Paperworks RCD
Paperworks RCD
Paperworks RCD
Submitted To:
Submitted by:
Alparo, Daniel A.
Cagang, Fegiel E.
Jalandoni, Jay–R P.
Niere, Marlon A.
Tugahan, Jefferson T.
OVERVIEW
This research project aims to study the flexural capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beam
with High – Strength reinforcing bars. Steel bars having high – strength probably one of the
resilient and durable material when it comes to bending and yielding. In this case, the flexural
capacity of our beam varies between compressive and tensile forces. Compare to normal strength
reinforcing bars, higher strength tend to provide several advantages and benefits in construction.
Also, RC beam with high strength reinforcing bars have smaller deformability and cracking than
OBJECTIVES
To study and investigate the flexural capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beam with high
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Plain concrete beams alone are not advisable because tensile stresses in bending
(modulus of rupture) have a small value, as an effect, such beam fails in the tension side before
In a reinforced concrete beam, reinforcement is used for taking up tensile stresses due to
the applied loading since concrete is very weak in tension and it is not capable of dealing with
the tensile stresses that may occur when the beam is subjected with axial load or bending
moment. Reinforcement used for concrete structures may be in the form of bars or welded wire
fabric. The deformed bars ribbed projections rolled into their surfaces to provide better bonding
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between concrete and steel. Due to the construction of high structures such as multi-story
buildings or skyscrapers the conventional steel reinforcement had been replaced with high
strength reinforcing bars. It has great corrosion resistance and high-performance material. The
high strength reinforcing bars has a yield strength that is much higher than the conventional
reinforcement. With this ability of reinforcement, the number of bars needed in the design can be
lessened, by that, construction can be easier and ensure the great concrete pouring quality since
To ensure safe design, international and national standards should be followed. When
tensile steel is above the tension control limit of 0.005, it is clearly beyond this point it is not
economical to add more tension steel to the section. The value of the nominal moment does not
increase for a larger area of tension steel because the compression zone will start to fail before
the steel reaches its yield stress. Accordingly, all current national and international codes of
codes, the minimum flexural reinforcement ratio, ρmin is the one that would result in the ultimate
moment of the cracked section being at least equal or larger than the cracking moment of the
This requirement is to ensure the prevention of brittle failure in beams and all other
reinforced structures.
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
According to the study of Jismon Isaac, Fy-500 grade steel could create quite a few site-
specific issues during construction, especially for small builders. Considering the reported
failures and problems with grade Fy-500 or higher, it is advisable to use Fy-415 in residential
and commercial buildings and Fy-500 could be used only when the entire design is made
according to that grade since higher strength reinforcement have a lower ductility, by that, higher
grade bars do not bend easily. It is very sensitive to high strain in the bending process that tends
to crack when bending is higher than the minimum specified. Also, the seismic performance of
this high strength material should be taken into account since studies in several seismic prone
parts of the world notably New Zealand, Italy, etc. have cited the difficulties when using the Fy-
500 and Fy-550 grades under cyclic loading specifically in Seismic zone 3 and 4. Such a
maximum limit for yield strength is advisable to be specified in standards used for earthquake
design. The absence of such a maximum design limit may cause to brittle shear failure of the
structure. Requirements specified in IS: 1786 for Fy-415 grade TMT bars are in line with the
requirements of other countries for ductile design. On the other hand, this doesn't hold well for
rebar of grade Fy-550 as per IS 1786. A cautious approach should be adopted in using rebar
grades higher than Fy-415 especially Fy-550 grade where ductility of rebars is necessary for
This study focuses on the flexural performance of the reinforced concrete beam with high
1. Does the high strength reinforce bar is good to use in all structural design?
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3. When to use high strength reinforcing bars?
4. What is the effect of in the design of the beam when using high strength reinforcing bars?
5. What is the difference in flexural capacity between high strength reinforcing bars than the
conventional bars?
produce an economical, very safe structures, and a good material/specimen. Its importance and
potential optimized and enhances the strength and durability, lower ductility, improved its
bendability and toughness. The advantage and benefits of using High – Strength steel with
distinct stress-strain characteristics and yield strength will be cost effective and will result a
This study aims to investigate the flexural capacity of reinforced concrete beam with high
strength reinforcing bars. A concrete beam reinforced with high strength steel bars is exclusive
only for high rise buildings such as skyscrapers or multi storey buildings or beyond. A
Microsoft Excel program is used to show the variations of flexural capacity of the concrete beam
if several parameters were changed such as the number of tension and compression steel
reinforcement, grade of steel, concrete strength, concrete cover and beam dimensions. This study
focuses only on the behaviour of reinforced concrete beam subjected to bending moment. It does
not include the analysis of shearing stress that would cause shear failure in the beam.
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METHODOLOGY
In the analysis of the moment curvature of reinforced concrete beam, the area of steel
reinforcement is converted into an equivalent concrete area. This method is used so that we can
treat the reinforced concrete beam as a homogenous material. This means that the composite
beam can be taken as one single concrete beam by multiplying the area of steel reinforcement by
“n” which is equal to the ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel with respect to the elasticity of
concrete. The modular ratio concept assumes equal strains in the reinforcing steel and concrete
assuming that concrete and steel is perfectly bond. The equivalent concrete area of tension and
concrete reinforcement will now be equal to (n-1) As and (n-1) As’ respectively.
Once transformed concrete section is obtained, the analysis of the beam becomes more
convenient. The first stage of the analysis is the transformed uncracked section. In this stage of
loading the reinforcing steel is still far from yield point. The concrete is still uncracked and the
reinforcing steel will resist tension. Also the concrete at the top will resist the compression force
due to loads. The stress distribution at this stage will also be linear. The neutral axis is computed
ΣAiYi
by using the formula ӯ = wherein Ai is the total area of steel and gross area of concrete
ΣAi
and Yi is the distance of their centroid from the topmost layer of the concrete fibre. The moment
of inertia for uncracked section can then be calculated by the formula I tu=ΣIi + Aiyi2. The modulus
of rupture is given by the formula fr= 0.7√fc’ where fc’ is the strength of concrete and the
modulus of rupture is the stress that would cause crack in the beam once the loads exceed the
moment capacity of the beam. The formula used for finding the cracking moment is given by the
f r I uncr
formula Mcr = where Iuncr is the moment of inertia for uncracked section and (h-c) is the
(h−c )
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distance from the neutral axis to the bottom fibre of concrete beam. With known cracking
M cr
moment the curvature can be calculated using the formula Ф = . The second stage of
EcIuncr
the analysis is the transformed cracked section when the tensile stress in a concrete beam is more
than the modulus of rupture (fr). Tension cracks will generate at the bottom fibre of the concrete
and propagate toward the neutral axis. The concrete below the neutral axis is not usable anymore
and therefore neglected in the analysis. Only the upper portion of the concrete above the neutral
axis is considered. A new value of “c” is calculated in the cracking stage. The moment of inertia
and curvature of cracked section can also be calculated. It can be observed at this stage that the
neutral axis is less than the value obtained in the uncracked section.
As the bending moment is increased further, the neutral axis moves further toward the
compressive face. The steel will undergo yielding and the concrete behaves nonlinearly. The
strain of the steel reinforcement will now be equal to Ɛy. The bending moment can be increased
further until the maximum compressive strain in the uppermost portion of concrete reaches the
assumed limiting value which is 0.003. Since the steel undergoes yielding the steel stress will
now be equal to fy and provides a tensile force equal to A sfy. The tensile force is balanced by an
equivalent compressive force of concrete which acts through the centroid of the compression
block. The two forces must be in equilibrium and the ultimate moment capacity can be calculated
by taking a moment at the compression or tension side. At this stage, the concrete undergoes
compressive failure and the beam is no longer able to resist the applied moment because it
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Steel bar having high strength affects the beams’ behaviour and varies to its flexural
capacity. Since it has lower ductility, by that case we can minimize the number of bars. A control
dimensions of beams, steel strength, and others. The moment it changes, the response of the
capacity of the beam, the stress-strain curve, and the moment curvature vary. The moment
curvature also show the relationships between the nominal moment and curvature on how they
affect and vary to each other. Based on the different cases at which the parameters are change,
everything on the process in getting the Mu, Mn, Es, Ec, etc are also change. Below are the
In this stage, the tensional reinforcement is below the rupture stage. The concrete
beam will resist bending, and will remain uncrack and elastically.
At this stage, the Reinforcement Concrete beam begins to form cracks due to the
tensile stress reaching rupture point. Our steel starts to yield and develop bending.
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In this case, we will know the ductility of our steel. It indicates the limit and
D. Ultimate Condition
C 228.081mm c 225mm
Ф rad Ф 47.428 KN .m
6.309 x 10−7
mm
Mn 49.454 KN .m Mn rad
6.222 x 10−7
mm
B. Right after cracking B. Right after cracking
C 123.4187 mm c 104.567 mm
Ф rad Ф 47.428 KN .m
1.851 x 10−6
mm
Mn 49.454 KN .m Mn rad
2.445 x 10−6
mm
C. Steel yields or concrete nonlinear C. Steel yields or concrete nonlinear
C 123.4187 mm c 104.567mm
Ф rad Ф rad
6.711 x 10−6 7.921 x 10−6
mm mm
Mn 179.326 KN .m Mn 153.633 KN .m
C 76.032mm c 60.49050671 mm
Ф rad Ф rad
3.946 x 10−5 6.199 x 10−5
mm mm
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Mn 218.432 KN .m Mn 156.162 KN . m
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c 227.793 mm c 227.367 mm
Ф rad Ф rad
6.300 x 10−7 6.288 x 10−7
mm mm
Mn 53.33 KN . m Mn 63.426 KN.m
B. Right after cracking B. Right after cracking
c 119.589 mm c 111.240 mm
Ф rad Ф −6 rad
1.959 x 10−6 2.241 x 10
mm mm
Mn 119.589 mm Mn 63.426 KN.m
C. Steel yields or concrete nonlinear C. Steel yields or concrete nonlinear
c c 111.240 mm
Ф rad Ф rad
7.587 x 10−6 7.443 x 10−6
mm mm
Mn 206.500 KN . m Mn 210.656 KN.m
D. Ultimate Condition D. Ultimate Condition
c c=71.834 mm c 65.344
Ф rad Ф rad
4.176 x 10−5 4.591 x 10−5
mm mm
Mn 221.533 KN . m Mn 223.634 KN.m
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Mn 306.709 KN . m Mn 145.724 KN.m
D. Ultimate Condition D. Ultimate Condition
c 76.032 mm c 91.773
Ф rad Ф rad
3.946 x 10−5 3.269 x 10−5
mm mm
Mn 311.208 KN .m Mn 197.552 KN.m
PART 11
Curvature
CASE Moment (kN.m) (rad/mm)
1: Grade 60-Priestley et al. (1996) Model 222.957 3.893E-05
2: A1035 – ACI ITG 6 (2010) Model 462.280 1.950E-05
3: SD685 – Wang et al. (2009) Model 350.718 2.667E-05
4: Experimental Data 1 264.922 3.434E-05
5: Experimental Data 2 386.487 2.407E-05
6: Experimental Data 3 396.548 2.339E-05
CONCLUSION
We can conclude that the strength of concrete and steel, beam dimensions and other
changes in some parameters of the concrete beam are the most influencing factor in the
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deformation and flexural behaviour of beams with reinforcing bars. From experimental data in
This conclusion of the study can be applied in simple structures diagrams just for detailed
analysis of beam. The contributions of this research are the calculations and expressions of the
Mcr–Ф diagram tabulated in Part 1 and 2. Also the presented data that is obtained in this study
will serve as an example on the changes it varies and affects the forms and shapes of our curve
APPENDICES
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