Lesson 1 - Et332b

Lesson 1: Phasors and
Complex Arithmetic
ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems
lesson1_et332b.pptx 1
Learning Objectives
After this presentation you will be able to:
 Write time equations that represent

sinusoidal voltages and currents found in
power systems.
 Explain the difference between peak and
RMS electrical quantities.
 Write phasor representations of sinusoidal
time equations.
 Perform calculations using both polar and
rectangular forms of complex numbers.
Ac Analysis Techniques
Time function representation of ac signals
Time functions give representation of sign instantaneous values
v( t )  Vmax  sin(  t   v ) Voltage drops
e( t )  E max  sin(  t  e ) Source voltages
i( t )  I max  sin(  t  i ) Currents
Where Vmax = maximum ( peak) value of voltage

Emax = maximum (peak) value of source
voltage
Imax = maximum (peak) value of current
qv, qe, qi = phase shift of voltage or
current lesson1_et332b.pptx 3
Ac Signal Representations
Ac power system calculations use effective values of
time waveforms (RMS values) Therefore:
Vmax E max I max
VRMS  E RMS  I RMS 
2 2 2
1
Where  0.707
2
So RMS quantities can be expressed as:
VRMS  0.707  Vmax

E RMS  0.707  E max
I RMS  0.707  I max
Ac power systems calculations use phasors to
represent time functions
Phasor use complex numbers to represent the

important information from the time functions
(magnitude and phase angle) in vector form.
Phasor Notation
V  VRMS I  I RMS
or or
V  VRMS 
I  I RMS
Where: VRMS, IRMS = RMS magnitude of voltages

and currents
q= phase shift in degrees for voltages
and currents lesson1_et332b.pptx 5
Time to phasor conversion examples, Note all signal must
be the same frequency
Time function-voltage Find RMS magnitude
v( t )  170  sin(377  t  30 ) VRMS  0.707 170  120.2 V
Phasor V  120 . 2  30 V

Time function-current Find RMS magnitude

i( t )  25  sin(377  t  20 ) I RMS  0.707  25  17.7 A
Phasor I  17.7  20 A
Phase shift can be given in either radians or degrees.

To convert,
this conversion: use 1 degree = p/180 radians.
Complex Number Representations
Polar to rectangular conversion
Rectangular form of complex
number
+j a  r  cos() z  a  j b
r
q b  r  sin()
-real +real
To convert between polar form and

rectangular form, use calculator P-R
and R-P keys or remember concepts
-j from trigonometry
R-P conversion P-R conversion

Magnitude: z  a  b
2 2
z  r  (cos()  j sin())
Phase Angle:  tan 1  b 

a
Complex Number
Representations
Example 1-1 Rectangular-to-polar (R-P) conversion using
trigonometry. Find the polar equivalent of the complex
number z.
z  30  j  20
Solution a  30 b  20 Magnitude
z  a 2  b 2  30 2  20 2  36.1
1  b 
Phase angle  tan  
a
 20 
  tan 1    33.7 
 30 
Watch for the location of the phasor when making P-R

or R-P conversions. Some calculators return tan-1 into
1st and 4th quadrants only. lesson1_et332b.pptx 8
Rectangular-to-Polar
Conversion
Check the angle given from R-P conversion by geometric
interpretation.
If real and imaginary parts
both negative,
angle is in Quadrant III
Example 1-2: Find the

polar form of z=-4+j5
Find r z  (4) 2  52  6.4
This tan-1 function computes

Compute tan 1  5   51.3 the angle in Quadrant IV.
 
phase angle    4 The actual angle is 180
degrees from this value ( -
real, + imaginary is Quadrant
Polar-to-Rectangular Using Trig
Functions
Conversion Equation
z  a  j b  r [cos()  j sin()]
I  5053.1to rectangular form

Example 1-3: Convert

a  j  b  r  [cos()  j  sin()]
a  j  b  50  [cos(53.1 )  j  sin(53.1 )]
a  j  b  30  j  40 Ans
Complex Number
Arithmetic
Properties of the imaginary operator j=√-1
+j The operator j translates

physically into a 90o phase shift
j = 90o ... a 90 degree phase

lead
-j = -90o ... a 90 degree phase
lag
90˚ lead
-j
Also
1/j = -j and 1/-j 90˚ lag
= j j (-j) = 1
Complex Number
Arithmetic
Complex Conjugate-reflection about the real axis
+j Conjugate (rectangular form)
z (a  j  b ) *  a  j  b
Change sign on imaginary part

b
q Conjugate (polar
-q form)
(z  )*  z   
-b
Change sign on angle
z *
-j
Complex Number
Arithmetic
Addition and Subtraction of Complex
Numbers
For calculators without complex number
arithmetic
1) convert both numbers to rectangular form
2) add/subtract real parts of both numbers and
imaginary parts of both numbers
Multiplication and Division of Complex
Numbers
For calculators without complex number
arithmetic
1) convert both numbers to polar form
2) multiply/divide magnitudes
3) add angles for multiplication, subtract angles for
Inverting a Complex Number
division
1) convert number to polar form z  q

2) perform division (10o) / (z q) = 1/z  -q
Complex Number
Arithmetic
Example 1-4: Given the sinusoidal time functions and
complex numbers below:
v1 ( t )  340  sin(377  t  10 )
v 2 ( t )  277  sin(377  t  30 )
Z  70  j20
I  3  j2
Find V2+V1, V2-V1, V1/Z, I(Z) give the results in polar

form for all calculations
Example 1-4 Solution (1)
Convert v1(t) and v2(t) into phasors
340 277
V1   240.4 V2   195.9
Find magnitudes 2 2
V1  240.4 10 V2  195.9 - 30
Find V1+V2 Convert phasors to rectangular form
V1  240.4  [cos( 10 )  j  sin( 10 )]

V1  236.75  j  41.745
V2  195.9  [cos( - 30 )  j  sin( - 30 )]

V2  169.65  j  97.95
Vs  V1  V2
Add real and imaginary parts
Vs  (236.75  169.65)  j(41.745  (97.95))

Vs  406.4  j56.2
Convert to polar form
Vs  406.4 2  (56.2) 2  410.3

  56.2 
s  tan 1    7.87

 406.4 
Vs  410.3  7.87 Ans
Vd  V1  V2
Find V1-V2 subtract real and imaginary parts
Vd  (236.75  169.65)  j(41.745  (97.95))

Vd  67.1  j139.7
Convert to polar form

Vd  67.1  j139.7
Vd  67.12  139.7 2  154.9
 139.7 
1
d  tan    64.3

 67.1 
Vd  154.9 64.3 Ans
Compute the quantity V1/Z and give the results in polar
form
Z  70  j  20 Convert Z to polar form
Z  70 2  20 2  72.8
 20 
 Z  tan 1    15.95
 70 
To compute the quotient, divide magnitudes and subtract

phase angles
V1 240.410

Z 72.8  15.95
V1  240.4 
 10  15.95  3.3  5.95
 
Ans
Z  72.8 
Compute the quantity I(Z) and give the results in polar
form
Convert I to polar formI  3  j  2
I  32  2 2  3.61
2
I  tan 1    33.7

 3 
Multiply magnitudes and add phase angles to get result
I  Z  (3.61  33.7  )  (72.815.95 )

I  Z  3.61 72.8  33.7   15.95
I  Z  262.8  17.75 Ans
ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems
END LESSON 1:
PHASORS AND
COMPLEX ARITHMETIC

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Lesson 1: Phasors and

 Write time equations that represent

Time functions give representation of sign instantaneous values

v( t )  Vmax  sin(  t   v ) Voltage drops

e( t )  E max  sin(  t  e ) Source voltages

i( t )  I max  sin(  t  i ) Currents

Where Vmax = maximum ( peak) value of voltage

VRMS  0.707  Vmax

Phasor use complex numbers to represent the

Where: VRMS, IRMS = RMS magnitude of voltages

Time function-voltage Find RMS magnitude

v( t )  170  sin(377  t  30 ) VRMS  0.707 170  120.2 V

Time function-current Find RMS magnitude

Phasor I  17.7  20 A

Phase shift can be given in either radians or degrees.

To convert between polar form and

R-P conversion P-R conversion

Phase Angle:  tan 1  b 

Watch for the location of the phasor when making P-R

angle is in Quadrant III

Example 1-2: Find the

This tan-1 function computes

I  5053.1to rectangular form

+j The operator j translates

j = 90o ... a 90 degree phase

+j Conjugate (rectangular form)

Change sign on imaginary part

1) convert number to polar form z  q

Find V2+V1, V2-V1, V1/Z, I(Z) give the results in polar

V1  240.4 10 V2  195.9 - 30

Find V1+V2 Convert phasors to rectangular form

V1  240.4  [cos( 10 )  j  sin( 10 )]

V2  195.9  [cos( - 30 )  j  sin( - 30 )]

Vs  (236.75  169.65)  j(41.745  (97.95))

Convert to polar form

Vs  406.4 2  (56.2) 2  410.3

Vs  410.3  7.87 Ans

Vd  (236.75  169.65)  j(41.745  (97.95))

Convert to polar form

To compute the quotient, divide magnitudes and subtract

I  Z  (3.61  33.7  )  (72.815.95 )

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