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Lighting Schemes

The document discusses lighting schemes and their design. It outlines 5 types of lighting schemes - direct, indirect, semi-direct, semi-indirect, and general lighting. Direct lighting provides illumination directly onto the work plane while indirect lighting illuminates the ceiling which reflects light down. Key factors in designing lighting schemes are illumination level, uniformity, shadows, glare, mounting height, luminaire spacing, and wall/ceiling color. Proper lighting design aims to provide adequate, evenly distributed illumination while avoiding glare and harsh shadows.

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12K views

Lighting Schemes

The document discusses lighting schemes and their design. It outlines 5 types of lighting schemes - direct, indirect, semi-direct, semi-indirect, and general lighting. Direct lighting provides illumination directly onto the work plane while indirect lighting illuminates the ceiling which reflects light down. Key factors in designing lighting schemes are illumination level, uniformity, shadows, glare, mounting height, luminaire spacing, and wall/ceiling color. Proper lighting design aims to provide adequate, evenly distributed illumination while avoiding glare and harsh shadows.

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psahoo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lighting Schemes

General principles of good lighting

 Not injurious, rather protect our health by minimizing eye strain.


 It must provide plentiful but glare free light for all kinds of tasks.
 Provision of spot lights for tasks like sewing, reading etc.
 No source of light should appear in the visual field of any worker during working
operations.
 As far as possible all lights should be provided with shades
 Prevent accidents especially at such hazards as in staircases.
 Ensure absence of harsh shadows.
 It must create sufficient contrast between dark and light areas to prevent dullness
and monotonous.
 Maintain aesthetic appearance, contribute beauty and individuality to home
Realization of these aims involves:
a) Careful planning of brightness and colour patterns within theworking
area
b) Using directional lighting to assist perception of task and to give good
modeling
c) Controlling direct and reflected glare from light source
d) Minimizing flicker from certain types of lamp
e) Installing emergency lighting system where necessary

Types of Lighting Schemes:


Lighting schemes are classified according to the location, requirement and purpose
etc. are as under :

1. Direct lighting

2. Indirect lighting

3. Semi direct lighting

4. Semi indirect lighting

5. General lighting

i. Direct Lighting:
 It is most commonly used type of lighting scheme. In this lighting
scheme more than 90 percent of total light flux is made to fall directly on
the working plane with the help of deep reflectors.
 Though it is most efficient but causes hard shadows and glare.
 It is mainly used for industrial and general out-door lighting.

ii. Semi-Direct Lighting:

 In this lighting scheme 60 to 90 percent of the total light flux is made to


fall downwards directly with the help of semi-direct reflectors, remaining
light is used to illuminate the ceiling and walls.
 Such a lighting system is best suited to rooms with high ceilings where a
high level of uniformally distributed illumination is desirable.
 Glare in such units is avoided by employing diffusing globed which not
only improve the brightness towards the eye but improve the efficiency
of the systems with reference to working place.

iii. Semi-Indirect Lighting:

 In this lighting scheme 60 to 90 percent of total light flux is thrown


upwards to the ceiling for diffuse reflection and the rest reaches the
working plane directly except for some absorption by the bowl.
 This lighting scheme is with soft shadows and glare free.
 It is mainly used for indoor light decoration purposes

iv. Indirect Lighting:

 In this light scheme more than 90 percent of total light flux is thrown
upwards to the ceiling for diffuse reflection by using inverted or bowl
reflectors.
 In such a system the ceiling acts as the light source, and the glare is
reduced to minimum.
 The resulting illumination is softer and more diffused, the shadows are
less prominent and the appearance of the room is much improved over
that which results from direct lighting.
 It is used for decoration purposes in cinemas theatres and hotels etc.
and in workshops where large machines and other obstructions would
cause trouble some shadows of direct lighting is employed.

v. General Lighting:
 In this scheme lamps made of diffusing glass are used which give
nearly equal illumination in all directions.
Design of Lighting schemes

A well-designed lighting scheme is one which


(i) provides adequate illumination
(ii) avoids glare and hard shadows
(iii) provides sufficiently uniform distribution of light all over the working plane.
Following factors are required while designing lighting scheme
1. Illumination level
2. Uniformity of Illumination
3. Colour of light
4. Shadows
5. Glare
6. Mounting height
7. Spacing of luminaries
8. Colour of surrounding walls

i.Illumination Level:
This is the most vital factor because a sufficient illumination is the basic
means whereby we are able to see our surroundings.For each type of work
there is a range of brightness most favourable to output i.e. which causes
minimum fatigue and gives maximum output in terms of quality depends upon:

(i) The size of the objects to be seen and its distance from the observer.
Greater the distance of the object from observer and smaller the size of the
object, greater will be the illumination required for its proper perception and

(ii) Contrast between the object and back-ground-greater the contrast


between the colour of the object and its background, greater will be the
illumination required to distinguish the object properly. Objects which are seen
for longer duration of time required more illumination than those for casual
work. Similarly moving objects required more illumination than those for
stationary objects.

ii. Uniformity of Illumination:


The human eye adjusts itself automatically to the brightness within the field of
vision. If there is a lack of uniformity, pupil or iris of the eye has to adjust more
frequently and thus fatigue is caused to the eye and productivity is reduced. It
has been found that visual performance is best if the range of brightness
within the field of vision is not greater than 3:1, which can be achieved by
employing general lighting.

iii. Shadows:
In lighting installations, formation of long and hard shadows causes fatigue of
eyes and therefore is considered to be a shortcoming. Complete absence of
shadows altogether again does not necessarily mean an ideal condition of
lighting instillations. Contrary, perhaps to popular opinion, a certain amount of
shadow is desirable in artificial lighting as it helps to give shape to the solid
objects and makes them easily recognised.

iv. Glare:
It may be direct or reflected i.e. it may come direct from the light source or it
may be reflected brightness such as from a desk top, nickeled machine parts,
or calendared paper.

Direct glare from a source of light is more common, and is more often a
hindrance to vision. A glance at the sun proves that an extremely bright light
source causes acute eye discomfort. Reflected glare is glare which comes to
the eyes as glint or reflection of the light source in some polished surface.

v. Mounting Height:
In case of direct lighting it depends upon the type of building and type of
lighting scheme employed. For rooms of large floor area, the luminaries
should be mounted close to ceiling as possible. In case of indirect and semi-
indirect lighting, it would be desirable to suspend luminaries enough down
from ceiling to give uniform illumination.

vi. Spacing of Luminaries:


The distance of light source from the wall should be equal to one half the
distances between two adjacent light sources. The distance between light
fittings should not exceed 1.5 times the mounting height. In the case of direct
and semi-direct luminaries the ratio of the horizontal spacing between rows to
the height of the luminaries above the working plane depends to quite an
extent on the candle power-distribution curve of the luminaire. With fluo-
rescent luminaries it is good practice to aim at a value of unity for this ratio,
and to set an upper limit of 3/4. In the case of tungsten lamps combined with
focusing reflectors, the ratio of spacing to height should be about 0.6.

Illumination level required, as per ISI, in various parts of a building is


given below:
Illumination level required, as per ISI, for various types of traffic routes is
given below

vii. Colour of Surrounding Walls:


The illumination in any room depends upon the light reflected from the walls
and ceilings. White walls and ceilings reflect more light as compared to
coloured ones.

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