Introduction to DSL:-

People’s need for better and faster Internet connections grows year after year and
month after month. Over the years, the way subject is presented via the Web has
changed significantly.

The need for high speed connection has replaced the options available to consumers
and businesses alike in terms of how fast we can connect to the Internet.

Internet users over the years have noticed great changes in the contents that are
available on the web due in large part to High Speed Internet Connections.

We now have various choices of Internet Connections such as DSL, Cable Internet,
Wireless connections, and Satellite Internet Connections to name a few that are faster
than anything most of us could have envisioned.

Definition:-

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) is a technology or a telecommunications service that

provides a high-speed Internet connection over a standard telephone line and transfer
a regular phone line to a high-speed conduit for different types of data like voice and
video. the advantage being that the same line can be used simultaneously for both
services. is many times faster than dial-up., DSL service does not affect the phone
line.In addition, users can use the internet and use the phone at the same time

How fast is DSL?

 DSL services transfer data at speeds ranging from 128 Kbps (IDSL) to a potential 9.0
Mbps (HDSL) downstream. Up-stream speeds range from 128 Kbps to 1 Mbps and,
in some cases, even higher.

Customer Location

All types of DSL are affected by the distance (as measured in wire miles) between
user's location is and the telephone company's CO switching facility. In many cases,
this issue will lead to one DSL customer having excellent throughput with another
customer using the same company's service having very low speeds.

-Types of DSL:-
 There are many types of DSL for home connections such as ADSL, SDSL, IDSL, HDSL,
RADSL and VSDL.
 ADSL: stands for Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line. This is the most common type of
DSL access used by customers for home connection. Upload speeds are much lower than
download speeds. The normal rate for downloading is at 5 Mbps when uploading.
 SDSL: stands for Single Line DSL. It's symmetric and this is a good connection used in
business because of its symmetric speed and it costs more than ADSL. The upload and
download speeds are virtually the same.
 IDSL: stands for Integrated DSL. It's the slowest type of all the DSL connections. The
maximum speed is 128 Kbps.
 HDSL: stands for high bit-rate DSL. It's the earliest variation of DSL. The maximum
speed is 1.5 Mbps and can reach a high distance about 12000 ft. This type of DSL needs two
lines.
 RADSL: stands for rate adaptive DSL. Downstream is from 640 Kbps to 2.2 Mbps and
upstream is from 272 Kbps to 1.088 Mbps.
 VSDL: stands for very high bit-rate DSL. It's the fastest type among DSL connection. It
speeds between 51 to 55 Mbps over lines up to 1000 ft or 300 meters in length.

Advantages of DSL:-

1. You can use the phone line for phone calls and keep the internet connection at the same
time.
2. DSL offers a fast connection, so you can download and upload files faster in just few
minutes.
3. The speed is higher than a regular modem. It's because the DSL can offer you a speed up
to 1.5 Mbps, whereas a regular modem gives you a speed up to 56 Kbps.
4. DSL is more secure
5. Usually the company provides you a DSL modem as a part of the package.

6. Always on. Don’t need to connect each time you want to use it.

Disadvantages of DSL:-
1. DSL is affected by the distance as far as you go away from the provider, the connection
will be weaker, and this fact applies with all types of DSL connection.
2. Receiving information and data is faster than sending data.
3. Every company offers its own equipment. Meaning that if you travel to another country,
you may have to buy a new set of equipment.
4. You may experience stalling with your internet connectivity if traffic on the phone line is
heavy.
5. You cannot find the service everywhere.
6. People who want to upload large amount of data such as database corporate database,
video and so on will not find DSL attractive through it is fast.

- How DSL works:

DSL works with a twisted pair of copper wires, just like the kind that connects to your
telephone from the telephone company.

When you make a DSL connection, your normal phone line becomes the medium for
all of your voice conversations and your Internet data requests.  Just like in a cable
connection, the line is shared by the two connections and the information is kept
separate, so that signals do not cross.
The equipments that we need to get DSL connection:

 A modem (a transceiver) – on the subscriber’s side, this hooks up the

computer to the phone line and processes all information and data. In more
details, computers work with digital information, the digital data that is, the
ones (1) and zeros (0) must be converted so that it can be carried by the analog
phone line. This conversation from digital information to analog information
is called modulation. When analog information is received on the modem
connected to the destination computer, the data must be converted from analog
back to digital. This process is called demodulation. You can see that the name
for these devices, modem, is taken from modulation and demodulation.

 Access Multiplexer on the service provider’s side, stands for DSL Access
Multiplexer and it takes requests from many customers and sends them into a
single connection to the Internet.

 DSL filter a filter is sometimes used to separate the information coming from
voice conversations and from the Internet.  All signals fewer than 4 KHz are
voice signals, everything over 4 KHz is Internet data either being uploaded or
downloaded.  The filter acts as a barrier so that signals never cross.

Cable Internet

Introduction of cable internet:

Cable Internet is one of the most popular ways of obtaining a broadband

connection. Cable broadband Internet allows you to have an always-on connection
that delivers considerably faster speeds than other types of internet connections
without interfering with your ability to make and receive telephone calls. Cable
internet is one of internet service provider which allows the user use very high speed
internet connection. it`s one of the fastest download speeds for home use. It offers
download speed between 4 to 7 Mbps. Absolutely it`s much faster than a 56k dialup
connection. (High Speed Internet, 2009)

Definition:

When anyone need high download speeds always compare between cable internet
and DSL. The most prefer is cable internet because it provides an incredible number
of speed which allows users to download fast and play online games comfortably. All
that because it utilizes the same wiring already used to provide cable television in
their homes which makes installation easier.

- How cable internet works:

Cable Internet works in the same way as cable television. Cable providers use
a transportation of backbone optic wires to transfer television channels. These same
lines are used to connect the user to the Internet. This is possible because each wire
actually consists of multiple channels. Most of these channels are used for television
transmission, but some are booked for data and information transfer. Those channels
are used for accessing the Internet and separate ones are used for uploading and
downloading. The speed, in part, depends upon the number of channels made
available for users.

The transmissions go to the cable provider's local data center. This center is
considered as the main port for all of the television and data transmissions for this
particular area. From here, the transmissions will be sent out along the fiber optic
lines to the Local Node Box. This box collects transmissions for all of the households
in this particular area.

Since you only have one wire getting cable into your home, it will need to be
supplied so that one part can connect to your cable television receiver and the other
goes into your cable modem. You will also need an Ethernet card if your computer
does not already have one.
 When your cable modem receives the Internet transmission, it translates it into
Ethernet data which will be converted by the Ethernet card into information your
computer can read. The process is also used when you send data from your computer
to the Internet.

http://www.internetservicedeals.com/faqs/cable-internet

(Author/ unknown, electricinternet.com, 2009)

- Equipment:-

1. TV cable (the main source).

2. Cable modem.
3. Supplier. To split the cable into two parts, one part connects to TV and the other part
hooks into your cable modem.
4. Ethernet card. Change the Ethernet data into understandable information.

Advantages of cable internet:-

1. The speed of the connection is very high.
2. Always-On Internet Connection 24/7. No dial up. No busy signals.
3. You can watch TV Channels or make a phone call while you are connecting to the
internet.
4. The distance between your location and the internet provider won't affect the speed.
5. It's much faster than dial-up service.
6. It's quite easy to set up and to install.
 :Disadvantages of cable internet
1) It is more expensive than DSL connection and Dial-up.
2) The security risk in cable internet is higher than in DSL connection or Dial-
up.
3) The cable internet is actually not available to all cable TV networks.
4) The bandwidth is shared among users over the same cable line. Therefore the
connection speed is varies as the number of people using the internet at the
same time changes.
5) The cable internet is restricted with cable TV subscription.

Satellite

Introduction:

Satellite is the third way for home users to get a fast connection to the internet. It provides
the user with a broadband connection if you cannot get a DSL or a cable internet in your
location. Even in rural areas and there is no DSL or cable internet available to your home, then
Satellite will be your option to get high speed internet. Exclusively, most of satellite internet
service providers offer their consumers download speeds ranging anywhere from 768 Kbps up
to 5 Mbps. Which means it's comparable to a standard DSL connection for the home.
Unfortunately, it's more costly than DSL or cable because DSL and cable internet are easy to
set up and won't require the service commitment.

Definition:

Satellite high speed internet service is a technology for getting high speed internet
connection by using satellite dish connected to the orbiting system. Satellite internet
service is one of always on service, this means we can access to internet without
affecting on the telephone lines as well.
 So shortly we can define Satellite high speed internet service as a high speed internet
connection to the global internet network by using satellite dish.

Types of satellite:

-How satellite high speed internet service works:

Actually, satellite high internet service is divided into two types:-

1- One way satellite service / which must be provided with standard phone line to
make the data traveling via this standard phone line obviously trough the
phone modem. It is called one way service referring to that the upload speed is
very low and the download speed is higher than upload speed.

(Author/ unknown, sinosathk.com, 2009)

2- Two ways satellite service / Two-way satellite Internet service can provide
both sending and receiving data from the remote very small aperture terminal
(VSAT) site via satellite to a hub teleport, which then sends the data via the
terrestrial Internet. The satellite dish at each location must be exactly pointed
to avoid interference with other satellites. The attached picture gives more
explanations.
 The difference between one-way and two-way Satellite Internet service is :

The one way satellite internet service is the cheaper service, but it requires a
dial-up modem to upload files into the internet while only the downloading is handled
by the satellite. in the other hand, the two way satellite service handles both
downloading and uploading through the satellite modem providing a higher speed in
downloading and uploading. (Satellite Internet, 2008)

Equipment:
1. Satellite receiver / transmitter dish.
2. Modem. 120V power for the modem.
3. Coaxial cable between the modem and the dish.

Advantages of satellite:
1. It is possible to get a connection even in rural areas.
2. The speed is not affected by the cable or phone wiring.
3. It does not tie up with cable TV subscription or local phone service.

Disadvantages of satellite:

1. Very expensive so not any one can afford it.

2. The connection speed in DSL and cable is higher than satellite.
3. The connection is affected by the weather.
4. The upload speed isn't as good as the download speed.
5. Downloading large files are limited by fair access policy in reasonable time.
 6. The signals travel for long distance that causes some problems of delay known as
latency, which causes problems when playing games online or when making internet
phone calls.

Satellite Service providers:

-SMART company

Service Availability Available speeds Approximate monthly

cost

Smart Ku band Anywhere Up to 1512 Kbps RM 350 per month

Smart C band Anywhere Up to 2 Mbps RM 998 per month

)Author/ unknown, smartmalaysia.com, 2009( .1

Broadband over Power Line (BPL)

Introduction:
BPL is a short form for "Broadband over Power Line". It delivers high speed data services
to the customers with an internet protocol "IP" interface and principally for accessing the
internet. It's also known as the third wire to deliver broadband communication to the users. It's
a new technology that allows the user to access to the internet via plugging computers into any
electrical outlet. Moreover the speed of this technology is similar to DSL.

Defintion of BPL:

Broadband over Power Line is a technology that allows Internet data to be

transmitted over utility power lines. BPL is also sometimes called (PLC)which belong
to Power-line Communications .
How BPL works:

BPL works by modulating high-frequency radio waves with the digital signals from
the Internet. These radio waves are fed into the utility grid at specific points. They
travel along the wires and pass through the utility transformers to subscribers' homes
and businesses. Any modification is necessary to the utility grid to allow transmission
of BPL. (Whatis.com, 2009)

As the one can see that we have the equipment of BPL internet connection which is:
1. ISP (internet substation power) existing electrical wiring
2. Router
3. BPL gateway (it`s separate the power into two frequency one for the
electricity serves the other one for the internet serves ) In a communications
network, a network node equipped for interfacing with another network that
uses different protocols
4. BPL coupler
 5. Meter bank (reduce the power into a suitable power for a home usage)
6. BPL modem (deliver the internet to the pc)
7. PC

The ISP utilizing broadband service to the router which support the implementation
and then the signal go through the gateway that is for separate the power into two
copper wires. One of them is for transmitting power electricity and the other one is
for internet connection. After that, the signal goes to the coupler than to the meter
bank which decreases the power into a suitable power for a home usage. And as you
can see, on the image above the power move to the switch through the existing
electrical wiring and when you plug the cable of the router into the switch which
provided by the internet than the internet will transmitted to the PC through the
modem. (Electric Internet)

As you can see in the picture above, equipments are divided into two sections:

-Equipments that the provider should install them:

1- router: supports the implementation and switches the customer access gateway.

2- Coaxial cable: connects the coupler and the gateway together.

-Equipments that appear to the user:-

1- Electric outlet: the source of the power.

2- BPL Modem: makes the data understandable to the computer.

Advantages and Disadvantages of BPL:

Advantages of BPL:
 1) The speed of connection in BPL is much faster than in dial-up connection, as
files, data and software can be downloaded in seconds rather than dial-up
where downloading take hours.
2) Unlike DSL and cable internet, BPL does not require a phone line connection.
3) The BPL is much suitable as the internet connection is always kept on.
4) There is no need to dial an access number and risk getting a busy signal.
5) It provides a cheap phone services for a high internet access along VoIP
Technology.
6) It provides unlimited access with no charge based on the duration of the
connection.

Disadvantages of BPL:

1) It is more expensive than dial-up connection. The monthly payment fee is

higher than dial- up.
2) It requires a personal firewall to protect the computer as its risky is higher than
in dial-up.
3) It is difficult to find the service in remote and rural areas, as not all phone
wires are equipped for DSL connections.
4) Not all cable networks are equipped for cable internet access, as it cannot be
found in remote and rural areas.

BPL providers in Malaysia:

BPL is still not implemented in Malaysia. It is still under testing. Soon this
service will be launched. This poster has been scanned to show you the costs
of this service after being implemented.
 (
Author/unknown, www.et.net.my)

Wi-Fi Technology:

Introduction:
Nowadays, the computers networking are becoming much helpful and more improved.
Unlike in the past, they were connecting the devices by using wires. In the near future, Wi-Fi
has been introduced to the society and made a wonderful change in the computer networking. It
is one of the most popular communications standards on the market. Wi-Fi allows the user to
use the computer to connect to the internet from anywhere without using wires if there is a Wi-
Fi access point. You can find it in the coffee shops, airport or hotels.

Definition:

Wi-Fi is a short for (Wireless Fidelity) is a term for certain types of wireless local area
network (WLAN). Which allows your computer to access the internet within a given area or
"hotspot".
Description of the technologies involved:

Wi-Fi technology contains 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g standards in addition to a

Bluetooth created by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers "IEEE".

802.11a supports bandwidth 54 Mbps. It transmits radio signals in the frequency range
higher than 5 GHz. People like to use these frequencies because of its cost. Moreover this
frequency is higher than 802.11b standard. It is also more costly than the others.

The 802.11b specification allows for the wireless transmission of approximately 11 Mbps of
raw data at distances up to a few 100ft over the 2.4 GHz unlicensed band. The distance depends
on impediments, materials and line of sight. 802.11b gear can be responsible for any
interference that cause from ovens, cordless phones or any other appliances that use the same
2.4GHz range. Furthermore, it's installed within a reasonable distance away from the
appliances.

802.11g is compatible with 802.11a and 802.11b standards. In addition, it provides

bandwidth up to 54Mbps. It is the most common and the main difference between b and g is
that you can transfer files between computers or networks at much faster speeds.  .

Importance of Wi-Fi technology:

It is relevantly used to allow users to access freely and easily from their location
through a network environment within a limited area such as an office or a house.
Also it enables user mobility even outside the environment, as it is offered in coffee
shops and malls. Users can easily join to a certain network as he or she shifts from
place to another. It helps employees in increasing their efficiency in production as his
or her work can be achieved from any convenient location. In wireless network, many
clients can join the network suddenly and can be served properly with the existing
equipment, rather than wired networks where users need a wire to access. Wi Fi is
normally costs much lower than wiring. It is mostly offered with no charge in places
such as coffee shops and malls.
Wi-Fi implementation:

There are many standards Wi-Fi technology but two of them are the most common
nowadays, the first one is called 802.11b which provides a data transmission speed up
to 11mbps, the other one is called 802.11g which provides a data transmission speed
up to 54mbps. As it is mentioned the G one is faster, it is more popular and also
support the B one devices so it will always be chosen for implementing Wi-Fi
networks.

:Hardware that are needed in order to implement a Wi-Fi network

.ADSL modem: usually given by the internet service provider-1
.Wireless router (access point): usually comes with four RJ45 network ports-2

Wireless adapter: in case if there is a computer desktop PC, this computer must -3
have a wireless card to receive the Wi-Fi signal, there different type of Wireless
-:adapter
 PCI card: means Peripheral Connect Interface, this is the name given to a
type of port inside the pc, which enables the user to add thing such as network
cards, modems, sounds cards.

 USB Wireless Dongle: any PC provided with USB ports can accept this type
of wireless adapter.
:Software
There is no specific software to implement Wi-Fi network. Wi-Fi router can
be installed and configured by using any internet browser such as internet explorer. In
the other hand, there is some software to manage Wi-Fi networks. It makes managing
.the network easy and controllable

:Costs of implementing Wi-Fi technology

According to the hardware needed for implementing a Wi-Fi home network, the costs
.will be as it is shown in the attached table

Price hardware

168RM Linksys wireless router WRT54G2

Provided by DSL modem

Strymex

140RM Wireless adapter Linksys USB dongle

.So the total costs of implementing Wi-Fi technology is 308RM

:Operational requirements of Wi-Fi technology
:Safety -
Wi-Fi technology could be harmful to the human-being. The high frequency of radio
signals could cause some kind of cancers. Referring to the studies that have been
done, no one could prove the negative effects of the radio waves; no one could prove
that the Wi-Fi technology is harmless as well. However, to be more secure, we should
not allow the children to use laptop for long time. Also we should not use laptops on
.our laps especially when we use the laptops for long period

Security -
:Security mechanisms *
There are several mechanisms to secure any Wi-Fi network each mechanism has its
-:own concept
SSID: SSID is the short form of Service Set ID. In other word, it can be considered -1
as the name of the network. The purpose of SSID is connecting the clients to the
access point. SSID will be broadcasting to be seen by the clients. Each access point
has a name. In case if there is more than one access point with the same SSID, it will
be shown as one access point which has the strongest signal. In the other side, SSID
can be hidden for more security by changing the settings of the broadcast to be
unviewed so that the client must know the SSID. Unfortunately, hiding the SSAD
does not mean that the SSID is really invisible; there are some programs to find out
.the hidden SSID such as NetStumbler

2-WEP: is the short form of Wireless Equivalency Protocol. When the user set up
Wi-Fi network, there will be two options of encryption, one is WEP and the other is
WAP. WEP provides lower level of protection. It uses 64bit and 128bit encryption by
using RC4 logarithm. WEP uses a secret encryption key to encode data packets before
a network client or an access point transmits them, and it uses the same key to decode
the packets after they have been received, it also prevents unauthorized access to the
network, it performs an integrity check on each packet, and it protects the data from
eavesdroppers. Generally, WEP encryption can be easily broken compared to WAP
encryption.

3-WPA/WPA2: is the short form of Wireless Protected Area. It was created as a

partial solution to the weakness of WEP encryption. WPA is much better than WEP
but that does not mean it is completely protected.WPA can be cracked but not as easy
as WEP. WPA is more secure because it uses a method called Temporal Key Integrity

Protocol (TKIP) to automatically change the encryption key after a specified

period of time or after the system exchanges a specific number of packets. Obviously,
there is a question has been on your mind, how does WPA actually can secure the
network? Well, WAP works in two different ways.

First, in large networks, (WPA uses an authentication server to verify the

identity of each network user. The server uses Remote Authentication Dial-in User
Service (RADIUS) and the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to exchange
encryption keys with the computers and other devices that are connected to the
wireless network.)

Second, ((in home networks and smaller business networks that do not have a server,

A method called pre-shared key (PSK) mode uses a passphrase stored in the access
point in place of the authentication server. To connect to the network, users must enter
the same passphrase on their computers or other network devices (or set their devices
to automatically enter the passphrase). When you set up WPA encryption, you must
specify whether the network uses a server or PSK mode.))

(Author/ John Ross, The book of wireless, 2004)

WPA2 is the recent version of WAP. They almost have the same concepts. There are
some differences between WPA and WPA2. WPA Personal- Authentication method
is PSK, Encryption Method is TKIP only, and Cipher method is RC4 only WPA
Enterprise - Authentication method is 801.2 X/EAP with TKIP and RC4 only.

WPA2 Personal 802.11i is PSK with CCMP as default and TKIP as optional, while
the Cipher is AES as default and RC4 as optional.WPA2 Enterprise is 801.1 X/EAP
with CCMP as default and TKIP as optional, while the Cipher is AES as default and
RC4 as optional.

3-MAC Address Filtering:

Most access points include an option that permits the network manager to restrict
access to a specific list of client adapters. If a network device with a MAC address
that does not appear on the list of authorized users tries to connect, the access point
will not accept the request to associate with the network. This can keep intruders from
connecting to a wireless LAN, but it forces the network administrator to keep a
complete list of users’ adapters and their MAC addresses. Every time a new user
wants to join the network, and every time an established user swaps adapters or gets a
new laptop, PDA, or other device with a built-in adapter, the network manager must
add one more MAC address to the list.

Recommended mechanism for our case (Home network):

In short, this particular home network will be configured with a unique SSID.
The encryption that will be chosen is WAP because it is considered as the best
security solution for the wireless network. Obviously, the mode of WPA will be home
mode (PSK) that uses entered password or keys so that, the user must know the
password to connect to the network. Since we have a lot of guests come to our
residence place manually, MAC address faltering will not suitable for our case.
Moreover, MAC address faltering will be avoided.
Tips of securing Wi-Fi network from unauthorized users:

1- Changing the router's login username and password.

2- Turning on the data encryption.

3- Changing the default SSID from time to time.

4- Disabling SSID broadcasts.

5- Enabling MAC addresses filtering.

6- Making sure that router's firewall is always on.

Firewall:

A firewall is basically the first line of defense for network. The basic purpose
of the firewall is keeping the unwanted guests away from the network. Firewall allows
the user to determine what traffic should be allowed to get in or out of the network.
There are two figures of firewall. It can be a software application or hardware device.
The hardware device is generally located in the perimeter of the network. Most of the
wireless routers come with a firewall built into the routers themselves. There are also
software applications called personal firewalls that are recommended to be run in each
user's PC. These personal firewalls can monitor all the incoming and outgoing
communications on the computer.

:Antivirus
Antivirus is software that identifies the computer's viruses and protects
the computer from them. Anti-virus software scans files or computer’s memory for
certain patterns that may indicate an infection. Anti-virus software must be updated
manually to get the definitions of the new viruses. For example, if your antivirus has
not been updated for a while, it could not I identify the new viruses. There are much
available antivirus software in the market such as Norton and Macafee. Generally, all
of them have the same functions which are identifying the viruses and protecting the
.computers
:Rules & Regulations of implementing Wi-Fi technology
The rules and regulation of Wi-Fi are different as they depend on the country
that the Wi-Fi network will be implemented in. For example, in Russia any Wi-Fi
device must be licensed from particular organization. In other side, USA has got some
laws to be applied on bad usage of hacking Wi-Fi networks. In addition, there some
courts in USA specialized in judging on hacking conditions. As far as it is apparently
known, Malaysia is still not applying this kind of regulation as serious conditions.
Generally, there two types of limitations, outdoor and indoor each one of them has
.specific rules and regulations

Indoor: ((Area located within personal premises, where the radio waves of these
wireless networks are propagating (Houses, hotels, airports, etc).))

(Author/ unknown, citc.gov.sa, 2007)

Outdoor: ((Areas located outside of personal premises, where the radio waves of
these wireless networks are propagating (Streets, seashores, parks, etc).))

(Author/ unknown, citc.gov.sa, 2007)

Types of privacy in Wi-Fi networks:

- Private Wi-Fi network: is WLAN that is not open to everyone. That means if
anyone wants to access the private should be permitted and should know the
password of accessing this network. It is usually found in houses and personal
premises.
- Public Wi-Fi networks: is WLAN that can be accessed by everyone. It is
usually found in public places such as airports and restaurants. And it is not as
secured as the private WLAN.
Industries to implement Wi-Fi technology:

- Restaurants: implementing a Wi-Fi network in restaurants could be one of

the important things that should be provided in order to gain more customers.
There are a lot of people who do such business appointments in restaurants
therefore they might need an internet connection to make the meeting more
useful. This internet connection must be easy to connect, so that the Wi-Fi
technology is the suitable solution. The customer can just bring a laptop and
connect to the Wi-Fi connection directly without any physical preclusion. I
am personally one of these people who prefer restaurants that provide Wi-Fi
internet connection.
- Library: library is the place that usually used for doing researches. It is the
place where people get knowledge. Regarding the knowledge and researches,
the global network which is the internet is one of the most important sources
of getting knowledge. Therefore the internet connection is very important to
make the library more useful and convenient. Wi-Fi technology is the best
way to connect to the internet wirelessly. Besides that, the Wi-Fi technology
could be used in printing service. The administrator of the Wi-Fi network can
connect the printer to the operator PC and set it to be shared and then when
any client of the library wants to print some files, he or she just have to use
their own laptop to make an order of printing and go directly to the operator
to collect the printed files. Wi-Fi technology is recently considered as one of
the basic things of any library.

:Advantages and Disadvantages of Wi-Fi technology

:Wi-Fi networks have advantages and disadvantages compared with wired networks

-:Advantages of Wi-Fi networks-

1. In WLAN, the users can and remove workstations easily.
2. It is easy to provide connectivity in areas where it is difficult to lay wires.
3. Accessing to the network can be from anywhere within the access point range.
4. Installing the WLAN is easy and fast compared with wired networks.
 5. There is no need to pull cables trough walls.
6. It can connect more than building by using directional antenna.
7. In old buildings where it has traditional cabling, it can avoid drilling holes in
the walls.
8. The costs of implementing Wi-Fi network is almost the same as the wired
networks.

:Disadvantages of Wi-Fi networks-

1. As the number of computers using the network increases, the data transfer rate
to each computer will decrease accordingly.
2. As standards change, it may be necessary to replace wireless cards and/or
access points.
3. Some applications do not work well such as streaming videos compared with
the wired networks.
4. Security is not guaranteed in Wi-Fi networks and it is difficult to be
configurated.
5. Devices will be operated only at a limited distance from the access point.
The diagram of this particular home network:

As it is shown in the diagram the network is contained of six PCs. Three of them are
connected to the switch by cables and the other three are connected by using a
wireless router. There is a printer connected to PC1 and it can be shared by all the
users in the network.

Why I used switch added to the router:

As it was mentioned in the scenario there will be six users or more, which means this
network should fit more than six users. You can see in the diagram, there is a switch
added to the wireless router. Recently, the new wireless routers come with four
Ethernet ports. Since I want the network to fit more than ten users using cable I've
decided to add a switch which has 24 Ethernet ports.

Why I connected the printer to PC1:

There is one printer in this network. The printer has only USB port which mean it
can't be connected to the switch directly. So I connected it to PC1 and set it up to be
shared by all the users in the network. There is a reason of not connecting the printer
to one of the PCs that are connected by Wi-Fi because the cable is much faster than
the Wi-Fi.

What network topology I am using and why I choose it:

I am using star topology because of some reasons. First, it is suitable for my condition
which is a home network. Second, I choose it Due to its centralized nature and it
offers simplicity of operation. It also achieves an isolation of each device in the
network.

Conclusion:

In the end of this report, here are some facts and benefits I have gained from doing
this report. I have got some skills which are very important to do any task such as
dividing the duration that is given to achieve some tasks in specific period. In
addition, I have known a lot of information about the technologies that have covered
in this particular report. Even though, it is an individual work but it has taught me
how to exchange the knowledge that I have with the others by telling everyone's
experience. It is one of the most useful researches I have done during my study life.