Introduction of Insulation Coordination for UHV AC Systems
Eungbo Shim† and Eiichi Zaima*
Abstract – This paper introduces the insulation coordination study results for UHV AC systems which was performed by CIGRE working group. The study results will be discussed within IEC technical committee in order to amend the IEC Insulation Coordination 60071-1 Ed. 8 2010 and 60071-2 Ed. 3, 1996. This paper includes the insulation coordination of transformer, gas insulated switchgear, metal oxide arresters and clearances of transmission towers. This article also illustrates the overvoltage specific to UHV systems such as TOV(temporary overvoltage), switching overvoltage, lightning overvoltage and VFTO(very fast transient overvoltage).
1. Introduction achieve both economic efficiency and high reliability
while being capable of heavily loaded, long-distance Different countries in the world are planning and realizing transmission. UHV transmission lines and substation UHV AC systems with operating voltages exceeding 800 equipment are inherently large, therefore they should be kV. When planning a new power system, in particular at new designed as compact as possible by applying effective voltage level, insulation coordination is one of the most insulation coordination. important subjects. The main task is the determination of stresses and the assessment of the system and equipment 2.1 Insulation coordination research in UHV system installed. by CIGRE and IEC The general procedure of insulation coordination is described in IEC 60071-1(2010). This standard does not The general procedure of insulation coordination is give precise advice regarding new voltage levels although described in IEC 60071-1(Insulation co-ordination- Part 1: it provides insulation levels for Um values of both 1100 kV Definitions, principles and rules), and IEC 60071-2 and 1200 kV. These insulation levels are based on both past (Insulation co-ordination – Part 2 : Application guide). experience available from former CIGRE work that also Insulation design of UHV system is required to achieve considered the 1000 kV voltage level, and recent works in high reliability. UHV equipment sizes also tend to be Japan, China and India. In 1990’s, metal oxide surge large compared to lower voltage equipment. Therefore arresters have been applied to UHV substation design. economical and highly reliable transmission lines and Insulation coordination for UHV has been changed based substations with environmental considerations are essential on these arresters throughout substation and transmission in the UHV system. line. Also, gas insulated switchgears have been generally CIGRE had researched insulation coordination for UHV applied to UHV substation design. within previous CIGRE SC33 since 1970’s, and published Considering the above issues, CIGRE working group technical brochure No. 32(Final report of the UHV Ad Hoc C4.306 has reviewed and discussed insulation coordination Group, 1972), and technical brochure No.85(Ultra High practice in the UHV AC range taking into account the state- Voltage Technology, 1994). of-the-art technology, with special reference to surge arresters. Rated insulation levels for UHV system are standardized Recommendation, for application guide IEC 60071-2 in Amendment 1 of IEC 60071-1 Ed.8.1(March 2011). (1996) and IEC apparatus standards has been proposed. The standard specifies rational insulation levels with the assumptions that several higher performance surge arresters are installed at adequate locations, and utilities 2. Concept of Recent Practice on Insulation can choose the reasonable insulation level to meet their Coordination for the UHV AC System own specifications. The insulation levels in IEC 60071-1, LIWV (lightning impulse withstand level) for UHV The design of UHV and 800 kV power system should systems are 1950, 2100, 2250, 2400, 2550, 2700 kV and † Corresponding Author: KEPCO Research Institute, Korea Electric SIWL (switching impulse withstand level) 1425, 1550, Power Corporation, Korea. (ebshim@kepco.co.kr) 1675, 1800, 1950 kV. * Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Japan. (eiichi.zaima@mbr.nifty.com) Received: November 15, 2014; Accepted: December 26, 2014
30 Copyright ⓒ The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0/)which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Eungbo Shim and Eiichi Zaima
2.2 Recent practice of insulation coordination for the latest point of view, by taking account of the analysis UHV AC transmission system tool improvement, equipment quality improvement and safety factor which is included in analysis condition. Economical and highly reliable transmission lines and To design the substation equipment rationally, detailed substations equipment with environmental consideration analysis is more recommended than just applying the are essential in the UHV system. Therefore reducing the insulation level based on LIPL(lightning impulse protective size of transmission lines and substation equipment are level of a surge arrester) and SIPL(switching impulse practical countermeasures. In Chinese, Indian, Japanese protective level of a surge arresters), which are calculated UHV projects, suppressing overvoltage by higher per- by simplified method in IEC 60071-2, because the insulation formance surge arresters is a common countermeasure, and level has much influence on the construction cost in UHV additional countermeasures, such as suppressing overvoltage design. by the circuit breakers with closing and/or opening with pre-insertion resisters, are adopted in each shown in Fig. 2.3 Oervoltages specific to UHV AC transmission 1. In theses projects, overvoltages are simulated by the system latest analyzing technology such as EMTP(elecro-magentic transient program). Overvoltages which need to be considered in designing Fig. 2 shows the flow chart of insulation coordination UHV transmission lines and substation equipment are referred from IEC 60071-1. The basic concept has not been classified into four categories from the voltage charac- changed, but the concept is desirable to be reviewed with teristics as shown in Fig 3.
Fig. 3. Representative maxima of amplitude of overvoltages
transmission line ground faults and load rejections. In the case of sudden load rejection on a heavy loaded, long line, such as a UHV system, the overvoltage about 1.3 - 1.5 p.u. This TOV is required not only to cover the peak voltage in the system, but also to cover the overvoltage generated during their operation. Therefore power frequency withstand test was verified in both long time range and short time range, because the voltage stress is different from both range.
2.3.2 Slow front Oervoltages (switching overvoltages)
The duration of wave front is about a few-hundred
microseconds, such as the overvoltage in opening/closing transmission lines and ground fault. This switching overvoltages has much influence on the insulation design of towers, thus switching overvoltage is particular important for UHV systems because of the saturation effects of the air insulation distance on the switching Fig. 2. Flowchart for the determination of rated or standard impulse strength. insulation level in IEC 60071-1 As shown in Fig. 4, for the 1100 kV voltage level, the
http://www.jeet.or.kr │ 31 Introduction of Insulation Coordination for UHV AC Systems
Fig. 6. Explanation of the invading lightning surge to
substation Fig. 4. Relation between air insulation and switching impulse withstand voltage
Fig. 7. VFTO calculation and measurement when switching
busbars with a GIS DS as per IEC 62271-102, with pre-charging(China)
Fig. 5. Size reduction of 1100 kV double circuit tower current, repeats restriking and generate VFTO, which can reach up to approximately 3.0 p.u. At a UHV substation, lightning overvoltages are effectively suppressed by higher flashover voltage of air insulated gaps for switching performance surge arresters. Diconnector switching over- overvoltage has a tendency to saturate. Therefore, extremely voltages are likely to exceed the lightning overvoltages if high tower is required for air insulation. On the contrary, to no countermeasures are adopted. Therefore, the resistors reduce the construction cost of UHV system, switching can be a suppression measure for the VFTO. Fig. 7 shows overvoltages can be reduced by adopting circuit breakers example of calculation and measurement of VFTO in UHV with closing and/or opening resisters and high performance substation in China. arrester. Fig. 4 shows the relation between air insulation distance and switching overvoltage, and Fig. 5 shows the comparison between the double circuit tower design based 2.4 Selection of insulation level on 2.0 p.u. and 1.7 p.u. Insulation coordination of substation and transmission lines can be achieved to set a reasonable insulation level 2.3.3 Fast front Overvoltages (lightning overvoltages) voltage without sacrificing supply reliability by installing Lightning strokes terminating on UHV transmission higher performance surge arresters on specific locations in lines can generate overvoltages of several mega volt substations, adopting resister-fitted switching schemes of depending on the front-steepness of the overvoltage and the height of the tower. Shielding failure as well as back- Table 1. Insulation levels of UHV AC substation flashovers should be taken into account as shown in Fig. Insulation China (1100kV Japan (1100kV India (1200kV 6. Lightning overvoltage is the predominant factor for level Jindongnan) ShinHaruna) Bina) substation equipment design. Therefore overvoltages in the TR SIWL 1800 kV 1425 kV 1800 kV UHV substation are highly suppressed size reduction within LIWL 2250 kV 1950 kV 2250 kV SIWL 1800 kV 1550 kV 1800 kV a rational level by installing several higher performance GIS LIWL 2400 kV 2250 kV 2400 kV surge arresters at adequate locations. SA V20kA 1620 kV 1620 kV 1700 kV Remarks : TR : transformer 2.3.4 Very fast front Overvoltages (VFTO) GIS : gas insulated switchgear SA : surge arrester The GIS disconnector, when switching a charging V20kA : residual voltage at 20 kilo-ampares
32 │ J Electr Eng Technol.2015;10(1): 30-40
Eungbo Shim and Eiichi Zaima
disconnectors and circuit breakers, and comprehensive Fig. 8 shows the voltage versus current characteristics of simulations and analysis of assumed overvoltage phenom- normal 500 kV surge arrester, high performance 500 kV enon. To select an appropriate insulation level, it is necessary surge arrester and 1000 kV high performance surge arrester. to evaluate technical data and set reasonable margins to secure supply reliability. Table 1 shows substation designs 2.5.2 Resister fitted circuit breakers and corresponding insulation levels of Chinese and Japanese projects. To suppress the switching overvoltage, pre-insertion resistor is employed for UHV circuit breakers. Chinese and 2.5 Reduction of of insulation levels using overvoltage Indian UHV projects introduce resistor-closing technique, suppression measures while Japanese project introduces resistor-closing / opening technique. 2.5.1 Overvoltage suppression with surge arresters Both techniques suppress switching overvoltages of transmission lines to below 1.7 p.u. The resistance of this The higher performance surge arrester, which has switching scheme is usually between 500-700 Ω depending better protective performance, has been utilized to suppress on the size of UHV system and its characteristics. Table 3 LIWV and SIWV. The reliability of higher performance shows the insulation coordination of several UHV projects: surge arrester was confirmed throughout its massive (a) Closing overvoltage in Indian project and, (b) Opening application in 550 kV systems, and it is recognized as an overvoltage in Japanese project. effective measure to suppress power system overvoltages. Recent UHV projects in China and Japan employ higher Table 3 Suppression methods and insulation designs performance surge arresters with highest voltage of China Japan India equipment of 1620 kV (1.80 p.u. at 20 kA) at 1100 kV Highest voltage (kV) 1100 1100 1200 system. On the other hand, a recent project in India is Suppression of MOSA MOSAClosing MOSA developing an arrester with highest voltage of equipment switching Closing R & opening R Closing R overvoltage (600 Ω) (700 Ω) (600 Ω) of 1700 kV (1.74 p.u. at 20 kA) at 1200 kV system. Typical SOV level (p.u.) 1.7 1.6/1.7 1.7 locations of these higher performance arresters are transmission bays, busbars and transformer bays. Table 2 shows the LIWVs and protective performance of 2.5.3 Resister fitted disconnectors arresters in recent projects. Although each project adopts In gas insulated substations, the resistor-fitted discon- different insulation levels due to differences in location of nectors are commonly utilized to suppress switching arresters and substation types, all projects succeeded in overvoltages. Examples of applications of resistor-fitted reducing insulation voltage level ranges: 1950 kV-2250 kV disconnectors are shown in the Table 4 below. The GIS for transformers and 2250 kV-2400 kV for switchgears. system with fast-operating disconnectors can suppress the disconnectors’ overvoltage levels from 2.8 p.u. without the Table 2. Protective performance of surge arresters in resistors to less than 1.3 p.u. with pre-insertion resistors. substation projects Fig. 9 shows the disconnector structure with pre-insertion China Japan India Highest voltage (kV) 1100 1100 1200 Table 4 Pre-insertion resister for disconnectors Type of substation GIS Hybrid GIS AIS China Japan India Residual vol.(@20 kA)(kV) 1620 1620 1700 Highest voltage (kV) 1100 1100 1200 Transformer 2250 1950 2250 Type of substation GIS Hybrid GIS AIS LIWV (kV) GIS and others 2400 2250 2400 Pre-insertion R (Ω) 500 None 500 None
Fig. 8. V-I characteristics of UHV higher performance
surge arrester Fig. 9. Disconnector with pre-insertion resistor
http://www.jeet.or.kr │ 33 Introduction of Insulation Coordination for UHV AC Systems
1) Recent practices of insulation coordination based on
the higher performance surge arrester 2) Overvoltage estimation to peculiar to UHV 3) Air clearance in UHV range 4) Safety factor
Acknowledgements
This work is summary of key study results of CIGRE
Fig. 10. Pattern of 1100 kV power frequency test voltage technical brochure No. 542 by CIGRE working group C4.306. resister.
2.6 Power frequency test voltage References
UHV power frequency test voltages were decided based [1] Eiichi Zaima, C.Neumann, “Insulation Coordination on partial discharge tests (“Long-duration tests”) as shown for UHV AC Systems based on Surge Arrester in Fig. 10. This test is not only aimed to confirm dielectric Application (CIGRE C4.306)”, IEC-CIGRE Second strengths, but also to verify strengths by inspecting whether International Symposium on Standards for Ultra High or not partial discharges are generated as precursors of Voltage Transmission dielectric breakdowns throughout the test. [2] Guagfan Li, Jianbin Fan, “The experience of UHV The test voltages are the combination of a short-duration substation facilities in China”, International Con- section for verifying dielectric strengths to temporary ference on Development of 1200kV National Test overvoltages at one-line ground faults and load rejections, Station. and a long-duration section for assuring long-term strengths [3] IEC 60071-1 Ed. 8.1, “Insulation co-ordination -Part to operating voltages 1: Definitions, principles and rules”, 2011 [4] CIGRE brochure No.400, “Technical Requirements for Substation exceeding 800kV”, 2010 3. Summary of UHV insulation levels [5] CIGRE brochure No.542, “Insulation coordination for UHV transmission system”, 2013 In this study the safety factors can be selected instead of IEC recommended one(1.05 or 1.15 in IEC 60071-2) due to the improvement of manufacturing and quality control. For the LIWL, either 1950 kV or 2250 kV for the LIWV Eungbo Shim He received B.S degree of transformers, and 2250 kV or 2400 kV for other in electrical engineering from Hanyang substation equipment are adopted. University. He received M.S and Ph. D Each country sets either 1425 kV or 1800 kV for SIWV in electrical engineering from Chung- of transformers, and 1550 kV or 1800 kV for the SIWV of nam National University. His research other equipment interests are insulation coordination, In cases where the calculated VFTO is higher than the lightning observation and substation withstand level, special measures to mitigate he VFTO automation technology. such as damping resistors are required. Japanese, Chinese and Indian UHV projects apply the long duration induced AC voltage test(ACLD) for the UHV Eiichi ZAIMA He received BS degree power transformers. in electrical engineering at the Univer- sity of Tokyo as well as Master’s from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 4. Conclusion He completed his doctorate program at the University of Tokyo. In TEPCO, he In this paper, CIGRE WG(working group) technical has been pursuing engineering devel- report was introduced. Within the WG the insulation opment, and design of UHV AC power coordination practices in UHV AC taking into account the systems. He is the secretary of IEC TC122. state-of-art technology. Recommendations will be proposed to IEC 60071-2, “Application Guide”.
