()
c. Click on elementData and Inspect button.
 What is the number of:
 "Sell car"
 "Buy bread"
2. Call method:
○ showNote to show note number 1.
○ numberOfNotes.
Store another note "11:30 mtg"
○ What is the number of this note?
○ What is the value of: notes.size()?
In what order does ArrayList objects store objects?
Update the object diagram at right by hand to include "11:30 mtg" note.
4.5
Numbering
within
collections
•
index - Position of an object in a
collection.
Page
55
Examples:
• Index 0 of notes ArrayList object is "Buy bread".
• Index 1 of notes ArrayList object is "Sell car".
Exercise 3 - Indexes
1. What would be the index of the next note
added?
2. What is:
○ notes.get(1);
○ notes.get(0);
○ notes.get(5);
○ System.out.println( notes.get( 1 ) );
4.6 Removing an item from a collection

•
remove - removes the ith object in the ArrayList. Example (assuming 3

objects):
Exercise 4 - remove
1. What is the index of "11:30 mtg" after:
○ notes.remove(1);
2. What is the value now of:
○ notes.size()
3. Add the mutator method deleteNote that removes the ith index note from
the notebook. Assume the ith note exists.
4. Create a NoteBook object with 3 notes.
○ Inspect the object.
○ Inspect notes.
○ Inspect elementData.
○ Use deleteNote to remove note at index 1.
○ Use deleteNote to remove note at index 4.
4.7 Processing a whole collection

• listNotes - We need a NoteBook method that prints all notes along with
their index numbers to the terminal window.
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56
Exercise 5 - listNotes
1. Which of the signatures would be most appropriate:
a. public ArrayList listNotes()
b. public void listNotes(int index)
c. public int listNotes()
d. public void listNotes()
2. Index 0 holds the first note, index 1 the second, etc. What is wrong with
the following as the body for listNotes method?
System.out.println( notes.get(0) );
:
4.7.1 The while loop

•
loop - Executes a block of statements repeatedly instead of programmer
writing repeatedly. Loops scale very well.
Examples that produce the same result on each row:
Write repeatedly Execute repeatedly
int i = 0;
int i = 0;
i = i + 1;
while ( i <= 4 ) {
i = i + 1;
i = i + 1;
i = i + 1;
}
i = i + 1;
int i = 4;
int i = 4;
i = i - 1;
while ( i > 0 ) {
i = i - 1;
i = i - 1;
i = i - 1;
}
i = i - 1;
int i = 0;
i = i + 1;
System.out.println( i ); int i = 0;
i = i + 1; while ( i <= 4 ) {
System.out.println( i ); i = i + 1;
i = i + 1; System.out.println( i );
System.out.println( i ); }
i = i + 1;
System.out.println( i );
System.out.println( notes.get(0) int i = 0;
); while ( i <= 5 ) {
System.out.println( notes.get(1)
); System.out.println( notes.get( i )
); i = i + 1;
System.out.println( notes.get(3) }
);
Page
57
);
);
if (notes.size() > 0)
System.out.println( 0 + ":" +
notes.get(0) );
if (notes.size() > 1) int i = 0;
System.out.println( 1 + ":" + while ( i < notes.size() ) {
notes.get(1) ); System.out.println( i + ":" +
if (notes.size() > 2) notes.get( i ) );
System.out.println( 2 + ":" + i = i + 1;
notes.get(2) ); }
if (notes.size() > 3)
System.out.println( 3 + ":" +
notes.get(3) );
Exercise 6 - listNotes
• Which of the above would be most
appropriate for the body of listNotes?
In BlueJ
1. Copy and paste the appropriate
signature and body for listNotes method
into NoteBook class.
○ Create an instance with 2 notes
and call the listNotes method.
2. Modify listNotes method to print the
notes in reverse order.
○ Create an instance with 2 notes
and call the listNotes method.
3. Modify deleteNote to print out an error
message if the note number parameter
is not valid.
Infinite loops
Looping is a powerful tool
but has the danger of
looping infinitely (i.e. the
loop never stops). A
simple example of an
infinite loop that prints
"Forever..." forever till
stopped externally is:
Page
58
while( true )
System.out.println( "Forever...");
• Stopping - In BlueJ an infinite loop can often be stopped by:
○ Click which runs the Debugger.

○ Click Halt button.
• Task Manger - When BlueJ cannot stop a run away program, Windows
Task Manager can.
○ Press Ctrl-Alt-Del keys simultaneously, to run the Task Manager.
○ Select the Processes tab and locate the java.exe process.
○ Select the java.exe process and click End Process.
○ This will end BlueJ.
Exercise 6.1 - Infinite loops
In BlueJ
• Copy and paste the following method into the NoteBook class.
public void infinite()
{
while( true )
System.out.println( "Forever...");
}
• Test by calling the method.

• Stop by:
○ Pressing Ctrl-Shift-R keys simultaneously.
○ or
 Right click . It may take a little time to respond.

 Click Reset Virtual Machine.
• BlueJ often becomes somewhat unstable. Suggest closing and restarting
BlueJ.
4.7.2 Iterating over a collection

•
iterator - An object that provides the ability to iterate over every element
in a collection.
Example that produce the same result:
Iterator i = notes.iterator();
System.out.println( notes.get(1) ); System.out.println( i.next( ) );
System.out.println( notes.get(2) ); System.out.println( i.next( ) );
System.out.println( i.next( ) );
int i = 0; Iterator i = notes.iterator();
while ( i < notes.size() ) { while ( i.hasNext() ) {
Page
59
System.out.println( notes.get( i ) );
System.out.println( i.next() );
i = i + 1;
}
}
•
Iterator i - Defines i of type Iterator.

• notes.iterator() - Returns an Iterator object for the notes ArrayList
collections.
• i.hasNext() - Returns true if there are more objects in the collection.
• i.next() - Returns the current object in the collection and iterates to the
next object.
Exercise 7 - Iterators
1. From the diagram at right, what is printed
by:
Iterator theIter = notes.iterator();
System.out.println( theIter.next( ) );
2. From the diagram at right, what is printed
by:
Iterator it = notes.iterator();
System.out.println( it.hasNext( ) );
3. What is printed by:
Iterator it = notes.iterator();
System.out.println( it.next( ) );
System.out.println( it.hasNext( ) );
4.7.3 Index access versus iterators

• index - notes.get( 3 ); The index allows any object in the collection
to be accessed in any order.
• iterator - notes.next( ); The iterator access is strictly sequential
order.
4.7.3.1 Grouping objects complete example - a party
Page
60
The following classes define a Person with an age and name, and a Party class
that groups Person objects. The class definitions follow:
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Iterator;
public class Party

{
private ArrayList guests;
public class Person
{ public Party() {
private int age; guests = new ArrayList();
private String name; }
public Person(int newAge, String public void arrive( Person partier ) {

newName) { guests.add( partier );
age=newAge; }
name=newName;
} public void indexPrintParty() {
int i = 0;
public int getAge() { while (i < guests.size())
return age; {
} ((Person)
guests.get(i)).printPerson();
public void printPerson() { i = i + 1;
System.out.print("Name: " + name); }
Systen.out.println(" Age: " + age ); }
}
} public void iteratorPrintParty() {
Iterator git = guests.iterator();
while ( git.hasNext() )
((Person)
git.next()).printPerson();
}
}
Exercise 7.1 - Example
In BlueJ
1. Create a new
project named
Exercise 7.1
2. Create a new class named Person

○ Copy and paste the Person class above.
3. Create a new class named Party

○ Copy and paste the Party class above.
4. Duplicate in BlueJ the results of the following:

Person p0 = new Person(43, "George");
Person p1 = new Person(29, "Sally");
Page
61
Party wedding = new Party();
wedding.arrive( p0 );
wedding.arrive( p1 );
5. Give the object diagram for Question 4.
4.9.3 Casting
A collection can hold any type of an object. It is therefore necessary to give the
compiler information as to the type of object retrieved from the collection by
casting the object to a specific type.
For example, in the above Party class, the guests ArrayList contains Person
objects. The following method call fails because the compiler does not know the
class of the object retrieved from the guests ArrayList:
(guests.get(1)).printPers
on();
The following method call succeeds because the compiler does know the class of
the object retrieved from the guests ArrayList:
((Person)
guests.get(1)).printPerson();
Generally, the object retrieved must be cast to the class of the method.
Exercise 7.2 - Casting
In BlueJ
1. Use the object diagram for Exercise 7.1, Question 5 above.
2. For the object diagram, what is:

a. p1.printPerson();
b. ((Person) guests.get(1))
c. ((Person) guests.get(1)).printPerson();
d. wedding.indexPrintParty();
e. wedding.iteratorPrintParty();
3. Write the Party method leave(int) that removes the Person at a

specified index.
4. Write the Party method to compute the average age.

You will need to use the getAge() method for a Person.
4.10 Fixed size collections

•
array - A collection that can store a fixed number of elements (objects or
primitive-type). Uses a special syntax to access elements in the collection.
• Operations - Only two operations are defined on fixed size array

variables.
Page
62
○ Assignment - x[ index ] = y;
○ Copy - y = x[ index ];
Examples that produce the same result
int x0; int x[ ] = new int [ 3 ];
int x1;
int x2; x[ 0 ] = -3;
x[ 1 ] = -5;
x0 = -3; x[ 2 ] = -4;
x1 = -5;
x2 = -4;
int sum = x0 + x1 + x2; int sum = x[ 0 ] + x[ 1 ] + x[ 2 ];
String notes0 ;
String notes1 ; String notes[ ] = new String[3];
String notes2 ; notes[ 0 ] = "Buy bread";
notes[ 1 ] = "Sell car";
notes0 = "Buy bread"; notes[ 2 ] = "11:30 mtg";
notes1 = "Sell car";
notes2 = "11:30 mtg";
String notes[ ] = new String[3];

ArrayList notes = new ArrayList( );
notes[ 0 ] = "Buy bread";
notes.add( 0 ) = "Buy bread"; notes[ 1 ] = "Sell car";
notes.add( 1 ) = "Sell car"; notes[ 2 ] = "11:30 mtg";
notes.add( 2 ) = "11:30 mtg";
System.out.println( notes.get(0) ); System.out.println( notes[ 0 ] );

int i = 0; int i = 0;
Page
63
while ( i < notes.size() ) { while ( i < notes.length ) {
System.out.println( notes.get( i ) ); System.out.println( notes[ i ] );
i = i + 1; i = i + 1;
} }
Exercise 8 - Fixed size

collections
String notes[ ] = new
String[3];
notes[ 0 ] = "Buy bread";
notes[ 1 ] = "Sell car";
notes[ 2 ] = "11:30 mtg";
1. From the diagram at
right, what is the result:
a. String s =
notes[ 2 ];
b. notes[ 1 ] =
notes[ 0 ];
c. notes[ 2 ] = "Take
a break";
d. notes[ 3 ] =
"Broke";
e. notes[ -1 ] =
"Broke";
2. From the diagram at
right, what is printed by:
int i = 2;
while ( i >= 0 ) {
System.out.println( i
+ notes[ i ] );
i = i - 1;
}
3. Define the object pages,
an array 4 ints, see the
figure at right.
4. Initialize index 2 of
pages to 15.
5. Give the statements to
print the figure at right.
4.10.a Declaring array variables

Examples:
• Declare an array variable hours that can refer to an array of ints:
○ int[ ] hours;
• Declare an array variable months that can refer to an array of
Strings:
Page
64
○ String[ ] months;
4.10.b Creating array objects
Examples:
• Create an array of 24 ints and assign to hours:
○ hours = new int[24];
• Create an array of 12 Strings and assign to months:

○ months = new String[12];
Exercise 9 - Arrays
1. Write a declaration for an array variable people that can refer to an array
of Person objects.
2. Assign variable people an array of 30 Person objects.
3. Write a declaration for an array variable vacant that can refer to an array
of booleans.
4. Assign variable vacant an array of 13 booleans.
5. Write a declaration for an array variable dim that can refer to an array of
ints.
6. Assign dim an array of 12 ints.
4.10.c Using array objects

•
Indexing - Accessing individual variables of an array
using the [ ].
Examples:
• Assign hours index 20 value 54:
○ hours[20] = 54;
• Assign months index 2 value "March":

○ months[2] = "March";
• Add hours index 23 value to variable count:
○ count = count + hours[23];
Page
65
• Print months index 2 value:
○ System.out.println(months[2]);
Exercise 10 - Using Arrays
1. Initialize each variable (i.e. index) of dim with the number of days in
January, February, etc. for this year.
2. Sum index 5, 6 and 7 of dim to variable summer.
3. Print index 5, 6 and 7 of dim.
4.10.d The for-loop

•
for-loop - Iterates from a starting value to an ending value in
designated steps.
Example that produce the same result:
ArrayList notes = new ArrayList( );

String notes[ ] = new String[3];
notes.add( 0 ) = "Buy bread";
notes.add( 1 ) = "Sell car"; notes[ 0 ] = "Buy bread";
notes.add( 2 ) = "11:30 mtg"; notes[ 1 ] = "Sell car";
notes[ 2 ] = "11:30 mtg";
int i = 0; int i = 0;
while ( i < notes.size() ) { while ( i < notes.length ) {

i = i + 1; i = i + 1;
} }
int i; int i;
for ( i=0; i < notes.size() ; i++) { for ( i=0; i < notes.length; i++ ) {
} }
Examples:
Page
66
• Print all the integers from 3 to 12
int i;
for ( i = 3; i <=12;
i++)
System.out.println( i
);
•
• Total all the hourCounts variables to sumHours:
int sumHours = 0;
for ( int i = 0; i < 24; i++)
sumHours = sumHours +
hourCounts[ i ];
• Print all variables in array hourCounts:
for ( int i = 0; i < 24; i++)
System.out.println( hourCounts[
i ]);
• Find largest
value in array
hourCounts:
int largest;
largest = hourCounts[0];
for ( int i = 0; i < 24; i++)
if ( hourCounts[ i ] >
largest )
largest =
hourCounts[ i ];
Exercise 11 - for loop with Arrays

1. Print all the integers from 12 to 3.
2. Print all variables in array hourCounts in reverse
order.
3. Print all the variables in array dim.
4. Print all the variables in array dim in reverse
order.
5. Total all the variables in array dim.
6. Find smallest value in array dim.
4.10.1 A log-file analyzer

Web-servers log client visits to
web pages.
Page
67
Analyzing the log file can determine:
• popular pages
• broken links (missing pages)
• server usage
• busy periods
We have a web log file in the format of:
year month day hour minute
2002 5 01 00 19
2002 5 01 01 27
2002 5 01 02 17
public class LogAnalyzer - Constructor

LogAnalyzer hourCounts - Assigned object
{ of fixed array of 24 ints.
reader - Assigned
private int[ ] hourCounts; LogfileReader object.
private LogfileReader
reader; analyzeHourlyData - Fills
public LogAnalyzer() hoursCount
{ array with total of the number
hourCounts = new of visits
int[24]; within an hour period.
reader = new
LogfileReader(); For example, adds 1 to array
} index 5 of hourCounts for a log
entry
at 5 o'clock. Consider when
public void analyzeHourlyData() hour = 5:
{
while(reader.hasMoreEntries()) { int hour = entry.getHour();
LogEntry entry = reader.nextEntry(); hourCounts[hour]++;
int hour = entry.getHour();
printHourlyCounts - Prints
hourCounts[hour]++;
each of the
}
24 variables in the hourCounts
}
array.
public void printHourlyCounts()
{
The hoursCount array above
System.out.println("Hr: Count");
would print:
for(int hour = 0; hour <
hourCounts.length; hour++)
0:0
{
1:5
System.out.println(hour + ": " +
2:0
hourCounts[hour]);
3:0
}
Page
68
}
public void 4:2

printData()
{
reader.printData();
}
}
public class
LogAnalyzer
{
private int hourCounts;

private LogFileReader
reader;
omitted
4.10.2 Declaring array variables

4.10.3 Creating array objects
The following creates the array at right:

private int[ ]
hourCounts;
public LogAnalyzer()
{
hourCounts = new
int[24];
}
4.10.4 Using array objects
4.10.5 Analyzing the log file
Page
69
printHourlyCounts - Prints each of the 24 variables in the hourCounts array.
The hoursCount array at right would print:
0:0
1:5
2:0
3:0
4:2
:
public void printHourlyCounts()

{
System.out.println("Hr: Count");
for(int hour = 0; hour <
hourCounts.length; hour++)
{
System.out.println(hour + ": " +
hourCounts[hour]);
}
}
4.10.5.1 Arrays of objects
Fixed size arrays can hold:
• primitive types (int, double, boolean) as seen above
• references to objects as seen below
Array define - The following defines tms as a TicketMachine array
object at right, assuming the TicketMachine definition of Chapter 2):
private tms[ ]
TicketMachine;
Array create and assign - The following

creates a fixed size array of 3
TicketMachines and assigns the
object reference to tms:
tms = new TicketMachine

[ 3 ];
Object create and assign -
The following creates 3
TicketMachines and assigns
each to one of the indexed
variables of the array:
Page
70
tms [ 0 ] = new TicketMachine
( 40 );
( 50 );
( 60 );
Array use - The following calls the insertMoney(), emptyMachine() and
printTicket() methods using TicketMachine numbered 2.
tms [ 2 ].insertMoney ( 70 );
tms [ 2 ].printTicket ( );
System.out.println( tms
[ 2 ].emptyMachine( ) );
Exercise 12 - Array of objects

In your head
• What ticket is printed in the previous example?
• What is printed by: System.out.println( tms
[ 2 ].emptyMachine( ) ); ?
4.10.6 The for loop

Exercise 13 - for loop
In your head
1. Complete the numberOfAccesses method below to count the total number
of accesses recorded in the log file. Complete using a for loop iterating
over the hourCounts array.
public int numberOfAccesses()
{
int total = 0;
// total each variable of hourCounts
return total;
}
In BlueJ
2. Add numberOfAccesses method to LogAnalyzer class and test.
Exercise 14 - for loop

In your head
• Three TicketMachines below are:
○ defined
○ created
○ money inserted
○ emptied and totaled
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71
TicketMachine t0, t1, t2;
t0 = new
t1 = new
t2 = new
t0.insertMoney( 100 );
int sum = 0;
sum = sum +
t0.emptyMachine();
sum = sum +
t1.emptyMachine();
sum = sum +
t2.emptyMachine();
• Complete the following to obtain exactly the same results as above but
using a fixed size array and for-loop.
TicketMachine [ ] t;
t [ 0 ] = new
t [ 1 ] = new
t [ 2 ] = new
t [ 0 ].insertMoney( 100 );
int sum = 0;
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Chapter 5
More Sophisticated Behavior
Search site
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ttom of Form
Page
72
Overview
Chapter 4 examined some of the ways objects may be grouped together into
collections. Here we will look at several types of collections, random behavior,
and writing program documentation.
5.1 Documentation for library classes
The Java class library is extensive.
Documentation of the classes in HTML is
on the text CD for installation onto your
computer or is available by searching the
web.
5.2 The TechSupport system
• User enters question at keyboard
(we will see how to do user input).
• TechSupport system responds with
useful information. Version 1 has only 1 possible response.
Exercise 1 - TechSupport class

In BlueJ
1. Open project chapter05\tech-support1.
2. Create a SupportSystem object.
○ Call the start() method.
○ Ask questions of SupportSystem.
○ Type "Bye" to finish. Did it work?
○ Type " bye" to finish. Did that work?
5.2.2 Reading the code

public class
SupportSystem
{
private InputReader
reader;
private Responder
responder;
public SupportSystem()
{
reader = new
InputReader();
responder = new
Responder();
}
public void start()

{
boolean finished = false;
printWelcome();
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73
while(!finished) {
String input = reader.getInput();
if(input.startsWith("bye")) {
finished = true;
}
else {
String response = responder.generateResponse();
System.out.println(response);
}
}
printGoodbye();
}
private void printWelcome()
{
System.out.println("Welcome to the DodgySoft Technical
Support System.");
System.out.println("Please tell us about your problem.");
System.out.println("We will assist you with any problem you
might have.");
System.out.println("Please type 'bye' to exit our system.");
}
private void printGoodbye()

{
System.out.println("Nice talking to
you. Bye...");
}
}
public class
Responder
{
public Responder()
{ }
public String generateResponse()
{
return "That sounds interesting. Tell me
more...";
}
}
String comparisions
• "Edward".startsWith("Ed") - True because "Edward" starts with
"Ed".
• "Edward".startsWith("rd") - False because "Edward" does not
starts with "rd".
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74
• input.startsWith("bye") - True when "bye" is at the beginning of
input String, otherwise false.
• "Edward".equals("Edward") - True.
• "Edward".equals("edward") - False.
Exercise 2 - Reading the code

In your head
1. What will the following Java statements do? Will printGoodbye() be
executed?
public void start()
{
boolean finished =
false;
while(!finished)
{}
printGoodbye();
}
2. What will the following Java statements do? When will printGoodbye() be
executed?
public void start()
{
while(!finished)
{
String input =
reader.getInput();
if(input.startsWith("bye"))
{
finished = true;
}
}
printGoodbye();
}
In BlueJ
1. Type bye in the Terminal Window to stop execution from Exercise 1.
○ The start() method will not finish until bye is read.
○ If BlueJ seems to have gone on vacation, close BlueJ and Open the
project again.
2. Open class SupportSystem.
3. Place a breakpoint at the first executable statement of method start().
○ boolean finished = false;
4. Call the start() method.
○ Use Step to trace the execution of the method.
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75
5. What is your response when the following is executed?
○ String input = reader.getInput();
○ Type something into Terminal Window.
○ What is the value of input?
6. Use Step Into to execute completely:
○ String response = responder.generateResponse();
○ What is the value of response?
5.3 Reading class documents

•
Java standard library documentation - Details all classes
in Java library.
Exercise 3 - Java Documentation

In BlueJ
1. Click Help in upper-right corner.
2. Click on Java Class Libraries.
○ A browser window should open to the Sun Java website.
3. Find help on the String class.
4. Find help on the startsWith method.
5.3.2 Using library-class methods

•
Immutable objects - An object, that once created, its state
cannot be changed.
Improvements to TechSupport
• trim - Allow spaces around "bye" to stop iteration.
○ " a b c ".trim is "a b c"

○ (input.trim()).startsWith("bye") trims the blanks and tests that result
starts with "bye"
• toLowerCase - Allow "Bye", "BYE", etc. to stop iteration.
○ "AbC".toLowerCase is "abc"
○ " AbC ".toLowerCase().trim() is "abc"
○ input.trim().toLowerCase().startsWith("bye") trims the blanks,
converts to lowercase and tests that result starts with "bye".
Exercise 4 - trim and toLowerCase

In BlueJ
1. Change TechSupport method start() to finish when leading, trailing blanks
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76
and uppercase characters entered for bye.
2. Test.
3. Can the improvement be written another way?
5.3.3 Checking string equality

Testing for "bye" at the start of input, even with our improvements, behaves
incorrectly on input such as "Byelection". We will finish execution only on input of
"bye" by testing for equality.
• equals - Returns true when two strings are equal.
○ "AbC".equals("AbC") is true.
○ "AbC".equals("ABC") is false.
○ input.trim().toLowerCase().equals("bye") trims the blanks, converts
to lowercase and tests that result is equal "bye".
• == - Tests for equality of primitive types such as int, double, boolean,
char and whether the same object is referenced.
○ 4 == 3 is false.
○ 4 == 4 is true.
○ private TicketMachine t1;
private TicketMachine t2;
t1 = new TicketMachine(50);
t2 = t1;
t1 == t2 is true because both reference the same TechSupport

object.
Exercise 5 - equals and ==

In your head
1. '3' == 3?
2. private TicketMachine t1;
private TicketMachine t2;
t2 == t1?
In BlueJ
1. Change TechSupport method start() to finish when input is only bye using
the equals method.
2. Test.
5.4 Adding random behavior

Random behavior is observable in games of chance and real-life. Randomness in
computer models is produced by generating pseudorandom numbers. True
random numbers never recur in the same sequence but pseudorandom numbers
do repeat eventually.
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77
5.4.1 The Random class
The following simulates throwing two dies in a dice game.
• import java.util.Random; - Uses the Java library class Random.
• generator = new Random(); - The object of class Random is
named generator.
• generator.nextInt(6) - Generates the next integer between 0 and
5 inclusive of the pseudorandom sequence.
import
java.util.Random;
public class Dice

{
private Random
generator;
public Dice()
{
generator = new
Random();
}
public void twoDie()

{
System.out.println( oneDie() + " " +
oneDie() );
}
public int oneDie()
{
return generator.nextInt(6)+1;
}
Exercise 6 - Random
In BlueJ
1. Create a new project named Exercise6.
2. Create a new class named Dice.
○ Open the Dice class.
○ Copy and paste the above class into the Dice class source
code.
3. Compile and test by calling the methods:
○ oneDie()
○ twoDie()
4. Do the results appear random?
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78
5. What does the following do?
○ generator.nextInt(6)+1
Exercise 6.5 - Random

In BlueJ
1. Add the method throw() that throws the die 100 times and prints the
number of 1, 2, 3, etc.
○ Create an array of 6 integers named count.
○ Initialize the array variables to 0.
○ For each throw of the die, use the die number as the index of the
array variable to increment.
 int n = generator.nextInt(6);
 count[ n ] = count[ n ] + 1;
○ Print all 6 array variables.
5.4. Generating random responses

Exercise 7 - Random responses
In BlueJ
1. Change oneDie() method to return Strings: one, two, three, four,
five, or six.
○ Hint: int n = generator.nextInt( 6 )+1;

if ( n == 1 ) return "one"
else ...
2. Change oneDie() method to use an ArrayList rather than if-

statement.
○ Hint: ArrayList words = new ArrayList();

words.add("one"); // "one" is at index 0
:
int n = generator.nextInt(6); // n is 0-5
return words.get( n ); // Return object at

index n
Responder class with random responses, see project tech-support2.

public class
Responder
{
private Random
randomGenerator;
private ArrayList responses;
public Responder()
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79
{
randomGenerator = new
Random();
responses = new ArrayList();
fillResponses();
}
public String generateResponse()

{
int index = randomGenerator.nextInt( responses.size() );
return (String) responses.get(index);
}
private void fillResponses()
{
responses.add("That sounds odd. Could you describe that problem in
more detail?");
responses.add("No other customer has ever complained about this
before. \n" +
"What is your system configuration?");
responses.add("That sounds interesting. Tell me more...");
responses.add("I need a bit more information on that.");
responses.add("Have you checked that you do not have a dll
conflict?");
responses.add("That is explained in the manual. Have you read the
manual?");
responses.add("Your description is a bit wishy-washy. Have you got an
expert\n" +
"there with you who could describe this more
precisely?");
responses.add("That's not a bug, it's a feature!");
responses.add("Could you elaborate on that?");
}
}
5.5 Packages and imports
• Packages contain libraries of Java classes not automatically part of the
Java language.
• importclass name makes the package of classes available in a program.
For example:
○ import java.util.ArrayList; Makes just the ArrayList class

available.
○ import java.util.*; Makes all classes in the package
available.
5.6 Using maps for associations
•
Map - A collection that associates a fixed pair consisting of a key and a
related value. The key maps to the value.
Examples:
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80
• Dictionary associates the word as a key and the definition as the
value.
• Phone book associates the name as a key and the phone number as
the value.
ArrayList is not a map since only the object is stored at an index. Removing an
object can change the index of other objects, hence no fixed pairing is defined.
HashMap uses a key rather than an index. The key is mapped to an object.
Removing an object does not change the key-to-object mapping.
• put - The key
"one" is defined
to map to "I"
using put method
by:
HashMap englishToroman
= new HashMap();
englishToroman.put("one",
"I");
• get - The object
"one" is mapped
to "I" which is retrieved using get method by:
englishToroman.get("one
");
• The following translates English words for Strings "one" to "six" to
Roman "I" to "VI".
import
java.util.HashMap;
public class
EnglishToRoman
{
HashMap englishToroman;
public EnglishToRoman()
{
englishToroman = new
HashMap();
englishToroman.put("one",
"I");
englishToroman.put("two",
"II");
englishToroman.put("three",
"III");
englishToroman.put("four",
"IV");
englishToroman.put("five",
"V");
englishToroman.put("six",
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81
"VI");
}
public String translate(String english)

{
return (String)
englishToroman.get(english);
}
}
Exercise 8 - Mappings
In your head
1. From the object diagram, are the HashMap keys in any obvious order?
2. What is the result of the following?
○ englishToroman.get("five");
○ englishToroman.get("four");
○ englishToroman.get("english");
3. Is (String) really necessary for:
○ return (String) englishToroman.get(english);
In BlueJ
1. Create a new project named Exercise8.
2. Create a new class named Mappings.
○ Open the Mappings class.
○ Copy and paste the above EnglishToRoman class into thesource
code.
○ Modify to map SSN (social security number) as Strings to peoples
names.
3. Compile:
○ Test by calling the methods to map SSN to a name.
○ Test by calling the methods to map name to a SSN.
○ What happened?
4. Add the same SSN twice to the mapping but with different names.
○ Test by calling the methods to map that SSN to a name.
○ What happened?
5. Use the Help in upper-right corner. A browser window should open to the
Sun Java website.
○ Find help on the HashMap class.
○ Find out how to check whether a given key is in a map.
5.6.3 Using a map for the TechSupport system

Responder class with HashMap, responds to a given word in the map by
returning an associated string.
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82
public class
Responder
{
private HashMap responseMap;

public Responder()
{
randomGenerator = new
Random();
responsesMap = new
HashMap();
fillResponses();
}
public String generateResponse(String word)

{
return (String) responsesMap.get(word);
}
private void fillResponses()
{
responseMap.put("crash",
"Well, it never crashes on our system. It must have
something\n" +
"to do with your system. Tell me more about your
configuration.");
responseMap.put("crashes",
"Well, it never crashes on our system. It must have
something\n" +
"to do with your system. Tell me more about your
configuration.");
responseMap.put("slow",
"I think this has to do with your hardware. Upgrading your
processor\n" +
"should solve all performance problems. Have you got a
problem with\n" +
"our software?");
}
}
TechSupport start() method modified to generate a response to specific words as
input.
public void start()
{
printWelcome();
while(!finished) {
String input = reader.getInput();
if(input.startsWith("bye")) {
finished = true;
}
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83
else {
String response =
responder.generateResponse(input);
System.out.println(response);
}
}
printGoodbye();
}
Exercise 9 - Maps
For the Terminal input of:
"crashes"
"crashs"
1. What is input:
○ String input = reader.getInput();
2. What is:
○ input.startsWith("bye")
○ responder.generateResponse(input);
5.10 Writing class documentation

•
Documentation - Should provide enough details that other programmers
do not need to examine the source code.
5.10.1 Using javadoc in BlueJ
• javadoc -
• listNotes - We need a NoteBook method that prints all notes along with
their index numbers to the terminal window.
Exercise 10 - Documentation
1. Open the project Exercise8 and the Mappings class.
2. On the BlueJ menu, select Tools | Project Documentation | Regenerate
3. Note the documentation generated.
4. Add the following comments along with your name; documentation must
be placed after the import:
import java.util.HashMap;
/**
* This class implements an English number to Roman numerical
translation.
*
* @version 1.0
* @author Your Name
*/
public class EnglishToRoman
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5. Regenerate the documentation.
5.11 Public versus private

•
Access modifiers - Define the visibility of a field, constructor or
method.
Public - Defines the element accessible inside the same class or
outside the class.
Private - Defines the element accessible only inside the same class
Exercise 11 - Public/Private
In BlueJ
1. Open the TechSupport class.
○ Note private and public methods.
2. Create a TechSupport object.
○ Which of the methods can be called?
5.11.1 Information hiding

•
Information hiding - Principle that internal class implementation details
should be hidden from outside the class.
The private keyword hides information making it only accessible inside a class.
This prevents accidental or purposeful access to class fields, methods and
constructors.
•
Need to know - One should not need to know class implementation
details to use a class.
•
•
Not allowed to know - Does not allow access from
outside the class.
Exercise 12 - Public/Private
In your head
• In the TechSupport class.
○ Do you need to know that a Responder class object is one of the
fields?
○ When calling TechSupport methods, are you allowed to know about
fields or certain methods?
○ When calling TechSupport methods, are you allowed to know about
constructors?
5.11.2 Private methods and public fields
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85
• private - methods that are private can only be accessed by other
methods of the same class. This hides the methods from external calls.
Methods not intended for external use should be private.
• public - Fields that are public can be
accessed and changed externally without
using mutator methods. The values of the
fields cannot be controlled, hence the
state of the object cannot be controlled.
5.12 Learning about classes from their
interfaces
•
interface - Describes what a class does
and how it is used without examining the
implementation.
We'll examine the class interfaces in the ball project to understand how to use
the classes without understanding how they are implemented.
Exercise 13 - Class interface
In BlueJ
1. Open the chapter05\balls project.
2. Create a BallDemo object.
○ Call drawdemo method.
○ Call bounce method.
3. In BlueJ menu:
○ Open Tools
○ Project Documentation
○ Regenerate
4. Read Canvas documentation and
from it:
○ Draw a circle.
○ Draw a rectangle.
5.13 Class variables and constants

•
class or static variable - A field having one copy used by all objects.
Each object has own version of regular (non-static) field.
instance variable - A field having one copy per object.
5.13.1 The static keyword
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86
public class Test
{
private static int
count = 0;
private int i =
0;
public Test()
{
count = count + 1;
i = i + 1;
}
public int getCount() After:

{
return count; • new Test( );
} • new Test( );
}
• class variable - A single count variable is accessible by all Test
objects.
• instance variable - Each object has its own variable i.
5.13.2 Constants
•
final - Defines a constant, a value that
cannot change.
Exercise 14 - Constants
In BlueJ
1. Open a new project named static.
2. Create a new class named Test.
3. Copy and paste the above Test class
definition.
4. Create three Test objects.
○ Inspect two objects.
○ Show static fields.
○ What are the values of i and count?
5. Change:
private static int count = 0;
to
private static final int count = 0;
• Why the error?
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87
Top of Form
19574779 r
ALL 0
Chapter 6
Well-behaved Objects
Search site
Bottom of Form
Overview
Chapter 5 expanded the notion of collections to include maps. Important topics
discussed were information hiding and documentation. Static variables and
constants were also examined. Chapter 6 does not introduce new Java syntax
but important ideas about programming: testing small units, automating test,
regression testing, manual testing and debugging.
6.1 Testing and debugging
• testing small units
• automating test
• manual testing
• debugging
○ print statements
○ debugger
6.2 Unit testing within BlueJ
• Unit testing - Testing individual parts of an application ranging from a
class to individual methods.
• Application testing - Testing the complete application.
Exercise 1 - diary-prototype project
In BlueJ
1. Open project chapter06\diary-prototype
2. Select Day class.
○ Click Tools.
○ Project Documentation.
3. What are the stated values of the dayNumber parameter to the Day
constructor?
○ Would you expect it to work for those values?
○ What about other values?
4. Construct a Day object.
○ Are you testing a unit or the complete diary application?
5. Construct another Day objectusing dayNumber 367.
○ 367 exceeds the stated Day constructor boundary condition. Did
the constructor fail?
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88
○ Do you think something will eventually fail later?
○ Is it better to fail if the stated operating conditions are violated or
try to give some response?
○ What is another boundary condition?
6.2.1 Using inspectors

Exercise 1.5 - Inspectors
In BlueJ
1. Construct a Day object.
○ Inspect the Day object to determine if enough space is available for
storing hourly appointments that start at 9am and run until 6pm?
2. Construct three Appointment objects of 1 hour duration.
○ Make appointments for 9am, 1pm and 5pm.
○ Inspect the Day object to verify that the appointments occupy the
correct positions.
○ What is the Day class makeAppointment method boundary
condition? Test it.
○ Test whether two appointments can be scheduled at the same time.
3. Have you just performed unit or application testing?
6.2.2 Positive versus testing

•
positive testing - Testing cases that are expected
to succeed.
•
•
negative testing - Testing cases that are
expected to fail.
Exercise 2 - Positive and negative testing

In BlueJ
1. Construct one Appointment object of 10 hour duration and construct a
Day object.
○ Make an appointment starting at 9am.
○ What did your test indicate?
○ Did the makeAppointment method work as specified?
○ What were the makeAppointment method specifications?
2. Have you just performed positive or negative testing?
3. Can you think of another, similar test for the makeAppointment
method?
6.3 Test automation

•
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89
test automation - Test using a program (testing harness) rather than
manually. Favored because repeatable, easier and more reliable than
manual testing or inspection.
6.3.1 Regression Testing
•
regression testing - Because corrections or other changes can introduce
errors, earlier tests must be performed again.
The following class automates tests for Exercise 3.
public class
Exercise3Tests
{
public Exercise3Tests()
{ }
public void test()
{
Day day4 = new Day( 4 );
Appointment appt10 = new Appointment("Sleep
all day", 10);
day4.makeAppointment( 9, appt10 );
}
Exercise 3 - Test automation

In BlueJay
1. Create a new class Exercise3Tests in
the diary-prototype project.
○ Copy and paste the above
class.
○ The class diagram should
appear as at right.
2. Create an Exercise3Tests object.

○ Call method test().
○ Did the automated test produce the same results as the manual
tests?
○ Is this a good test to automate?
3. Change the test() method to:

○ Construct a Day object.
○ Construct three Appointment objects of 1 hour duration.
 Make appointments for 9am, 1pm and 5pm.
○ Test that appointments are placed at the correct times using the
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90
Day class showAppointments() method.
○ Test whether two appointments can be scheduled at the same time.
6.3.2 Automated checking of test results

• Automated testing ensures that critical tests can be easily and routinely
performed after each program change.
• Automated tests return true only when the test performs correctly.
• Multiple automated test results are combined using the && (and) operator
or &=.
Exercise 5 - Automation of tests
In BlueJ
1. Change the test() method of Exercise 3 to return a boolean type.
2. The result returned should be the conjunction (&&) of the appointments

for 9am, 1pm and 5pm.
○ Note that makeAppointment returns false if the appointment is not
made.
○ Combine the results of the three makeAppointment calls using &&.
○ Call your test() method.
3. Change one of the appointments to 6pm and call your test() method again.
○ Is this a positive or negative test?
4. In this case all positive tests return true to correctly indicate success.
Results can be combined using and (&&). All negative tests return false to
correctly indicate failure. How would we combine test results to indicate
the failure of a set of negative tests?
5. Can all method tests easily be performed automatically?

○ If not, give an example of a method signature that cannot be easily
tested directly.
6.4 Modularization and interfaces

•
interface - The point of connection between two modules, generally
through methods.
A calculator can be divided into two parts:
• user interface for the buttons and
display
• calculation engine for the
computation
The interface to a simplified calculation engine
consists of methods with the signatures of:
• public void plus();
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91
• public void minus();
• public void equals();
• public void clear();
• public int getDisplayValue();
• public void numberPressed(int number);
Because the calculation engine is separate from the the user interface, it can be
implemented and fully tested independently of the user interface.
Exercise 5 - Modularization and
interfaces
In BlueJ
1. Open project chapter06\calculator-
engine
public int testPlus()
2. Create a CalcEngineTester object. {
○ Call the testAll() method. // Make sure the engine is in
a valid starting state.
○ Do you trust the printed results? engine.clear();
○ Call the testAll() method again. // Simulate the presses: 3 +
4=
○ Do you now trust the printed engine.numberPressed(3);
results? engine.plus();
engine.numberPressed(4);
3. The method at right tests the plus() engine.equals();
method. // Return the result, which
should be 7.
○ Change to test 32 + 4 =
return engine.getDisplayValue();
○ engine is a CalcEngine field of }
CalcEngineTester.
○ Call the testPlus() method at
least twice.
○ Do you trust the results?
Exercise 6 - Modularization and public int testMinus()

interfaces {
In BlueJ // Make sure the engine is in
a valid starting state.
1. The method at right tests the minus() engine.clear();
method. // Simulate the presses: 9 - 4
○ Change to test 32 - 4 = =
engine.numberPressed(9);
○ Call the testMinus() method at engine.minus();
least twice. engine.numberPressed(4);
○ Do you trust the results of engine.equals();
minus()? // Return the result, which
should be 5.
return engine.getDisplayValue();
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92
}
6.6 Commenting and style

Exercise 7 - Commenting and style
In BlueJ
1. Open CalcEngine class.
2. Do the comments seem sufficient to explain the class and method use?
3. Is the source code layout reasonably consistent to the eye?

○ Indentation.
○ Use of { and }.
○ Commenting consistent.
4. Click the Implementation button and change to Interface to display the

class documentation from the comments.
○ Is the documentation sufficient to use the CalcEngine class without
reading the source code?
6.7 Manual walkthroughs

Public manual walkthroughs share program analysis with others. Though time
consuming, it is an important tool for analyzing code that fails for undetermined
reasons or for code that cannot be live tested (e.g. controlling an emergency in a
nuclear reactor).
Essentially the code in question is discussed and hand executed. You may have
already done this with others on homework assignments then you know that it
helps.
Exercise 8 - Manual walkthroughs to find errors

In BlueJ
1. Create a CalcEngineTester object.
2. Call the testMinus() method at least twice. Note that the results differ
between the first and second calls.
3. Knowing that the first call works correctly with input of:
○ 9-4=
Let's assume that we've determined that after the first call the CalcEngine
object has the following state:
○ previousOperator = '-'
leftOperand = 0
displayValue = 5
The second call fails with input of:
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93
○ 9-4=
When minus() is called the second time the input so far to cause minus()
to be called has been: 9 -.
The state is now:
leftOperand = 0
displayValue = 9
All appears well. Now to start our manual walkthrough of the CalcEngine
class:
4. Line 3 calls applyPreviousOperator() and previousOperator = '-'.
5. Because previousOperator = '-' line 20 is executed and performs:
○ leftOperand -= displayValue
which is:
○ leftOperand = leftOperand - displayValue or 0 - 9 = -9

6. When the number 4 and '=' is entered, the equals() method at line 7 is
called. The object state is:
leftOperand = -9
displayValue = 4
and the statement executed is line 12:

displayValue = leftOperand - displayValue or -9 - 4 = -13
7. We found the problem.
○ leftOperand = -9
when it should be:
○ leftOperand = 9
Retracing our steps (something a debugger normally doesn't do) we may
notice applyPreviousOperator() with previousOperator = '-' is the trouble
point, in line 20. In fact line 22 should have been executed instead:
○ leftOperand = displayValue = 9
8. We may realize that the real problem is that after the '=' was entered in 9
- 4 =, previousOperator = ' ' rather than previousOperator = '-'.
Adding the following after line 13 solves the problem:
previousOperator = ' '
1. public void minus()

2. {
3. applyPreviousOperator();
4. previousOperator = '-';
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94
5. displayValue = 0;
6. }
7. public void equals()

8. {
9. if(previousOperator == '+')
10. displayValue = leftOperand +
displayValue;
11. else
12. displayValue = leftOperand -
displayValue;
13. leftOperand = 0;
14.}
15.private void applyPreviousOperator()

16.{
17. if(previousOperator == '+')
18. leftOperand += displayValue;
19. else if(previousOperator == '-')
20. leftOperand -= displayValue;
21. else
22. leftOperand = displayValue;
23.}
6.8 Print statements

Printing the state of an object (fields), parameters and local variables as a
program executes has several advantages over debugging and walkthroughs.
The following includes printing of all fields on entry and exit of the minus()
method. The results of calling testMinus() twice is listed below.
1. public class CalcEngine

2. {
3. private int displayValue;
4. private char previousOperator;
5. private int leftOperand;

7. {
8. printState( "minus() entry");
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12. printState( "minus() exit" );
13. }
14.
15. private void printState( String where )
16. {
17. System.out.println(where+":
previousOperator="+previousOperator+
18. " displayValue="+displayValue+"
leftOperand="+leftOperand);
19. }
20.}
minus() entry: previousOperator= displayValue=9 leftOperand=0

minus() exit: previousOperator=- displayValue=0 leftOperand=9
minus() entry: previousOperator=- displayValue=9 leftOperand=0
minus() exit: previousOperator=- displayValue=0 leftOperand=-9
6.8.1 Turning debugging on and off

Software development ideally is a cycle of:
1. Analysis to determine an appropriate solution
2. Designing a solution
3. Coding the solution
4. Testing to verify correctness
5. Use of production system
6. Maintenance by modifying, correcting, improving.
Testing and maintenance both benefit from printing debugging information while
the program is running. In the production system, such debugging information
should be turned off. Because most successful systems move often between
testing, production and maintenance, debugging should be easily turned on and
off.
The following uses the value of the field debugging=true to turn printing On.
Change debugging=false to turn printing Off.
1. public class CalcEngine

2. {
3. private int displayValue;
4. private char previousOperator;
5. private int leftOperand;
6. private boolean debugging = true;

8. {
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96
9. printState( "minus() entry");
13. printState( "minus() exit" );
14. }
15.
16. private void printState( String where )
17. {
18. if ( debugging )
19. System.out.println(where+":
previousOperator="+previousOperator+
20. " displayValue="+displayValue+"
leftOperand="+leftOperand);
21. }
22.}
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Chapter 7
Designing Classes
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B
ottom of Form
Overview
Chapter 6 covered important ideas about programming: testing small units,
automating test, regression testing, manual testing and debugging. Chapter 7
introduces the most creative part of programming: design.
7.1 Introduction
• bad design
○ difficult to implement
○ difficult to test
○ difficult to get to work correctly
○ difficult to change
7.2 The world-of-zuul game example
Exercise 1 - zuul-bad
In BlueJ
1. Open project
chapter07\zu
ul-bad
2. From the
class
diagram at
right, which
class should
you use to
play the
game?
3. Explore and
answer:
a. What
does the application do?
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98
b. What are the commands?
c. What does each command do?
d. How many rooms are there?
e. Draw a map of just the rooms connected to the outside Room using
the compass headings:
N
W E
S
Exercise 2 - zuul-bad
In BlueJ
1. From the class diagram above, open in the editor the class Room.
○ Change from Implementation to Interface.
○ According to your map, how were the outside Room exits defined?
2. Open in the editor class Game.

○ Change to Implementation .
○ Examine the createRooms() method.
○ What is the effect of:
lab.setExits(outside, office, null, null);
○ Finish your map.
7.3 Introduction to coupling and cohesion

•
cohesion - A measure of the unity of concept exhibited by methods and
classes. For example, the Room class has high cohesiveness because all
methods are related to the room concept.
•
coupling - A measure of the interconnectedness of classes. Classes that
are essentially independent of the internal operation of other classes are
loosely coupled. Communication between classes occurs only through well
defined interface (signature) methods. Loose coupling allows changing
how a class operates internally as long as the method interface remains
the same.
7.4 Code duplication
Exercise 3 - Code duplication
In BlueJ
1. The following Game methods have duplicated code.
○ Locate the duplication.
○ How can the duplication be eliminated?
○ Remove the duplication.
○ Test.
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99
private void goRoom(Command command)
{
if(!command.hasSecondWord()) {
System.out.println("Go where?");
return;
}
{
String direction =
command.getSecondWord();
System.out.println("Welcome
to Adventure!");
// Try to leave current room.
System.out.println("Adventure
Room nextRoom = null;
is a ....");
if(direction.equals("north"))
System.out.println("Type 'help'
nextRoom = currentRoom.northExit;
if you need help.");
if(direction.equals("east"))
nextRoom = currentRoom.eastExit;
System.out.println("You are " +
if(direction.equals("south"))
nextRoom = currentRoom.southExit;
if(direction.equals("west"))
currentRoom.getDescription());
nextRoom = currentRoom.westExit;
System.out.print("Exits: ");
if(currentRoom.northExit !=
if (nextRoom == null)
null)
System.out.println("There is no door!");
System.out.print("north ");
else {
if(currentRoom.eastExit != null)
currentRoom = nextRoom;
System.out.print("east ");
System.out.println("You are " +
if(currentRoom.southExit !=
null)
System.out.print("south ");
if(currentRoom.northExit != null)
if(currentRoom.westExit !=
null)
if(currentRoom.eastExit != null)
System.out.print("west ");
if(currentRoom.southExit != null)
}
if(currentRoom.westExit != null)
}
}
7.5 Making extensions
A good design should allow extensions to be readily made. Coherent, loosely
coupled classes are generally easier to extend than tightly coupled designs.
Consider your car's sound system. The system consists of several independent,
loosely coupled modules (speakers, antenna, radio/player). A speaker is coherent
because only speaker operations are part of the design . The speaker is loosely-
coupled because speakers interface to the player only through standard plug-in
connector and can easily be replaced.
Compare to an incoherent design where the turn-signals are are designed into
the speaker. A tightly coupled design might have the radio tuning in the speaker
system, changing speakers would require changing part of the radio system or
changing the speakers to accommodate the radio. Better to have speakers and
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100
radio independent systems that communicate through a well-defined interface,
the speaker connection.
7.5.1 The task
Add two new directions for room exits up and down.
7.5.2 Finding the relevant source code
The code defining and using room exits is in class Game methods
(printLocationInfo and goRoom)and in class Room.
Defining Room class fields public allows the Game class direct manipulation of
the fields, making the Room and Game class tightly coupled and difficult to
change independent of the other. We will break the tight coupling.
class Game class Room
{ {
private Room public Room
currentRoom; private void northExit;
goRoom(Command command) public Room
private void southExit;
printLocationInfo() { public Room
{ String direction = eastExit;
System.out.println("You command.getSecondWord(); public Room
are " + westExit;
currentRoom.getDescription if(direction.equals("north")) public void
()); nextRoom = setExits(Room
System.out.print("Exits: "); currentRoom.northExit; north,
if(currentRoom.northExit nextRoom = Room east,
!= null) currentRoom.eastExit;
System.out.print("north if(direction.equals("south")) Room south,
"); nextRoom =
if(currentRoom.eastExit currentRoom.southExit; Room west)
!= null) if(direction.equals("west")) {
System.out.print("east nextRoom = if(north != null)
"); currentRoom.westExit; northExit =
north;
if(currentRoom.southExit if (nextRoom == null) if(east != null)
!= null) System.out.println("There eastExit =
System.out.print("south is no door!"); east;
"); else { if(south !=
currentRoom = nextRoom; null)
if(currentRoom.westExit ! printLocationInfo() southExit =
= null) } south;
System.out.print("west } if(west != null)
"); westExit =
System.out.println(); west;
} }
Exercise 4 - Encapsulation and coupling

In BlueJ
1. Edit the Room class.
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101
○ Change field access from public to private.
○ The fields are now encapsulated within the Room class.
2. Compile Room and Game classes.
3. This tight coupling has been broken but must be fixed to allow adding
other directions.
7.6 Coupling
After breaking the tight coupling between Room and Game classes, the compiler
tells us where the coupling was broken because the northExit, etc. fields of Room
are no longer accessible. Without public access to Room fields we will define a
Room accessor getExit() method that returns the room at an exit in a given
direction. For example:
north east south west
outside.setExits(null, theatre, lab, pub);
outside.getExit("east");
returns the Room theatre.
Exercise 4.1 - Encapsulation and coupling
1. Assign using setExits Room lab with north exit to the
outside Room.
2. What is returned by:

outside.getExit("west");
lab.getExit("west");
Several iterations of getExit() method - The following represents a iterative

development of a design to
achieve a more extensible
design. The //1 design is the
crudest, //2 represents some
improvement and //3
represents the best design.
//1 implements the getExit()
accessor method but requires
adding more fields for each
new direction and new if
statements to setExits and
getExit methods.
//2 uses a HashMap to avoid
the need for multiple if
statements in getExit() but
setExits only allows four
directions without changing
the signature and adding a
new field and if statements
for each new direction.
//3 eliminates the need for
any additional field or if statements. New directions can be added without
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102
changing the Room class. For example, any number of exits can be added by
calling setExit() repeatedly:
outside.setExits(null, theatre, lab, pub);
outside.setExit("east", theatre);
outside.setExit("south", lab);
outside.setExit("west", pub);
with the resulting object diagram at right.
Exercise 4.2 - Encapsulation and coupling
• Assign using setExit Room lab with north exit to the
outside Room.
// 1 // 2 // 3
class Room class Room class Room

{ { {
private Room northExit; private HashMap exits; private HashMap
private Room southExit; exits;
private Room eastExit; public void setExits(Room
private Room westExit; north, public void
Room setExit(String direction,
public void setExits(Room east, Room
north, Room neighbor)
Room south, {
east, Room exits.put(direction,
Room west) neighbor);
south, { }
Room if(north != null) public Room
west) exits.put("north", getExit(String
{ north); direction)
if(north != null) if(east != null) {
northExit = north; exits.put("east", return (Room)
if(east != null) east); exits.get(direction);
eastExit = east; if(south != null) }
if(south != null) exits.put("south",
southExit = south; south);
if(west != null) if(west != null)
westExit = west; exits.put("west",
} west);
}
public Room
getExit(String direction) public Room
{ getExit(String direction)
{
if(direction.equals("north") return
return northExit; (Room)exits.get(direction);
}
if(direction.equals("east")
return eastExit;
if(direction.equals("south")
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103
return southExit;
if(direction.equals("west")
return westExit;
}
Exercise 5 - Decoupling
In BlueJay
1. Copy and paste the full version of the decoupled Room class // 3 below.
○ Compile Room and Game classes.
// 3
import java.util.HashMap;
class Room
{
private String description;
private String exitString;
private HashMap exits;
public Room(String description)

{
this.description = description;
exitString = "";
exits = new HashMap();
}
public void setExit(String direction,

Room neighbor)
{
exits.put(direction, neighbor);
exitString = exitString + " " +
direction;
}
public Room getExit(String
direction)
{
return (Room)
exits.get(direction);
}
public String getDescription()

{
return description;
}
public String getExitString()

{
return exitString;
}
}
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104
2. Compiling Game class should give errors resulting from our decoupling
changes to Room. Setting exits of the outside Room is below:
○ outside.setExit("east", theatre);
○ outside.setExit("south", lab);
○ outside.setExit("west", pub);
3. Complete setting the theatre Room exits and comment out setting the
remaining Room exits for now.
○ Compile Game, more errors.
In BlueJ
1. Compile Game, more errors.
○ We have eliminated northExit, etc. in favor of the getExit()accessor
method of Room.
○ The following returns Room theatre for the Room at the "east" exit
of outside Room.
outside.getExit("east");
2. What are the changes to use getExit() rather than northExit in:
○ if(direction.equals("north"))
nextRoom = currentRoom.northExit;
3. Make the changes to the goRoom() method of Game.

4. Compile Game.
private void goRoom(Command
command)
{
String direction =
command.getSecondWord();

if(direction.equals("north"))
nextRoom =
currentRoom.northExit;
nextRoom =
currentRoom.eastExit;
if(direction.equals("south"))
nextRoom =
currentRoom.southExit;
if(direction.equals("west"))
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105
nextRoom =
currentRoom.westExit;
System.out.println("There is no
door!");
else {
printLocationInfo()
}
}
In BlueJ
1. Compile Game, more errors.
○ We have eliminated northExit, etc. which decouples but breaks the
printLocationInfo() method at:
if(currentRoom.northExit != null)
2. We need to maintain a list of exits for each Room. The following sets the
exits for the outside Room.
3. It is a simple matter to add a Room field named exitString that
accumulates by concatenating the direction String for each exit.
○ An accessor method getExitString() returns the String field
exitString.
○ For example:
outside.getExitString() returns "east south west".
○ The changes have been made to Room class. Examine.
4. What are the changes to use getExitString() rather than northExit in:
○ if(currentRoom.northExit != null)
5. Make the changes to the printLocationInfo() method below (i.e. your

method created to remove the duplication) of Game.
6. Compile Game. Does that resolve the explicit coupling errors?

private void printLocationInfo()
{
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106
System.out.println("You are "
+
if(currentRoom.northExit !
= null)
if(currentRoom.eastExit !
= null)
if(currentRoom.southExit !=
null)
if(currentRoom.westExit !
= null)
}
7.7 Responsibility-driven design
•
responsibility-driven design - class design by assigning responsibilities
to each class, responsible for handling own data.
A class should handle its own data, as we saw with the northExit, eastExit etc.
making data accessible outside a class increases coupling.
7.7.1 Responsibilities and coupling
• Classes that are entirely responsible for their own internal data can
access the data in methods, taking advantage of insider knowledge
of how the data is arranged, represented, etc.
• Changing internal data has no effect as long as method interfaces

remain the same.
• Other classes with access are tightly coupled, need insider

knowledge of the data.
• Changing internal data can require changing other classes with

access to the data.
Adding other directions has been made simple through our earlier exercises. But
suppose we want to place treasure, weapons or monsters in the rooms and be
able to add or remove items as the game progresses.
Exercise 8 - Responsibilities class Room
The current definition of {
printLocationInfo() would need to be public String getLongDescription()
changed if Room added other {
information to be printed. For the Room return "You are " + description +
class to be responsible for its own data, ".\n" +
it should return a full description of the getExitString();
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107
Room data.
private void
printLocationInfo()
{
System.out.print("You are "
+
currentRoom.getDescription()
);
System.out.println("Exits: "
+
currentRoom.getExitString()); }
}
In BlueJ
1. The Room class would need an
accessor method at right to
return a full description of a Room
contents, exits, etc.
2. Make changes needed to

printLocationInfo() method (i.e.
your method created to remove
the duplication) of Game.
7.8 Localizing change

localizing change - Changing one class should only minimally effect other
classes. Promoted by loose coupling and high cohesion. Design classes with
modification and extension in mind.
7.9 Implicit coupling
implicit coupling - Coupling that may not produce a syntax error when
changes occur.
Use of public fields has obvious potential for tight coupling that leads to syntax
errors when fields change in some way. Implicit coupling is often due to
duplication of data throughout the application. Data should occur only once in an
application.
The game commands are:
• go
• help
• quit
The data for recognizing commands in the CommandWords class with "look"
added is:
class CommandWords
{
private static final String
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108
validCommands[] =
{ "go", "quit", "help", "look" };
The same data is also in the
Game class printHelp() method:
class Game
{
private void printHelp()
{
System.out.println("You are
lost. You wander");
System.out.println("around
at the university.");
System.out.println("Your
command words are:");
System.out.println(" go quit
help");
}
Implicit coupling - Adding more command words in CommandWords class
requires changing Game also.
We could add a CommandWords method to return a String of all the command
words and call it from printHelp(). But the class diagram indicates the Parser
class already depends on the CommandWords class, making Game depend on
CommandWords would increase coupling.
Good designs reduce coupling. Better to define a Parser method to return the
command words from the CommandWords class instead.
class CommandWords
{
class Game class Parser private static final String
{ { validCommands[] =
private Parser parser; private { "go", "quit", "help",
CommandWords "look" };
private void printHelp()
{ commands; public String getWords()
System.out.println( {
"You are lost."); public String String words = "";
System.out.println( getCommands() for(int i=0;
"Your command { i<validCommands.length; i+
words are:"); return +)
System.out.println( words = words + "
commands.getWords( "+
parser.getCommands()); );
} } validCommands[i];
return words;
}
Exercise 9
• Examine the following Game method. Does implicit coupling still exist with
CommandWords class?
Page
109
• What is needed to add the "look" command?
class Game
{
private boolean processCommand(Command
command)
{
boolean wantToQuit = false;
if(command.isUnknown()) {
System.out.println("I don't know what you
mean...");
return false;
}
String commandWord =
command.getCommandWord();
if (commandWord.equals("help"))
printHelp();
else if (commandWord.equals("go"))
goRoom(command);
else if (commandWord.equals("quit"))
wantToQuit = quit(command);
return wantToQuit;
}
7.10 Thinking ahead

• The Game class is responsible for interacting with the user including all
input and printing to the terminal.
• Other classes maintain data.
• Changing from a terminal to a graphical interface is therefore much easier
because the input to manipulate and display the game state is confined to
the Game class.
Model/View/Controller - models for maintaining data, views for displaying the
data, and controllers for manipulating the model.
• Model: Classes are responsible for the model data. When significant
changes occur in the model, the application updates all of its views. The
Room class is responsible for Room data, the Parser for Parser data, etc.
• View: The user interface to display the model. Objects must register with
the model to receive updates when the model changes. The Game class
displays the Game model, the Room class displays (through
getExitString() ) Room model, etc.
• Controller: The user interface to manipulate the model data. The Game
class reads user commands from the keyboard, the Room model data is
manipulated through methods (e.g. setExit()).
7.11 Cohesion
7.11.1 Cohesion of methods
method cohesion - A cohesive method is responsible for
only one task.
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110
class Game
{
public void play()
{
System.out.println("Welcome to Adventure!");
System.out.println("Adventure is a new, incredibly boring
adventure game.");
System.out.println("Type 'help' if you need help.");
printLocationInfo();
currentRoom = outside;

while (! finished) {
Command command = parser.getCommand();
finished = processCommand(command);
}
System.out.println("Thank you for playing. Good bye.");
}
}
Exercise 10 - Cohesion of methods
• Is the above play() method cohesive?
• Are there any changes that would make it more cohesive?
7.11.2 Cohesion of classes

class cohesion - A cohesive class is responsible
for one thing.
• Room class is cohesive because it is responsible only for the state of a
room. Only methods to manipulate (mutator) or view (accessor) room data
are provided by the Room class.
• Parser class is cohesive because it is only responsible for commands. The
getCommands() method added to return the list of valid commands did
not reduce cohesion because the commands are part of the responsibility
of a Parser.
Exercise 11 - Cohesion of classes
1. Is our text book more or less cohesive than the National Inquirer?
2. Would adding a text chapter about a meeting between space aliens and
George Bush produce more or less cohesion?
3. Would adding a Parser class method to manipulate the Room state or
adding a Room field to the Parser:
a. Add an arrow from Room to Parser in the class diagram?
b. Increase or decrease coupling between Parser and Room classes?
c. Increase or decrease class cohesion of Parser?
d. Increase or decrease class cohesion of Room?
7.11.3 Cohesion for readability

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111
• Class cohesion essentially groups common data and methods into a class.
Reading and understanding one independent class is generally much
easier than understanding many tightly coupled classes.
Exercise 12 - Cohesion for readability
1. How are the Parser and Room classes coupled? Loosely, tightly or
not at all?
2. Would it make sense to read the Parser class to understand the
Room class?
7.11.4 Cohesion for reuse

reuse - Multiple use of the same class or method (i.e. calling the method
more than once)..
• Reuse is enhanced by strong cohesion.
• Generally a method that performs a simple operation is more reusable
than one that produces a complex result.
class Game
{
{
System.out.println("Welcome to Adventure!");
System.out.println("Type 'help' if you need
help.");
System.out.println(currentRoom.getLongDescriptio
n());
}
private void goRoom(Command command)

{
System.out.println("There is no door!");
else {
System.out.println(currentRoom.getLongDescriptio
n());
}
}
}
Exercise 13 - Cohesion for reuse

• What is reused in the above
fragment?
7.12 Refactoring
refactoring - Adapting existing classes and methods to meet new requirements.
Often adds functionality at the expense of more complex classes or methods.
• Refactoring often results in additional fields and methods or dividing a
class that has grown less cohesive into several, more cohesive classes.
Page
112
Exercise 14 - Refactoring
Add items (money, monsters, etc.) of varying weights placed in rooms.
1. What data (fields) is needed for an item?
2. What methods are needed to manipulate the fields?
3. Where are the most obvious points for refactoring to have different items
in a room?
○ Will the Room class need refactoring?
○ Will Game class need refactoring?
○ Should a new Item class be defined with responsibility for the
items?
7.12.1 Refactoring and testing

• Because refactoring changes classes and methods, tests must change
also.
Exercise 15 - Refactoring and testing
• Does a class that tests other classes need to be
refactored when:
○ additional methods are added to classes tested?
○ methods are removed from classes?
○ signatures of methods tested change?
○ signatures of methods tested do not change?
7.12.2 An example of refactoring

Exercise 16 - Refactoring example
Add ability for the player to pick up and put down items found in rooms.
1. What actions (methods) are needed to manipulate item?
2. Should an Item pick itself up or should a player pick up an Item?
3. Should the Item class have responsibility that includes a player carrying an
item?
4. Rate the following from most (1) to least (5) appropriate:

a. Room class is refactored with responsibility that includes items a
player is carrying.
b. Game class is refactored with responsibility that includes items a
player is carrying.
c. Item class is refactored with responsibility that includes a player
carrying an item.
d. Player class is created with responsibility that includes items a
player is carrying.
e. Parser class is refactored with responsibility that includes items a
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113
player is carrying.
5. Will Game class need refactoring?
7.13 Design guidelines

7.14 Executing without BlueJ
7.14.1 Class methods
instance method - Methods invoked on an instance
(object) of a class.
class method - Methods invoked on

the class.
• Class methods must be static since no instance (object) used to invoke the
method. For example, the following invokes the Math class method sqrt :
○ Math.sqrt(16.0) returns 4.0
7.14.2 The main method
• Running without BlueJ requires adding a main() method.
• For the Game() class, the following creates a new Game instance and calls
the play() method.
class Game
{
public static void main(String
args[])
{
( new Game() ).play();
}
}
• IUS - The Game class method can be executed by:
○ Start | Programs | Accessories | Command Prompt
○ Change to the directory containing the Java Game class files.
 H:
 cd c201\projects\chapter07\zuul-better
 v:\common\user\b438\forjava
 java -cp . Game
7.14.3 Limitations of class methods
• Class method cannot access instance fields. Makes sense because no
instance (object) was used to invoke the class method so no instance
fields exist.
• Class method cannot call an instance method for reason that no instance
exists. Can only call other class methods.
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114
Top of Form
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Chapter 8
Improving structure with inheritance
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m of Form
Overview
Chapter 7 introduced the design of classes. Chapter 8 examines a fundamental
object-oriented construct for reusing code: inheritance.
8 Introduction
•
inheritance - defines one class as an extension
on another.
•
• super (parent) class - The class that is extended with additional fields
and methods. TicketMachine is the super or parent class.
• sub (child) class - The class that inherits all fields and methods of the
super class. BusTicketMachine is the subclass of TicketMachine.
• private - Subclasses inherit but cannot access private methods or fields.

• public - TicketMachine methods that are public can be
called as internal methods (i.e. called on a
BusTicketMachine object). Public fields are accessible
in subclass.
• constructor - TicketMachine constructors can be

called as super followed by any normal parameters.
The TicketMachine(int ticketCost) constructor is called
by super(cost) in the BusTicketMachine( int cost, String
bus, String stops ) constructor below.
• over-riding methods - The printTicket() method is defined in both

classes, the definition used is the closest class. BusTicketMachine objects
call BusTicketMachine printTicket() method, TicketMachine objects call
TicketMachine printTicket() method.
• super - Over-riding methods as with printTicket() blocks access to

inherited methods. To call a super class method, precede the method call
with super.
1. public class TicketMachine 23.public class BusTicketMachine
Page
115
2. { extends TicketMachine
3. private int price; 24.{
4. private int balance; 25. private String bus, stops;
5. private int total;
26. public BusTicketMachine( int
theCost, String theBus,
6. public TicketMachine(int String
ticketCost) theStops )
7. { 27. {
8. price = ticketCost; 28. super( theCost );
9. balance = 0; 29. bus = theBus;
10. total = 0; 30. stops = theStops;
11. } 31. }
12. public void insertMoney(int 32. public void printStops()

amount)
33. {
13. {
34. System.out.println("# Bus " +
14. balance += amount; bus );
15. } 35. System.out.println("# Stops " +
stops );
16. public void printTicket() 36. }
17. {
18. System.out.println("# " 37. public void printTicket()
+ price + 38. {
"
cents."); 39. System.out.println("# Ticket for
bus " + bus );
19. total += balance;
40. super.printTicket();
20. balance = 0;
41. }
21. }
42.}
22.}
Exercise 1 - Inheritance
• Suppose that we have created a BusTicketMachine by:
BusTicketMachine btm = new BusTicketMachine( 50, "Number 3", "4th St.
- Mall - Airport" );
Trace the execution of the constructors.
• Trace the execution of:

btm.insertMoney( 75 );
• Trace the execution of:

btm.printTicket( );
Page
116
8.1 The DoME example
Database of CD's and video's.
• The database will
store two
collections, one
for CD's and the
other for video's.
• The class fields

are listed in the
object diagram
for each at right.
Exercise 2 - Need for
Inheritance
• How are the CD and
Video fields the same?
• How are the CD and
Video fields different?
• What types are each of

the fields?
•
UML - Unified Modeling Language, a notation for designing and
understanding object oriented systems.
• CD and Video
Some of the data fields and
methods given in UML form that
are likely needed to model a
collection of CD's and video's.
The figure at right lists both the
fields (top) and methods
(bottom) for the CD and Video
class.
Note the common fields and
methods. We may determine
later that others may be
needed but this shows the
commonality between the two
classes.
We would like to avoid duplication, inheritance can be used when the child
classes are cohesive with the parent.
• Database objects
Page
117
The database holds the CD
and Video collections
separately as an ArrayList
object for each.
The object diagram of the

database coarsely illustrates
the database object with four CDs and four Videos.
8.1.2 DoME source code

Exercise 3 - Need for Inheritance
1. How are CD and Video methods the
same?
2. How are CD and Video fields the same?
3. How are the CD and Video methods

different?
4. How are the CD and Video fields

different?
public class Video public class CD

{ {
private String title; private String title;
private String director; private String artist;
private int playingTime; private int numberOfTracks;
private boolean gotIt; private int playingTime;
private String comment; private boolean gotIt;
private String comment;
public Video(String theTitle, String public CD(String theTitle, String

theDirector, theArtist, int tracks,
int time) int time)
{ {
title = theTitle; title = theTitle;
director = theDirector; artist = theArtist;
playingTime = time; numberOfTracks = tracks;
gotIt = false; playingTime = time;
Page
118
comment = "<no comment>"; gotIt = false;
} comment = "<no comment>";
}
public void setComment(String public void setComment(String

comment) comment)
{ this.comment = comment; } { this.comment = comment; }
public String getComment() public String getComment()

{ return comment; } { return comment; }
public void setOwn(boolean ownIt) public void setOwn(boolean ownIt)

{ gotIt = ownIt; } { gotIt = ownIt; }
public boolean getOwn() public boolean getOwn()

{ return gotIt; } { return gotIt; }
public void print() public void print()

{ {
System.out.print("video: " + title System.out.print("CD: " + title +
+ " (" + playingTime +
" (" + " mins)");
playingTime + " mins)"); if(gotIt) {
if(gotIt) { System.out.println("*");
System.out.println("*"); } else {
} else { System.out.println();
System.out.println(); }
} System.out.println(" " + artist);
System.out.println(" " + director); System.out.println(" tracks: " +
System.out.println(" " + numberOfTracks);
comment); System.out.println(" " + comment);
} }
} }
Database class
• The database values are not stored on a file so are lost when
program closed.
• There is no user interface except using BlueJ.
import java.util.ArrayList; Exercise 3.5 - Need for
import java.util.Iterator; Inheritance
1. What fields are similar?
public class Database
{
private ArrayList cds; 2. What methods are
private ArrayList videos; similar
public Database()
{
cds = new ArrayList();
videos = new ArrayList();
}
public void addCD(CD theCD)
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119
{ cds.add(theCD); }
public void addVideo(Video theVideo)

{ videos.add(theVideo); }
public void list()

{
// print list of CDs
for(Iterator iter = cds.iterator();
iter.hasNext(); ) {
CD cd = (CD)iter.next();
cd.print();
System.out.println(); // empty line
between items
}
// print list of videos

for(Iterator iter = videos.iterator();
iter.hasNext(); ) {
Video video = (Video)iter.next();
video.print();
between items
}
}
}
The figure at
right reflects the
DoME
application after
four CDs and
four Videos have
been entered
into the
Database object.
Exercise 4 -
DoME
In BlueJ
1. Open
project
chapter08
/dome-v1
2. Create
one CD
and Video
objects.
3. Create
one
Database
object.
4. Enter the
Page
120
CD and Video objects into the Database object.
5. List the database contents.
○ Do any objects have comments?
6. Add a comment to one of the Video objects.
7. List the database contents.
○ Can you explain the printed output by the figure at right and
examining CD and Video print() methods below?
public class CD
public class Video
{
{
public void print()
public void print()
{
{
System.out.print("CD: " + title +
System.out.print("video: " + title
" (" + playingTime +
+
" mins)");
" (" +
if(gotIt) {
playingTime + " mins)");
System.out.println("*");
if(gotIt) {
} else {
} else {
}
System.out.println(" " + artist);
}
System.out.println(" tracks: " +
System.out.println(" " + director);
numberOfTracks);
System.out.println(" " +
System.out.println(" " + comment);
comment);
}
}
}
8.2 Using inheritance
•
inheritance - defines one class as an extension
on another.
• Item class defines those fields and methods duplicated or common to

both CD and Video class.
○ The Item methods are defined public, can be inherited by the

modified CD and Video class, and can be called from the CD or
Video class.
○ The Item fields are private, are inherited but cannot be accessed
from the CD or Video class.
○ Three methods, getArtist and getNumberOfTracks in CD and

getDirector in Video have been added.
Page
121
Item class code
public class Item
{
private int playingTime;
private boolean gotIt;
public Item(String theTitle, int

time)
{
title = theTitle;
playingTime = time;
gotIt = false;
comment = "";
}
public void setComment(String

comment)
{ this.comment =
comment; }
public String getComment()

{ return comment; }
public void setOwn(boolean

ownIt)
{ gotIt = ownIt; }
public boolean getOwn()

{ return gotIt; }
public void print()
{
System.out.print("title: " +
title + " (" + playingTime + "
mins)");
if(gotIt) {
} else {
}
comment);
}
}
CD class code
Before inheritance After inheritance
public class CD public class CD extends Item

{ {
private String title; private String artist;
Page
122
private String artist;
private int numberOfTracks;
private boolean gotIt; private int numberOfTracks;
public CD(String theTitle, String theArtist,
public CD(String theTitle, int tracks, int time)
String theArtist, {
int tracks, int time) super(theTitle, time);
{ artist = theArtist;
title = theTitle; numberOfTracks = tracks;
artist = theArtist; }
numberOfTracks = tracks;
playingTime = time; public String getArtist()
gotIt = false; { return artist; }
comment = "<no
comment>"; public int getNumberOfTracks()
} { return numberOfTracks; }
public void setComment(String public void print()

comment) {
{ this.comment = System.out.println(" " + artist);
comment; } System.out.println(" tracks: " +
numberOfTracks);
public String getComment() }
{ return comment; } }

ownIt)
{ gotIt = ownIt; }

{ return gotIt; }
public void print()

{
System.out.print("CD: " +
title +
" (" +
if(gotIt) {
} else {
}
artist);
System.out.println(" tracks: "
+ numberOfTracks);
comment);
}
}
Page
123
Video class code
Before inheritance After inheritance
public class Video public class Video extends Item

{ {
private String title; private String director;
private String director;
private int playingTime; public Video(String theTitle, String
private boolean gotIt; theDirector,
private String comment; int time)
{
public Video(String theTitle, super(theTitle, time);
String theDirector, director = theDirector;
int time) }
{
title = theTitle; public String getDirector()
director = theDirector; { return director; }
playingTime = time; public void print()
gotIt = false; {
comment = "<no System.out.println(" " + director);
comment>"; }
}
}
public void setComment(String

comment)
{ this.comment =
comment; }
public String getComment()

{ return comment; }

ownIt)
{ gotIt = ownIt; }

{ return gotIt; }
public void print()

{
System.out.print("video: " +
title +
" (" +
if(gotIt) {
} else {
}
director);
Page
124
comment);
}
}
8.3 Inheritance hierarchies
Exercise 5 - Inheritance hierarchies
1. Extend the hierarchy diagram at right to
include jazz, blues, R&R, country western and
rap.
2. Extend the hierarchy diagram at right to
include musicals, science fiction, soap operas,
TV shows and comedy.
8.4 Inheritance in Java

• Item is the parent or super class.
• Video and CD class
○ Child or subclasses, inheriting from Item.
○ Have methods and fields of super class Item.
○ Can call public Item methods as internal methods.
○ Cannot access private fields even though inherited.
Item Video CD
public class Item public class Video public class CD extends
{ extends Item Item
private String title; { {
private int playingTime; private String director; private String artist;
private boolean gotIt; private int
private String comment; public void print() numberOfTracks;
public Item(String theTitle, {
int time) System.out.println(" " public void print()
+ director); {
public void } System.out.println(" "
setComment(String + artist);
comment) public String System.out.println("
getDirector() tracks: " +
public String getComment() { return director; }
numberOfTracks);
public void setOwn(boolean } }
ownIt)
public String getArtist()
public boolean getOwn() { return artist; }
public void print() public int

getNumberOfTracks()
{ return
numberOfTracks; }
}
8.4.1 Inheritance and access
rights
Page
125
Exercise 6 - Inheritance and access rights
In BlueJ
1. Open project Chapter08/dome-v2
2. Create a CD object.
○ Call a public inherited method such as setComment().
3. Open class Video
4. Remove the extends Item
○ What is the result of compiling Video?
○ Why?
5. Restore the extends Item
8.4.2 Inheritance and initialization

•
Superclass constructor - Subclass constructor must call super-class
constructor as the first statement.
• Constructors initialize object fields.
• Subclass must call super-class constructor to initialize inherited fields.
Item Video CD
1. public class Item 14.public class Video 22.public class CD

2. { extends Item extends Item
3. private String 15.{ 23.{

title; 16. private String 24. private String
4. private int director; artist;
playingTime; 25. private int
5. private boolean 17. public numberOfTracks;
gotIt; Video(String
theTitle, 26. public CD(String
6. private String String
comment; theTitle,
theDirector, String
int theArtist,
7. public time) int
Item(String 18. { tracks,
theTitle, int time)
19. super(theTitle,
int time) time); 27. {
8. { 20. director = 28.

theDirector; super(theTitle,
9. title = theTitle; time);
21. }
10. playingTime = 29. artist =
time; theArtist;
11. gotIt = false; 30.
12. comment = ""; numberOfTracks =
tracks;
13. }
31. }
Page
126
Exercise 7 - Inheritance and initialization
In your head
1. Trace the execution of:
○ CD mycd = new CD("Quacker",
"Duck", 300, 10000);
○ Video myvideo = new
Video("Revenge of the Ducks", "A.
Duck", 9000);
In BlueJ
1. Open CD class and set a breakpoint at
first line of CD class constructor.
2. Create a CD object.
○ Inspect.
○ Step Into to step through the
execution.
○ What constructor was executed for
super()?
○ Are Item fields part of the CD
object in the Inspector?
One Two Three
1. public 13.public 26.public class Three extends Two
class class Two 27.{
One extends
One 28. private String threeS;
2. {
3. private 14.{
29. public Three(String theS)
String 15. private
oneS; String 30. {
twoS; 31. super("blue");
4. public 32. threeS = theS;
One(Stri 16. public
33. }
ng theS) Two(Strin
5. { g theS)
34. public String getThreeS()
6. oneS 17. {
35. {
= theS; 18.
super("r 36. return threeS;
7. }
ed"); 37. }
8. public 19. twoS 38.}
String = theS;
getOneS( 20. }
)
Page
127
21. public
String
9. { getTwoS(
)
10.
return 22. {
oneS; 23.
11. } return
twoS;
12.}
24. }
25.}
Exercise 7.1 - Inheritance and

initialization
In your head
1. For the Java code above,
draw the UML class diagram
similar to at right that shows
inheritance of fields and
methods.

○ One myOne = new
myOne("white");
○ System.out.print( myO
ne.getOneS() );

○ Two myTwo = new
myTwo("red");
○ System.out.print( myT
wo.getTwoS() );

○ Three myThree = new
myThree("blue");
○ System.out.print( myT
hree.getThreeS() );
8.5 DoME: adding other item types

•
reuse - Using existing classes in a
new context.
Exercise 8 - Reuse
In BlueJ
Page
128
1. Add the following constructor with no parameters to Item:
○ public Item () { }
2. Create a class Game that inherits from Item.
○ Game class has no fields, constructors or methods.
3. Create a class VideoGame that inherits from Game.
○ VideoGame class has no fields, constructors or methods.
4. Examine the class diagram.
○ What class or classes are inherited by VideoGame?
8.6 Advantages of inheritance (so far)

• Avoids duplication of code that is inherited (e.g. CD, Video, Game and
VideoGame use same code from Item).
• Reuse of inherited code by multiple subclasses.
• Maintenance easier since inherited code shared by subclasses, changes in
parent class automatically extended to subclasses.
• Extensibility from parent class to more specific subclasses.
8.7 Subtyping
• Database class is simplified because now only responsible for Items,
includes CDs and Videos through inheritance.
• Only one ArrayList that references both CDs and Videos.
• Only one addItem() method for both CDs and Videos.
• Only one list() method for both CDs and Videos.
• CDs and Videos both Items through inheritance.
• Database need only handle Items to handle any subclass of Item.
Without Inheritance With Inheritance
import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.ArrayList;

import java.util.Iterator; import java.util.Iterator;
public class Database {
{ private ArrayList items;
private ArrayList cds;
private ArrayList videos;
public Database()
public Database() {
{
Page
129
cds = new ArrayList();
videos = new ArrayList();
}
public void addCD(CD theCD)
{ cds.add(theCD); }
public void addVideo(Video items = new ArrayList();

theVideo) }
{ videos.add(theVideo); } public void addItem(Item
theItem)
public void list() { items.add(theItem);
{ }
// print list of CDs
for(Iterator iter = cds.iterator();
iter.hasNext(); ) {
CD cd = (CD)iter.next();
cd.print(); public void list()
System.out.println(); // empty line {
between items for(Iterator iter = items.iterator();
} iter.hasNext(); )
{
// print list of videos Item item = (Item) iter.next();
for(Iterator iter = videos.iterator(); item.print();
iter.hasNext(); ) }
{ }
Video video = (Video) }
iter.next();
video.print();
between items
}
}
}
Exercise 8.2 - Subtyping

In BlueJ
1. Open chapter08/dome-v2.
2. Create Database, Video and CD
objects.
3. Add each Item to the database.
4. List the database.
8.7.1 Subclasses and subtypes

•
Primitive type - Non-object
types such as int, boolean, char,
double.
Page
130
•
•
Object type - Defined by
classes.
•
•
Subtype - Defined by subclass
hierarchy.
• A CD object is of type CD, CD is a subtype of Item.
• A VideoGame object is of type VideoGame.
• VideoGame is a subtype of Game.
• Game is a subtype of Item.
8.7.2 Subtyping and assignment
The two following definitions are compatible.
•
Variables and subtypes -Variables reference objects of their type or
subtype. Cannot reference (i.e. be assigned) supertype objects.
•
•
Substitution -Subtype objects can be substituted wherever supertype
object allowed.
Item item1 = new Item();

Game game1 = new Game();
VideoGame vg1 = new
VideoGame();
• Game variable game1 can

reference Game or VideoGame
objects (same type or subtype)
but not Item.
• Item variable item1 can reference

Item objects and CD, Video, Game
or VideoGame objects.
• VideoGame variable vg1 can

reference VideoGame objects but
not Game or Item.
Incompatible
Compatible Types
Types
item1 = game1; game1 = item1;

game1 = vg1; vg1 = game1;
Item item2 = new vg1 = item1;
Page
131
VideoGame vg2 = new
Game();
Game();
Game game2 = new
Game game2 = new
VideoGame();
Item();
•
Variables and subtypes
-Variables reference objects of
their type or subtype. Cannot
reference (i.e. be assigned)
supertype objects.
•
•
Substitution -Subtype objects
can be substituted wherever
supertype object allowed.
Exercise 9 - Subtyping and

assignments
Which statements are true?
1. Game is a subclass of
Item.
2. Game is a superclass of
VideoGame.
3. Game is a subclass of
Video.
4. Game is a superclass of
Video.

VideoGame vg1 = new
VideoGame();
Which are valid (using above

item1, game1 and vg1
definitions)?
1. item1 = game1;
2. game1 = item1;
3. game1 = vg1;
4. vg1 = item1;
5. Item item2 = new
Game();
6. Game game2 = new
Item();
7. Video video1 = new
Game();
Page
132
One Two Three
16.public
class
Three
1. public extends
class Two
One
8. public class Two extends One 17.{
2. {
9. { 18. private
3. private String
String 10. private String twoS;
threeS;
oneS;
11. public Two(String theS)
19. public
4. public 12. { Three(Stri
One(Stri ng theS)
ng theS) 13. super("red");
14. twoS = theS; 20. {
5. {
15. } 21.
6. oneS super("bl
= theS; ue");
7. } 22. threeS
= theS;
23. }
Exercise 9.1 - Subtyping and assignments

• Give the inheritance hierarchy diagram for the above
classes.
• Which are valid using the myOne, myTwo and myThree
definitions?
One myOne;
Two myTwo;
Three myThree;
1. myOne = myTwo;
2. myOne = myThree;
3. myThree = myTwo;
4. myThree = myOne;
5. myOne = new Two("purple");
6. myTwo = new One("green");
7. myThree = new Two("orange");
8.7.3 Subtyping and parameter passing

•
Passing subtypes -Actual parameters can be passed to formal
parameters of the same or supertype.
•
•
Passing supertypes -Actual
Page
133
parameters cannot be passed to
formal parameters of a subtype.

{
public void addItem( Item theItem )
{}
public void addGame( Game
theGame ) {}
public void
addVideoGame( VideoGame
theVidoGame ) {}
}
Database db = new Database();
VideoGame vg1 = new VideoGame();
Compatible Incompatible
db.addItem( item1 );
db.addItem( game1 ) db.addGame( item1 );
; db.addVideoGame( ite
db.addItem( vd1 ); m1 );
db.addGame( vd1 ); db.addVideoGame( ga
db.addVideoGame( v me1 );
d1 );
•
•
•
Passing supertypes -Actual parameters cannot be passed to formal
parameters of a subtype.
Exercise 10 - Parameter subtypes

Which are valid (using above db, item1, game1 and
vg1 definitions)?
1. db.addItem(item1);
2. db.addItem(game1);
3. db.addItem(vg1);
Which are valid (using above db, item1, game1 and
vg1 definitions)?
1. db.addGame(item1);
2. db.addGame(game1);
Page
134
3. db.addGame(vg1);
4. db.addVideoGame(item1);
5. db.addVideoGame(vg1);
6. db.addVideoGame(game1);
8.7.4 Polymorphic variables

•
Polymorphic -Many
shapes.
•
•
Polymorphic method-When inherited methods are over-ridden, the type
the object references determines the method executed.
•
•
•
object allowed.
Classes can over-ride inherited methods (i.e. methods with the same name) and
variables can reference objects of a subclass. For example, the following
executes the getS() method of class Two at line 16:
Two aTwo = new Two("purple");
aTwo.getS();
But the following executes the getS() method of class Three at line 29:
Two aTwo = new Three("purple");
aTwo.getS();
The type the object referenced is Three so the Three method was executed.
One Two Three
1. public class One 13.public class Two 26.public class Three

2. { extends One extends Two
3. private String 14.{ 27.{

oneS; 15. private String 28. private String
twoS; threeS;
4. public
One(String 16. public Two(String 29. public Three(String
theS) theS) theS)
5. { 17. { 30. {
6. oneS = theS; 18. super("red"); 31. super("blue");
7. } 19. twoS = theS; 32. threeS = theS;
20. } 33. }
8. public String
Page
135
21. public String
getS() 34. public String getS()
getS()
9. { 35. {
22. {
10. return oneS; 36. return threeS;
23. return twoS;
11. } 37. }
24. }
12.} 38.}
25.}
Exercise 11a - Polymorphism

• Which are valid?
• Trace the execution.
• Note that One, Two and Three
each have a getS() method.
One myOne = new
One("red");
Two myTwo = new Exercise 11b - Polymorphism
Two("white");
Three myThree = new • Which are valid?
Three("blue"); • Trace the execution.
• Note that One, Two and Three
each have a getS() method.
System.out.print( myOne.getS()
); One myOne = new
Two("red");
System.out.print( myTwo.getS() Two myTwo = new
); Three("white");
Three myThree = new
System.out.print( myThree.getS( One("blue");
) );
System.out.print( myOne.getS() )
• Database list method can handle any objects of type or subtype Item.
• Item, CD and Video have separate print() methods.
• item.print() polymorphic because the type of item can be Item, CD or
Video.
• Item class print() called.
Without inheritance With inheritance
public class Database public class Database

{ {
public void list() public void list()
{ {
// print list of CDs for(Iterator iter = items.iterator();
for(Iterator iter = cds.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); )
iter.hasNext(); ) { {
CD cd = (CD) iter.next(); Item item = (Item)
cd.print(); iter.next();
Page
136
between items
}
// print list of videos

for(Iterator iter = videos.iterator(); item.print();
iter.hasNext(); ) { }
Video video = (Video) }
iter.next();
video.print();
between items
}
}
Exercise 11.2 - Polymorphism

Which are valid? Note that Item, CD and Video each have a
print() method.
Item item1 = new
Item();
Video video1 = new
Video();
CD cd1 = new CD();
video1.list();
cd1.list();
item1.list();
8.8 The Object class

•
Object -The top-level class. All classes inherit from
Object class.
•
•
•
•
Substitution -Subtype objects can
be substituted wherever supertype
object allowed.
• Object is the superclass of all

classes.
• Item is a subclass of Object.
• The following are equivalent:
public class Item

Page
137
public class Item extends
Object
Exercise 12 - Object
Are the following equivalent according to the
hierarchy at right?
public class Game extends
Object
public class Game extends
Item
Which are valid?
{
public void addObject( Object
theObject )
public void addItem( Item theItem
)
Database db = new Database();
Object object1 = new Object();
1. item1 = object1;
2. object1 = item1;
3. db.addObject( item1 );
4. db.addObject( object1 );
5. db.addItem( item1 );
6. db.addItem( object1 );
8.9 Polymorphic collections

8.9.1 Element types
Polymorphic collections can reference
different types of objects. The Java
collections ArrayList andHashMap are
examples, able to reference String,
TicketMachine, Game or other objects.
This is possible because these collections
are defined to reference Object types.
From our rules repeated below, we know
that a variable of type Object can
reference an object any subtype.
ArrayList signatures are given below for
the add() and get() methods. Because
Object is the super-type of all types, an
ArrayList element can reference any other
type.
•
Page
138
Variables and subtypes -Variables
reference objects of their type or
subtype. Cannot reference (i.e. be
assigned) supertype objects.
•
•
object allowed.
•
•
•
•
Passing supertypes -Actual parameters can not be passed to formal
parameters of a subtype.
public class ArrayList public class HashMap

{ {
public void add( Object public void put( Object key, Object
theObject ) theObject )
public Object get( int index) public Object get( Object key )
8.9.2 Casting revisited

Now we can understand the need for casting.
The ArrayList method get() returns a reference to an
Object.Object is the superclass so cannot be assigned
to a subtypes such as Item, TicketMachine, etc. It must
be cast to the correct type for the assignment.
Compile errors - The compiler can detect errors
where a supertype is assigned to a subtype variable
in // 1 below.
Runtime errors - The compiler can not
detect errors where a subtype is assigned
to the incorrect type variable as in // 3
below. However, at runtime // 3 will cause
the program to fail.
Why can't the compiler catch the error in //
3? Because at runtime the ArrayList
element 1 could be a CD, Video or any
other subtype of Object. It depends upon
what we have added to the ArrayList.
ArrayList aL = new ArrayList();
aL.add( new CD() );

aL.add( new Video() );
Page
139
CD cd1 =
aL.get( 0 ); // 1.
Compile error, CD = Object
Video vd1 = (Video)
aL.get( 1 ); // 2. Compile OK
CD cd2 = (CD)
aL.get( 1 ); // 3. Compile
OK but runtime error!
CD = Video.
Exercise 12.1 - • Diagram the

Polymorphism ArrayList aL.
• What is the
hierarchy • Which of the
diagram following are
classes One, valid syntax?
Two and
Three?
a. aOne =
ArrayList aL = aL.get(0);
new ArrayList();
b. aOne =
(One)
One aOne = aL.get(0);
new One("red");
c. aThree =
Two aTwo =
(One)
new Two("white");
aL.get(2);
Three aThree =
new d. aThree =
Three("blue"); (Three)
aL.get(2);
aL.add( aOne );
aL.add( aTwo ); e. aThree =
aL.add( aThree ); (Two)
aL.get(1);
f. ((Three)
aL.get(2)
).getS();
• Which of the
following give a
runtime error?
a. aOne =
(One)
aL.get(0);
b. aThree =
(Three)
aL.get(2);
c. aThree =
(Three)
Page
140
aL.get(1);
d. aTwo =
(Two)
aL.get(2);
e. ((Three)
aL.get(2)
).getS();
One Two Three
13.public class Two

1. public class One 26.public class Three
extends One
extends One
2. { 14.{
27.{
3. private String 15. private String
oneS; 28. private String
twoS;
threeS;
4. public 16. public Two(String
One(String 29. public Three(String
theS)
theS) theS)
17. {
5. { 30. {
18. super("red");
6. oneS = theS; 31. super("blue");
19. twoS = theS;
7. } 32. threeS = theS;
20. }
33. }
8. public String
getS() 21. public String
34. public String getS()
getS()
9. { 35. {
22. {
23. return twoS;
11. } 37. }
24. }
12.} 38.}
25.}
8.9.3 Wrapper classes

•
Wrapper classes -One common use is a class defined to encapsulate a
primitive type for use as an object.
You may have noticed that primitive types such as int, boolean, etc. are not used
in collections such as ArrayList, HashMap, etc. The reason being that collections
can only reference Objects.
Java already defines wrapper classes for all primitives. For example:
• Integer for int
• Double for double
The wrapper classes Integer and Double inherits from
Object so that Integer or Double objects can be treated
as normal objects while holding the value of the primitive
type.
Page
141
ArrayList aL = new ArrayList();
Integer integer1 = new
Integer( 5 );
aL.add( integer1 );
aL.add( new Integer( 3 ) );
Integer integer2 = (Integer)

aL.get( 0 );
int int1 = integer2.intValue();
int int2 =
((Integer).get( 1 )).intValue();
Exercise 13 - Wrappers
• What is the value of int1 and
int2?
8.10 The collection hierarchy
Top of Form
19574779 r ALL
Chapter 9
Search site
More about inheritance
power
FreeFind
Modified: 08/27/2004 12:48:17

Bottom of Form
Overview
Page
142
Chapter 8 introduced inheritance. Chapter 9 discusses key elements of
inheritance - method overriding and polymorphism.
•
Polymorphic -Many
shapes.
•
•
Polymorphic method-When inherited methods are over-ridden, the type
the object references determines the method executed.
•
•
•
object allowed.
overriding - A subclass method of the same name as a super class method will
be called for the subclass object. The sub class method has precedence over the
super class method.
Method Polymorphism - When a method is overridden (i.e. methods with the
same name in an inheritance hierarchy), the object's class determines which of
the methods is called.
• Method printTicket() is defined in both classes above, a TicketMachine
object will invoke the TicketMachine printTicket() method, a
BusTicketMachine object will invoke the BusTicketMachine printTicket()
method.
• TicketMachine tm = new BusTicketMachine( 50, "Number 3", "4th St. -

Mall - Airport" );
tm.printTicket();
Invokes the printTicket() method at line 37.
• TicketMachine tm = new TicketMachine( 50 );
tm.printTicket();
Invokes the printTicket() method at line 16.
1. public class TicketMachine 23.public class BusTicketMachine

2. { extends TicketMachine
3. private int price; 24.{
4. private int balance; 25. private String bus, stops;
5. private int total;

26. public BusTicketMachine( int
theCost, String theBus,
6. public TicketMachine(int String
ticketCost) theStops )
7. { 27. {
Page
143
8. price = ticketCost;
28. super( theCost );
9. balance = 0;
29. bus = theBus;
10. total = 0;
30. stops = theStops;
11. }
31. }
12. public void insertMoney(int

32. public void printStops()
amount)
33. {
13. {
34. System.out.println("# Bus " +
14. balance += amount;
bus );
15. }
35. System.out.println("# Stops " +
stops );
16. public void printTicket()
36. }
17. {
18. System.out.println("# " 37. public void printTicket()
+ price +
38. {
"
cents."); 39. System.out.println("# Ticket for
bus " + bus );
19. total += balance; 40. super.printTicket();
20. balance = 0; 41. }
21. } 42.}
22.}
Exercise 0a - Method Polymorphism

Suppose that we have created a BusTicketMachine by:
BusTicketMachine tm1 = new BusTicketMachine( 50, "Number 3", "4th St. -
Mall - Airport" );
TicketMachine t2 = new TicketMachine( 60 );
TicketMachine t3 = new BusTicketMachine( 50, "Number 3", "4th St. - Mall -
Airport" );
1. Are the following valid?
tm1.printStops();
tm2.printStops();
tm3.printStops();
tm1.printTicket();
tm2.printTicket( );
tm3.printTicket( );
One Two Three
Page
144
13.public class Two
1. public class One 26.public class Three
extends One
extends Two
2. { 14.{
27.{
3. private String 15. private String
oneS; 28. private String
twoS;
threeS;
4. public 16. public Two(String
One(String 29. public Three(String
theS)
theS) theS)
17. {
5. { 30. {
18. super("red");
6. oneS = theS; 31. super("blue");
19. twoS = theS;
7. } 32. threeS = theS;
20. }
33. }
8. public String
getS() 21. public String
34. public String getS()
getS()
9. { 35. {
22. {
23. return twoS;
11. } 37. }
24. }
12.} 38.}
25.}
Exercise 0b - Polymorphism
• What is the hierarchy?
• Trace the execution.
One myOne = new
Two("red");
Two myTwo = new
Three("white");
Three myThree = new
Three("blue");
System.out.print( myOne.getS() )
;
System.out.print( myTwo.getS() )
;
System.out.print( myThree.getS(
) );
9 Introduction
You may have noticed that the second DoME
example that used inheritance did not print all the
data fields of CD and Video. Only the fields of Item
class were printed. The reason being that the Item
method print() only has access to Item fields.
Page
145
Database list() method calls:
Item item = (Item) iter.next();
item.print();
Item Video CD
public class Item
{
private boolean gotIt;
public void print() public class CD
{ public class Video extends Item
System.out.print("title: " + extends Item {
title + { private String artist;
" (" + playingTime + private String director; private int
" mins)"); : numberOfTracks;
if(gotIt) { : :
System.out.println("*"); :
} else {
}
comment);
}

{
private ArrayList items;
public void list()

{
for(Iterator iter = items.iterator();
iter.hasNext(); )
{
Item item = (Item)iter.next();
item.print();
}
}
}
Exercise 1 - DoME print problem

In BlueJ
• Open chapter08/dome-v2
• Create a Video, CD and Database object.
○ Use Database method addItem() to add the CD
and Video object to the database.
• Call the Database method list() to print the database.
○ Did the Item method print() execute?
Page
146
• Add print() methods for CD and Video classes.
○ Copy and paste print() from below.
○ Use Database method addItem() to add the CD
and Video object to the database.
○ Did the Item method print() execute?
Item Video CD
public class Item
{
private int public class CD
playingTime; extends Item
private boolean {
gotIt; private String
private String artist;
comment; public class Video extends Item private int
numberOfTracks;
public void print() {
{ private String director;
System.out.print("titl public void

e: " + title + print()
public void print() {
" (" +
{
playingTime + "
System.out.println("Video " + System.out.println("
mins)");
director); CD " + artist);
if(gotIt) {
}
System.out.println("* : System.out.println("
"); : tracks: " +
} else {
numberOfTracks);
} :
:
System.out.println("
" + comment);
}
9.2 Static type and dynamic type

Problem
• CD and Video cannot access Item fields so cannot print those fields.
• Adding CD or Video method print() overrides Item method print().
• Database class should not call CD or Video method print() directly since
that would require modifying each time a new class was inherited from
Item.
Solution
• Define print() methods for CD, Video and Item classes.
Page
147
• CD and
Video call
Item
method
print().
We'll see
how
shortly.
9.2.1 Calling print from Database
Database list() method calls:
public void list()
{
for(Iterator iter = items.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); )
{
Item item = (Item) iter.next(); // item is CD or Video
item.print(); // Call CD or Video print()
method
}
}
static type - The type a variable is declared in the Java source code. Used for
type checking at compile time.
dynamic type - The type a variable stores at the current time.Used to

determine method to call at runtiime.
• Exercise 1 demonstrated that CD and Video print() methods are called
from list() method.
• Reason is item variable dynamic type
changes to CD when referencing a CD or
Video when referencing a Video.
• Dynamic type determines which print() is
called.
• Static type used at compile time.
9.3 Overriding
overriding - A subclass method of the same name
as a super class method will be called for the
subclass object. The sub class method has
precedence over the super class method.
In the following, the print() methods of CD and Video override the print() method
of Item for CD and Item objects.
Item Video CD
public class Item public class Video public class CD extends
{ extends Item Item
private String title; { {
private int playingTime; private String director; private String artist;
private boolean gotIt; private int
private String comment; numberOfTracks;
public void print() public void print()
Page
148
{
System.out.print("title: "
+ title + public void print()
" (" + playingTime { {
+ " mins)"); System.out.println("CD
if(gotIt) { System.out.println("Vide " + artist);
o"+ System.out.println("
System.out.println("*"); director); tracks: " +
} else { }
System.out.println(); : numberOfTracks);
} : }
System.out.println(" " + :
comment); :
}
9.4 Dynamic method lookup

method lookup - How methods are
called.
v1.print();
1. v1 accessed.
2. v1 found to be a Video object.
3. Video class has a print() method.
4. Video print() executed.
v1.print();
1. v1 accessed.
4. Video print() executed. Item print() blocked.
v1.print();
1. v1 accessed.
4. Video print() executed. Item print()
blocked.
9.5 Super call in methods
In the following, the print() methods of CD and
Video override the print() method of Item for CD
and Item objects.
To call the print() method of Item for CD and
Item objects, the print() methods call super
class print() method, Item.
Page
149
No changes to super class method.
Item Video CD
public class Item public class CD extends
{ Item
private String title; public class Video {
private int playingTime; extends Item private String artist;
private boolean gotIt; { private int
private String comment; private String director; numberOfTracks;
public void print()
{
System.out.print("title: " public void print() public void print()
+ title + { {
" (" + playingTime super.print(); super.print();
+ " mins)"); System.out.println("CD
if(gotIt) { System.out.println("Vide " + artist);
System.out.println("*"); o"+ System.out.println("
} else { director); tracks: " +
} numberOfTracks);
: }
System.out.println(" " + :
comment); :
} :
Exercise 2 - Super call in methods

In BlueJ
• Open chapter08/dome-v2
• Add super.print() methods to CD and Video method print().
○ Use Database method addItem() to add the CD and Video object to
the database.
○ Did the Item, CD and Video method print() execute?
Page
150

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Top of Form

1.2 Creating Objects

○ On the computer desktop, double-click the icon.

1. Right-click on the Circle class icon and

1.3 Calling Methods

Exercise 4 - Calling methods in BlueJ

1. Right-click on circle_1 icon . Choose

3. Click on the taskbar icon .

1.5 Data types

1. Click on the taskbar icon .

1.6 Multiple Instances

Exercise 8 - Inspecting Object

1. Click on the taskbar icon .

2. Inspect the state of circle_1 by right-clicking on .

1.8 What is an object?

2. Write down what tasks you did; list

1.9 Object Interaction

1.10 Source Code

○ Open the icon to see the results.

○ Open the icon to see the results.

1.11 Another Example

1.12 Return Values

Exercise 17 - Return Values of Methods

1.13 Objects as Parameters

The enrolStudent method is passed a Student parameter.

Exercise 22 - Exploring LabClass

Modified: 08/27/2004 12:17:09

2.2 Examining a class definition

public int getPrice()

public void insertMoney(int amount)

Object named ticketMachine_1,

• private - More in Chapter 5, for now always use private.

Passing actual parameter43 to formal

public TicketMachine( int ticketCost)

TicketMachine ticketMachine_1 = new

Exercise 3 - Formal Parameters, Fields and Scope

Exercise 3.5 - Assignment and Expressions

What is the value of the following?

2.6 Accessor methods

public void insertMoney(int amount)

○ Comment - For humans to read. Starts with /* and ends with

2.7 Mutator methods

2. What is the value of balance after each

2.8 Printing from methods

2.9 Summary of the naive ticket machine

2.10 Reflecting on the design of the ticket machine

Exercise 10 - if else conditionals

Changes to naive-ticket-machine to make the better-ticket-machine

public void insertMoney(int amount)

public int refundBalance()

2.13 Local variables

public int refundBalance()

7. Correct printTicket method by deleting the added line.

2.14 Fields, parameters and local variables

2.15 Summary of the better ticket machine

private String name;

public String getName()

public String getStudentID()

public void addCredits(int