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C1 Carre

Ferdinand Carre was a French engineer born in 1824 who made significant contributions to the development of refrigeration technology. In 1858, he developed the first continuous absorption refrigeration machine that used ammonia as the refrigerant and water as the absorbent. This machine was patented in France in 1859 and the U.S. in 1860. Carre's absorption system found success commercially in the American Civil War and enabled the first intercontinental shipment of frozen meat in 1878. He obtained over 50 refrigeration patents over his career and conducted research in electricity as well. Carre's absorption refrigeration system continued to be used into the early 1900s and revolutionized industries like food transport.

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164 views

C1 Carre

Ferdinand Carre was a French engineer born in 1824 who made significant contributions to the development of refrigeration technology. In 1858, he developed the first continuous absorption refrigeration machine that used ammonia as the refrigerant and water as the absorbent. This machine was patented in France in 1859 and the U.S. in 1860. Carre's absorption system found success commercially in the American Civil War and enabled the first intercontinental shipment of frozen meat in 1878. He obtained over 50 refrigeration patents over his career and conducted research in electricity as well. Carre's absorption refrigeration system continued to be used into the early 1900s and revolutionized industries like food transport.

Uploaded by

Al Ben
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FERDINAND P E CARRE

By EurIng Brian Roberts, CIBSE Heritage Group

Ferdinand Philippe Edouard Carre, 1824-1900


Ferdinand Carre was born on 11 March 1824 at Moislains, Somme, France. In 1850, his brother Edmond
(1833-1894) developed an intermittent absorption refrigerating device using water and sulphuric acid,
able to freeze water, which found use in Paris cafes. Ferdinand has been described as “a versatile
engineer…interested in thermodynamics, mechanics, metallurgy and electrotechniques.” From 1857, he
studied refrigeration machines using ethyl ether and ammonia. He continued work on Edmond’s process
and in 1858 developed a machine which used ammonia as the refrigerant and water as the absorbent.
This continuous absorption refrigerating machine was patented in France in 1859 and in the United
States in 1860 (USP 30201 of 2 October). His machine was manufactured in 1861 by Mignon & Rouart
of Paris. Carre exhibited his ice-making machine at the Universal London Exhibition of 1862, where it
produced 200 kg of ice per hour.

Much of the commercial success of Carre’s machine has been attributed to its use by the Confederate
States in the American Civil War after the Union blocked shipments of natural ice from the north. Carre
machines were smuggled through the Union blockade but did not operate satisfactorily until improved
upon by Daniel Holden in New Orleans. Holden used steam coils to power the system and used distilled
water to produce clean, demineralised ice.

In 1876, Carre equipped the ship Paraguay, belonging to a Marseille company, with an absorption
refrigerating system, enabling it to make the first intercontinental voyage carrying frozen meat in 1878
(from Buenos Aires to Le Havre).

He obtained more than 50 refrigeration patents and also carried out research in the field of electricity,
inventing an electric light regulator and a high voltage electrostatic generator. He left no written records
apart from his patents. Carre’s absorption system continued in use through the early 1900’s, after his
death on 11 January 1900 at Pommeuse, Seine-et-Marne.

Carre absorption device (Smithsonian Institution, Division of Engineering & Industry)


Carre’s intermittent household absorption refrigerator of 1859

Carre’s continuous absorption refrigerating machine of 1859


Carre’s Patent Description (Page 1 of 9 pages)
Ferdinand Carre

References

The History of Refrigeration: 220 Years of Mechanical and Chemical Cold: 1748-1968, Willis R
Woolrich, ASHRAE Journal; July 1969

A History of Refrigeration, Roger Thevenot, International Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, 1979

Building Services Engineering: A Review of Its Development, Neville S Billington & Brian M Roberts,
Pergamon Press, 1982

Heat & Cold: Mastering the Great Indoors, Barry Donaldson & Bernard Nagengast, ASHRAE, 1994

The Comfort Makers, Brian Roberts, ASHRAE, 2004

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