OBM Syntethic PDF

Advantages Of Synthetic Oil based Mud over
Water based Mud System
28th & 29thDec, 2016

Institute of Drilling Technology
Presentation overview
1 Introduction : Why the Need?

2 What are LTMOs and SOBMs?
3 Constituents For OBM Package
5 Advantages Of Oil Base Muds
6 Toxicity of LTMO and SOBM
7 Disadvantages of SOBM
8 History of SOBM in ONGC
2 Institute Of Drilling Technology

Why Not Water Based Mud (WBM) ?
• Hydration of Shale formations

• Not efficient at high temperatures
• Interference with the flow of oil & gas through porous
rocks
• Promotes disintegration and dispersion of clays
• Dissolve salts
• Not as efficient lubricant as OBM
• Can promote corrosion
• High angle and extended reach wells
3
Shale Hydration Mechanism
● Forces holding plates together: Overburden & Cementation

● Forces pushing plates apart: Pore Pressure & Hydration Stress (can
be up to 80,000 psi = 5700 atm.)
● Clay types: smectite (worst), illite, kaolinite, chlorite, & mixed layers.

Drilling Challenges in Shale Formations
Swelling
Stuck up NPT
Shale
High
Torque & Hole
Drag Pack off
Change
in Stress

Oil Based Mud- alternative to WBM
 OBM have been developed to overcome certain undesirable

characteristics of WBM.
 OBM with High Speed Diesel (HSD) as base oil became ideal
alternative to combat the disadvantages of WBM in late seventies.

Problem with Oil Based Mud
 OBM having HSD as base fluid is hazardous in nature and dumping

of cuttings in environment with adhered oil was prohibited.
 Two alternatives were worked upon:
(i) Low Toxic mineral oil with aromatic content less than 1%
(LTMO)
(ii) Synthetic Oil

What are LTMOs ?
 These oils are derived from the same type of crude oil streams from
which Diesel oil, Kerosene, Gasoline and lubricating oils are
derived.
 A significant difference in the chemical make up for low toxicity

oils is the fact that aromatics are completely removed.
 These oils are composed of Paraffinic / Naphthenic components.

LTMOs Characteristics
 Low Sp. Gravity and High Initial Boiling Point
 High Flash Point
 Low Viscosity
 High Aniline point
 Low Pour Point
 Low Aromatic Content

Synthetic Oil Base Muds
 Linear Alpha Olefins (LAO)
 Internal Olefins (IO)
 Poly Alpha Olefins (PAO)
 Esters
 Ethers

Constituents For OBM Package
 Base oil
 Primary Emulsifier
 Secondary Emulsifier
 Lime
 Brine
 Organophilic Clay
 HTHP Fluid Loss agent
 Weighting material

Advantages of Oil Base Muds
(1) Shale Stability :

 OBM is non reactive towards shale formations.
 Higher penetration rate.
(2) High Temperature tolerance:
 Suitable for HTHP wells.
(3) Drilling salts:
 Do not interfere with salt formations.
(4) Lubricity:
 Minimize the friction between drill pipe and the wall of
wellbore.
 Reduces chances of Stuck-pipe.

Advantages of Oil Base Muds
(5) Low pore formation pressure:

 Mud weight as low as 7.5 ppg can be maintained.
(6) Corrosion control:
 Corrosion of pipe is controlled since oil is the external phase
and coats the pipe.
(7) Reuse:
 They can be stored for long periods of time since bacterial
growth is suppressed.
(8) Packer fluids:
 Oil muds may be used as long term stable packer- fluids,
since the additives are extremely temp. stable.

Advantages Of SOBM
SOBM has additional benefits compared to OBM:
 Low toxicity and reduce irritant property.
 Elimination of Diesel reduces pollution hazards.

Environmental Acceptance
Toxicity Testing Classification used by EPA - USA

S.No Category Median Lethal
Concentration ( LC50)
1 Non Toxic > 100,000 mg/L

2 Practically Non Toxic 10,000–100,000 mg/L
3 Slightly Toxic 1000 – 10,000 mg/L
4 Moderately Toxic 100 – 1000 mg/L
5 Toxic 1-100 mg/L
6 Very Toxic < 1 mg/L

Disposal Requirements For Using OBM
For Onshore Drilling Operations

 OBM having aromatic content less than 1% could be used under
intimation to MoEF/SPCB
 Chemical additives used for the preparation of DF should have low

toxicity i.e. 96 hrs LC50 should be > 30,000 mg/l as per toxicity
tests.
 Drilled Cuttings separated from OBM after washing should have

oil content less than 1 %.

Disposal Requirements For Using OBM
For Offshore Drilling Operations
Additional requirements are:

 Bulk discharge of Drilling Fluid is prohibited.
 Drill cuttings of any composition should not be discharged in
sensitive areas notified by MoEF.
 The Drilled Cuttings wash water should be treated to confirm to the
limits given by EPA.
 Discharge of Drilled Cuttings from the installation located within
05 Km away from the shore should ensure that there is no adverse
impact on the marine eco-system.

Biodegradability of OBMs
Decreasing
Highly
Toxicity
Biodegradable
SOBM
LTMO
Slow and incomplete

biodegradation Diesel

Disadvantages Of SOBM
 Cost
 Kick Detection
 Not to use in Exploratory Wells
 Not against Pay zone
 Rubber parts are easily deteriorated by oil base.

Selection Criteria for Oil Based Mud
(1) Must be a synthetically produced base fluid
 “oil” has poor environmental image.
 lower toxicity usually associated with synthetics.
(2) Optimize environmental factors
 high aerobic biodegradability
 low toxicity
 chlorides free
(3)Low health & safety risk
 avoid low flash points base fluids as they are classified as flammables.

History of SOBM in ONGC
 Two wells SC-7 & SC-8 were drilled in 12 ¼” with LTSOBM

by MI – SWACO on nomination basis in 2004. Prior to this a
lone well up to 800 mts was drilled with OBM
 The success prompted ONGC to sign a contract for 100 wells

with KMC Oiltools through Limited tender , of which 98 wells
were completed.

History of SOBM in ONGC
 This was followed by another contract for 175 wells with MI

SWACO and ONGC completed 242 phases with LTSOBM .
 A fresh contract has been signed by ONGC with MI-SWACO

in 2012 effective from November 2012 for 200 wells for using
OBM Package.
 With the commencement of Kakinada OBM Plant , ONGC is

also using the services of MI for LTSOBM Package in the
Eastern Coast.


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Advantages Of Synthetic Oil based Mud over

Water based Mud System

28th & 29thDec, 2016

1 Introduction : Why the Need?

6 Toxicity of LTMO and SOBM

8 History of SOBM in ONGC

2 Institute Of Drilling Technology

• Hydration of Shale formations

● Forces holding plates together: Overburden & Cementation

4 Institute Of Drilling Technology

5 Institute Of Drilling Technology

 OBM have been developed to overcome certain undesirable

6 Institute Of Drilling Technology

 OBM having HSD as base fluid is hazardous in nature and dumping

 Two alternatives were worked upon:

(ii) Synthetic Oil

7 Institute Of Drilling Technology

 A significant difference in the chemical make up for low toxicity

 These oils are composed of Paraffinic / Naphthenic components.

8 Institute Of Drilling Technology

 Low Sp. Gravity and High Initial Boiling Point

 High Flash Point

 High Aniline point

 Low Pour Point

 Low Aromatic Content

9 Institute Of Drilling Technology

 Linear Alpha Olefins (LAO)

 Internal Olefins (IO)

 Poly Alpha Olefins (PAO)

10 Institute Of Drilling Technology

11 Institute Of Drilling Technology

(1) Shale Stability :

12 Institute Of Drilling Technology

(5) Low pore formation pressure:

13 Institute Of Drilling Technology

SOBM has additional benefits compared to OBM:

 Low toxicity and reduce irritant property.

 Elimination of Diesel reduces pollution hazards.

14 Institute Of Drilling Technology

Toxicity Testing Classification used by EPA - USA

1 Non Toxic > 100,000 mg/L

15 Institute Of Drilling Technology

For Onshore Drilling Operations

 Chemical additives used for the preparation of DF should have low

 Drilled Cuttings separated from OBM after washing should have

16 Institute Of Drilling Technology

Additional requirements are:

17 Institute Of Drilling Technology

Slow and incomplete

18 Institute Of Drilling Technology

 Not to use in Exploratory Wells

 Not against Pay zone

 Rubber parts are easily deteriorated by oil base.

19 Institute Of Drilling Technology

20 Institute Of Drilling Technology

 Two wells SC-7 & SC-8 were drilled in 12 ¼” with LTSOBM

 The success prompted ONGC to sign a contract for 100 wells

21 Institute Of Drilling Technology

 This was followed by another contract for 175 wells with MI