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    This document discusses the unit step response of a second-order system. The system has a transfer function of P(s) = 1/(s^2 + 5s + 6), with poles at -2 and -3. Taking the inverse Laplace transform of the transfer function yields the unit step response as y(t) = 1/6 - e^(-2t)/2 + e^(-3t)/3. The steady state value is 1/6. The exponents in the response are equal to the poles of the system. Since the step input is bounded and the output is also bounded, the system is BIBO stable.

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    Lec9 PDF

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    rishit
    39 views5 pages
    This document discusses the unit step response of a second-order system. The system has a transfer function of P(s) = 1/(s^2 + 5s + 6), with poles at -2 and -3. Taking the inverse Laplace transform of the transfer function yields the unit step response as y(t) = 1/6 - e^(-2t)/2 + e^(-3t)/3. The steady state value is 1/6. The exponents in the response are equal to the poles of the system. Since the step input is bounded and the output is also bounded, the system is BIBO stable.

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    This document discusses the unit step response of a second-order system. The system has a transfer function of P(s) = 1/(s^2 + 5s + 6), with poles at -2 and -3. Taking the inverse Laplace transform of the transfer function yields the unit step response as y(t) = 1/6 - e^(-2t)/2 + e^(-3t)/3. The steady state value is 1/6. The exponents in the response are equal to the poles of the system. Since the step input is bounded and the output is also bounded, the system is BIBO stable.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    39 views5 pages

    Lec9 PDF

    Uploaded by

    rishit
    This document discusses the unit step response of a second-order system. The system has a transfer function of P(s) = 1/(s^2 + 5s + 6), with poles at -2 and -3. Taking the inverse Laplace transform of the transfer function yields the unit step response as y(t) = 1/6 - e^(-2t)/2 + e^(-3t)/3. The steady state value is 1/6. The exponents in the response are equal to the poles of the system. Since the step input is bounded and the output is also bounded, the system is BIBO stable.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    Control Systems

    Prof. C. S. Shankar Ram


    Department of Engineering Design
    Indian Institute of Technology, Madras

    Lecture – 09
    System Response
    Part – 1

    In the last lecture, we were looking at the concept of transfer function. If we have a linear
    ODE with constant coefficient that corresponds to a linear time invariant causal SISO
    system. We could apply the Laplace transform, take all initial conditions as 0 and then
    get the ratio of the Laplace of the output to the Laplace of the input. Once we do that the
    quantity that we get is called as a transfer function of the system. And we defined what
    are called as poles and zeros of the transfer function. We are going to discuss the
    solution to few exercise problems and make a few observations.

    (Refer Slide Time: 01:12)

    Let us take the first problem. This is the system, whose governing equation is given by

    𝑦̈ (𝑡) + 5𝑦̇ (𝑡) + 6𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡)

    This is a second order system. If we take the Laplace transform on both sides, we get

    𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦̇ (0) + 5[𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑦(0)] + 6𝑌(𝑠) = 𝑈(𝑠)


    We collect terms and we will get

    [𝑠 2 + 5𝑠 + 6]𝑌(𝑠) = [𝑠𝑦(0) + 5𝑦(0) + 𝑦̇ (0)] + 𝑈 (𝑠)

    𝑠𝑦(0) + 5𝑦(0) + 𝑦̇ (0) 𝑈 (𝑠 )


    𝑌 (𝑠 ) = +
    𝑠 2 + 5𝑠 + 6 𝑠 2 + 5𝑠 + 6

    The output term has two components, the first component is due to the initial conditions,
    that is what we call as the free response. And the second part is due to the input that is
    what is called as forced response of the system. So, now when we want to get the transfer
    function, we take all the initial conditions as 0.

    (Refer Slide Time: 05:13)

    That is, in this particular problem we take 𝑦(0) = 0 and 𝑦̇ (0) = 0. Once we have that,
    the first term is going to vanish.

    𝑈 (𝑠 )
    𝑌 (𝑠 ) =
    𝑠 2 + 5𝑠 + 6

    𝑌 (𝑠 ) 1
    = 2 = 𝑃(𝑠)
    𝑈(𝑠) 𝑠 + 5𝑠 + 6

    This is going to be the plant transfer function or the system transfer function 𝑃(𝑠). Here
    we see that the order of the denominator polynomial of the transfer function 𝑛 = 2 and
    the order of the numerator polynomial of the transfer function 𝑚 = 0. 𝑛 > 𝑚 so we have
    a strictly proper transfer function. And we solve the denominator polynomial equal 0 to
    get the poles

    𝑠 2 + 5𝑠 + 6 = 0

    The poles are -2 and -3 and there are no zeroes for this problem. And typically what we
    do is that we plot what is called as an s plane (the complex plane) with the real and the
    imaginary axis. The imaginary axis divides the complex plane into two halves called as
    the left half plane abbreviated as LHP and right half plane abbreviated as RHP. The
    poles are denoted by a cross sign (x) in the complex plane. We locate -2 and -3 on the
    negative real axis. The zeros are graphically denoted by a small circle (o) in the complex
    plane. There are no zeros in the above problem.

    We know that the order of the denominator polynomial is going to be the same as the
    order of the system. If we look at the transfer function of the system. The order of the
    transfer function is 2, because the denominator polynomial is order 2.

    (Refer Slide Time: 10:49)

    Now let us calculate the unit step response of the system.

    𝑌(𝑠) = 𝑃(𝑠)𝑈(𝑠)

    1
    𝑌 (𝑠 ) = 𝑈 (𝑠 )
    𝑠2 + 5𝑠 + 6
    1
    For a unit step response 𝑢(𝑡) = 1 and 𝑈(𝑠) = 𝑠 .

    We can write

    1 1 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
    𝑌 (𝑠 ) = = = + +
    𝑠2 + 5𝑠 + 6 𝑠 𝑠(𝑠 + 2)(𝑠 + 3) 𝑠 (𝑠 + 2) (𝑠 + 3)

    1 1
    A, B, C are called the residues. Evaluating the partial fractions, we get 𝐴 = , 𝐵 = − ,
    6 2
    1
    𝐶 = 3.

    1 1 1
    𝑌 (𝑠 ) = − + .
    6𝑠 2(𝑠 + 2) 3(𝑠 + 3)

    If we take the inverse Laplace transform

    1 1 −2𝑡 1 −3𝑡
    𝑦 (𝑡 ) = − 𝑒 + 𝑒
    6 2 3

    This is the unit step response of the system. Suppose instead of giving 𝑢(𝑡) = 1, we give
    𝑢(𝑡) = 5, how will this output change? We can use the property of homogeneity and say
    the output (unit step response) gets multiplied by 5.

    Let us write down what we observe from this unit step response.

    1
    1) As,𝑡 → ∞, 𝑦(𝑡) → 6, this is called as the steady state value.

    2) Initial value of 𝑦(𝑡), if we substitute to 𝑡 = 0, we get 𝑦(𝑡) = 0, because anyway


    we assume all the initial conditions to be 0.
    3) What can we say about the exponents of the exponential solution? The exponents
    here are -2 and -3 which happened to be the poles of the system.

    In this problem the poles happen to be real, but in general poles and zeros can be
    complex conjugate pairs. We can have complex numbers as poles and zeros but we need
    to have, the conjugate also as a corresponding pole or zero, because we are dealing with
    dynamic systems where the governing ordinary differential equation has real numbers as
    coefficients. Consequently, when we take that Laplace transform, we get a polynomial in
    whose coefficients are real. So, once we have a polynomial with real coefficients, we
    could have a complex root, but that conjugate must also be a root
    The exponents of the exponential terms in general would be the real part of the poles. In
    this particular example -2 and -3 are real numbers, the complex part was 0. That is why
    we have the terms as 𝑒 −2𝑡 and 𝑒 −3𝑡 .

    (Refer Slide Time: 24:26)

    4) What about BIBO stability here? Step is a bounded input, and the corresponding
    𝑦(𝑡) that we have calculated is bounded. The observation we can make here is
    that the system is bounded input bounded output stable.

    But then it should be bounded for all possible bounded inputs. But that is a
    generalization which we are making here, but we will prove it more carefully later on
    when we look at stability.

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