Paperworks RCD

Download as docx, pdf, or txt
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 15

“INVESTIGATION OF FLEXURAL CAPACITY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

BEAM WITH HIGH – STRENGTH REINFORCING BARS”

In Partial fulfilment in the Requirements in RCD 2

Submitted To:

Engr. Jesus B. Villafuerte Jr.

Submitted by:

Alparo, Daniel A.

Cagang, Fegiel E.

Jalandoni, Jay–R P.

Niere, Marlon A.

Tugahan, Jefferson T.
OVERVIEW

This research project aims to study the flexural capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beam

with High – Strength reinforcing bars. Steel bars having high – strength probably one of the

resilient and durable material when it comes to bending and yielding. In this case, the flexural

capacity of our beam varies between compressive and tensile forces. Compare to normal strength

reinforcing bars, higher strength tend to provide several advantages and benefits in construction.

Also, RC beam with high strength reinforcing bars have smaller deformability and cracking than

normal reinforcing bars.

OBJECTIVES

 To study and investigate the flexural capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beam with high

strength reinforcing bars

 To study the stability and performance of high strength reinforcing bars

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Plain concrete beams alone are not advisable because tensile stresses in bending

(modulus of rupture) have a small value, as an effect, such beam fails in the tension side before

the concrete on the compression side has been fully utilized.

In a reinforced concrete beam, reinforcement is used for taking up tensile stresses due to

the applied loading since concrete is very weak in tension and it is not capable of dealing with

the tensile stresses that may occur when the beam is subjected with axial load or bending

moment. Reinforcement used for concrete structures may be in the form of bars or welded wire

fabric. The deformed bars ribbed projections rolled into their surfaces to provide better bonding

1
between concrete and steel. Due to the construction of high structures such as multi-story

buildings or skyscrapers the conventional steel reinforcement had been replaced with high

strength reinforcing bars. It has great corrosion resistance and high-performance material. The

high strength reinforcing bars has a yield strength that is much higher than the conventional

reinforcement. With this ability of reinforcement, the number of bars needed in the design can be

lessened, by that, construction can be easier and ensure the great concrete pouring quality since

the spacing of steel bars has been maximized.

To ensure safe design, international and national standards should be followed. When

tensile steel is above the tension control limit of 0.005, it is clearly beyond this point it is not

economical to add more tension steel to the section. The value of the nominal moment does not

increase for a larger area of tension steel because the compression zone will start to fail before

the steel reaches its yield stress. Accordingly, all current national and international codes of

practice of reinforced concrete structures still require a minimum amount of flexural

reinforcement to be provided in these elements, including beams. As stated in most of these

codes, the minimum flexural reinforcement ratio, ρmin is the one that would result in the ultimate

moment of the cracked section being at least equal or larger than the cracking moment of the

cross-section (i.e. Mu/Mcr ⩾ 1.0).

This requirement is to ensure the prevention of brittle failure in beams and all other

reinforced structures.

2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

According to the study of Jismon Isaac, Fy-500 grade steel could create quite a few site-

specific issues during construction, especially for small builders. Considering the reported

failures and problems with grade Fy-500 or higher, it is advisable to use Fy-415 in residential

and commercial buildings and Fy-500 could be used only when the entire design is made

according to that grade since higher strength reinforcement have a lower ductility, by that, higher

grade bars do not bend easily. It is very sensitive to high strain in the bending process that tends

to crack when bending is higher than the minimum specified. Also, the seismic performance of

this high strength material should be taken into account since studies in several seismic prone

parts of the world notably New Zealand, Italy, etc. have cited the difficulties when using the Fy-

500 and Fy-550 grades under cyclic loading specifically in Seismic zone 3 and 4. Such a

maximum limit for yield strength is advisable to be specified in standards used for earthquake

design. The absence of such a maximum design limit may cause to brittle shear failure of the

structure. Requirements specified in IS: 1786 for Fy-415 grade TMT bars are in line with the

requirements of other countries for ductile design. On the other hand, this doesn't hold well for

rebar of grade Fy-550 as per IS 1786. A cautious approach should be adopted in using rebar

grades higher than Fy-415 especially Fy-550 grade where ductility of rebars is necessary for

inelastic deformation of structural members as demanded by design philosophies.

This study focuses on the flexural performance of the reinforced concrete beam with high

reinforcing bars. Specifically, it aims to answer the following question.

1. Does the high strength reinforce bar is good to use in all structural design?

2. What is the limitation of using high strength reinforcing bars in construction?

3
3. When to use high strength reinforcing bars?

4. What is the effect of in the design of the beam when using high strength reinforcing bars?

5. What is the difference in flexural capacity between high strength reinforcing bars than the

conventional bars?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Concrete beam with High–strength Flexural Reinforcement preside to increase and

produce an economical, very safe structures, and a good material/specimen. Its importance and

potential optimized and enhances the strength and durability, lower ductility, improved its

bendability and toughness. The advantage and benefits of using High – Strength steel with

distinct stress-strain characteristics and yield strength will be cost effective and will result a

requiring and demanding structures especially to high rise buildings.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This study aims to investigate the flexural capacity of reinforced concrete beam with high

strength reinforcing bars. A concrete beam reinforced with high strength steel bars is exclusive

only for high rise buildings such as skyscrapers or multi storey buildings or beyond. A

Microsoft Excel program is used to show the variations of flexural capacity of the concrete beam

if several parameters were changed such as the number of tension and compression steel

reinforcement, grade of steel, concrete strength, concrete cover and beam dimensions. This study

focuses only on the behaviour of reinforced concrete beam subjected to bending moment. It does

not include the analysis of shearing stress that would cause shear failure in the beam.

4
METHODOLOGY

In the analysis of the moment curvature of reinforced concrete beam, the area of steel

reinforcement is converted into an equivalent concrete area. This method is used so that we can

treat the reinforced concrete beam as a homogenous material. This means that the composite

beam can be taken as one single concrete beam by multiplying the area of steel reinforcement by

“n” which is equal to the ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel with respect to the elasticity of

concrete. The modular ratio concept assumes equal strains in the reinforcing steel and concrete

assuming that concrete and steel is perfectly bond. The equivalent concrete area of tension and

concrete reinforcement will now be equal to (n-1) As and (n-1) As’ respectively.

Once transformed concrete section is obtained, the analysis of the beam becomes more

convenient. The first stage of the analysis is the transformed uncracked section. In this stage of

loading the reinforcing steel is still far from yield point. The concrete is still uncracked and the

reinforcing steel will resist tension. Also the concrete at the top will resist the compression force

due to loads. The stress distribution at this stage will also be linear. The neutral axis is computed

ΣAiYi
by using the formula ӯ = wherein Ai is the total area of steel and gross area of concrete
ΣAi

and Yi is the distance of their centroid from the topmost layer of the concrete fibre. The moment

of inertia for uncracked section can then be calculated by the formula I tu=ΣIi + Aiyi2. The modulus

of rupture is given by the formula fr= 0.7√fc’ where fc’ is the strength of concrete and the

modulus of rupture is the stress that would cause crack in the beam once the loads exceed the

moment capacity of the beam. The formula used for finding the cracking moment is given by the

f r I uncr
formula Mcr = where Iuncr is the moment of inertia for uncracked section and (h-c) is the
(h−c )

5
distance from the neutral axis to the bottom fibre of concrete beam. With known cracking

M cr
moment the curvature can be calculated using the formula Ф = . The second stage of
EcIuncr

the analysis is the transformed cracked section when the tensile stress in a concrete beam is more

than the modulus of rupture (fr). Tension cracks will generate at the bottom fibre of the concrete

and propagate toward the neutral axis. The concrete below the neutral axis is not usable anymore

and therefore neglected in the analysis. Only the upper portion of the concrete above the neutral

axis is considered. A new value of “c” is calculated in the cracking stage. The moment of inertia

and curvature of cracked section can also be calculated. It can be observed at this stage that the

neutral axis is less than the value obtained in the uncracked section.

As the bending moment is increased further, the neutral axis moves further toward the

compressive face. The steel will undergo yielding and the concrete behaves nonlinearly. The

strain of the steel reinforcement will now be equal to Ɛy. The bending moment can be increased

further until the maximum compressive strain in the uppermost portion of concrete reaches the

assumed limiting value which is 0.003. Since the steel undergoes yielding the steel stress will

now be equal to fy and provides a tensile force equal to A sfy. The tensile force is balanced by an

equivalent compressive force of concrete which acts through the centroid of the compression

block. The two forces must be in equilibrium and the ultimate moment capacity can be calculated

by taking a moment at the compression or tension side. At this stage, the concrete undergoes

compressive failure and the beam is no longer able to resist the applied moment because it

exceeds the capacity of the beam.

6
7
8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Steel bar having high strength affects the beams’ behaviour and varies to its flexural

capacity. Since it has lower ductility, by that case we can minimize the number of bars. A control

Reinforced concrete section were subjected to different variations such as declination of

dimensions of beams, steel strength, and others. The moment it changes, the response of the

capacity of the beam, the stress-strain curve, and the moment curvature vary. The moment

curvature also show the relationships between the nominal moment and curvature on how they

affect and vary to each other. Based on the different cases at which the parameters are change,

everything on the process in getting the Mu, Mn, Es, Ec, etc are also change. Below are the

results and evaluated answers in different Cases due to change in parameters.

A. Just before Cracking

In this stage, the tensional reinforcement is below the rupture stage. The concrete

beam will resist bending, and will remain uncrack and elastically.

B. Right before Cracking

At this stage, the Reinforcement Concrete beam begins to form cracks due to the

tensile stress reaching rupture point. Our steel starts to yield and develop bending.

C. Steel yields or concrete nonlinear

9
In this case, we will know the ductility of our steel. It indicates the limit and

behaviour of elastic curve at which a material begins to deform.

D. Ultimate Condition

In this stage, where you sets conditions and assumptions.

Case 0 Part 1:Summary Case 1 Part 1:Summary

A. Just before cracking A. Just before cracking

C 228.081mm c 225mm

Ф rad Ф 47.428 KN .m
6.309 x 10−7
mm
Mn 49.454 KN .m Mn rad
6.222 x 10−7
mm
B. Right after cracking B. Right after cracking

C 123.4187 mm c 104.567 mm

Ф rad Ф 47.428 KN .m
1.851 x 10−6
mm
Mn 49.454 KN .m Mn rad
2.445 x 10−6
mm
C. Steel yields or concrete nonlinear C. Steel yields or concrete nonlinear

C 123.4187 mm c 104.567mm

Ф rad Ф rad
6.711 x 10−6 7.921 x 10−6
mm mm
Mn 179.326 KN .m Mn 153.633 KN .m

D. Ultimate Condition D. Ultimate Condition

C 76.032mm c 60.49050671 mm

Ф rad Ф rad
3.946 x 10−5 6.199 x 10−5
mm mm

10
Mn 218.432 KN .m Mn 156.162 KN . m

Case 2 Part 1:Summary Case 3 Part 1:Summary


A. Just before cracking A. Just before cracking
c 234.609 mm c 228.081mm
Ф rad Ф rad
6.500 x 10−7 6.309 x 10−7
mm mm
Mn 47.853 KN .m Mn 49.454 KN .m
B. Right after cracking B. Right after cracking
c 130.5884 mm c 123.4187 mm
Ф rad Ф rad
1.839 x 10−6 1.851 x 10−6
mm mm
Mn 47.853 KN .m Mn 49.454 KN .m
C. Steel yields or concrete nonlinear C. Steel yields or concrete nonlinear
c 130.5884 mm c 123.4187 mm
Ф rad Ф rad
6.342 x 10−6 6.711 x 10−6
mm mm
Mn 165.076 KN .m Mn 179.326 KN .m
D. Ultimate Condition D. Ultimate Condition
c 86.625 mm c 60.4905 mm
Ф rad Ф rad
3.463 x 10−5 4.959 x 10−5
mm mm
Mn 218.238 KN .m Mn 156.162 KN . m

Case 4 Part 1:Summary Case 5 Part 1:Summary


A. Just before cracking A. Just before cracking

11
c 227.793 mm c 227.367 mm
Ф rad Ф rad
6.300 x 10−7 6.288 x 10−7
mm mm
Mn 53.33 KN . m Mn 63.426 KN.m
B. Right after cracking B. Right after cracking
c 119.589 mm c 111.240 mm
Ф rad Ф −6 rad
1.959 x 10−6 2.241 x 10
mm mm
Mn 119.589 mm Mn 63.426 KN.m
C. Steel yields or concrete nonlinear C. Steel yields or concrete nonlinear
c c 111.240 mm
Ф rad Ф rad
7.587 x 10−6 7.443 x 10−6
mm mm
Mn 206.500 KN . m Mn 210.656 KN.m
D. Ultimate Condition D. Ultimate Condition
c c=71.834 mm c 65.344
Ф rad Ф rad
4.176 x 10−5 4.591 x 10−5
mm mm
Mn 221.533 KN . m Mn 223.634 KN.m

Case 6 Part 1:Summary Case 7 Part 1:Summary


A. Just before cracking A. Just before cracking
c 303.46 mm c 227.418 mm
Ф rad Ф rad
4.721 x 10−7 6.290 x 10−7
mm mm
Mn 86.509 KN . m Mn 46.646 KN.m
B. Right after cracking B. Right after cracking
c 149.806 mm c 120.106 mm
Ф rad Ф rad
1.559 x 10−6 2.207 x 10−6
mm mm
Mn 86.509 KN.m Mn 46.646 KN.m
C. Steel yields or concrete nonlinear C. Steel yields or concrete nonlinear
c 149.806 mm c 120.106 mm
Ф rad Ф −6 rad
5.527 x 10−6 6.896 x 10
mm mm

12
Mn 306.709 KN . m Mn 145.724 KN.m
D. Ultimate Condition D. Ultimate Condition
c 76.032 mm c 91.773
Ф rad Ф rad
3.946 x 10−5 3.269 x 10−5
mm mm
Mn 311.208 KN .m Mn 197.552 KN.m

PART 11

Curvature
CASE Moment (kN.m) (rad/mm)
1: Grade 60-Priestley et al. (1996) Model 222.957 3.893E-05
2: A1035 – ACI ITG 6 (2010) Model 462.280 1.950E-05
3: SD685 – Wang et al. (2009) Model 350.718 2.667E-05
4: Experimental Data 1 264.922 3.434E-05
5: Experimental Data 2 386.487 2.407E-05
6: Experimental Data 3 396.548 2.339E-05

Moment Curvature Diagram


500.000
450.000 462.280
400.000 386.487 396.548
350.000 350.718
300.000
250.000 264.922
222.957
200.000
150.000
100.000
50.000
0.000
3.893E-05 1.950E-05 2.667E-05 3.434E-05 2.407E-05 2.339E-05

CONCLUSION

We can conclude that the strength of concrete and steel, beam dimensions and other

changes in some parameters of the concrete beam are the most influencing factor in the

13
deformation and flexural behaviour of beams with reinforcing bars. From experimental data in

Part 1 and 2, it discusses in determining the bending moment-curvature relationship diagrams.

This conclusion of the study can be applied in simple structures diagrams just for detailed

analysis of beam. The contributions of this research are the calculations and expressions of the

Mcr–Ф diagram tabulated in Part 1 and 2. Also the presented data that is obtained in this study

will serve as an example on the changes it varies and affects the forms and shapes of our curve

to get the required and demanding results.

APPENDICES

14

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy