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    Chap3 1

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    This chapter discusses sinusoidal steady-state analysis using phasor analysis with complex algebra. It introduces sinusoidal waveforms and phasors, representing sinusoidal functions as vectors characterized by magnitude and angle. Complex numbers are also introduced, allowing sinusoidal voltages and currents to be expressed as phasors in complex notation. Key topics covered include representing sinusoids using phasors, complex number operations like addition and multiplication, and Euler's formula linking rectangular and polar coordinate representations of complex numbers.

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    Chap3 1

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    raihan.kuet.bme
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    This chapter discusses sinusoidal steady-state analysis using phasor analysis with complex algebra. It introduces sinusoidal waveforms and phasors, representing sinusoidal functions as vectors characterized by magnitude and angle. Complex numbers are also introduced, allowing sinusoidal voltages and currents to be expressed as phasors in complex notation. Key topics covered include representing sinusoids using phasors, complex number operations like addition and multiplication, and Euler's formula linking rectangular and polar coordinate representations of complex numbers.

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    This chapter discusses sinusoidal steady-state analysis using phasor analysis with complex algebra. It introduces sinusoidal waveforms and phasors, representing sinusoidal functions as vectors characterized by magnitude and angle. Complex numbers are also introduced, allowing sinusoidal voltages and currents to be expressed as phasors in complex notation. Key topics covered include representing sinusoids using phasors, complex number operations like addition and multiplication, and Euler's formula linking rectangular and polar coordinate representations of complex numbers.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    8 views12 pages

    Chap3 1

    Uploaded by

    raihan.kuet.bme
    This chapter discusses sinusoidal steady-state analysis using phasor analysis with complex algebra. It introduces sinusoidal waveforms and phasors, representing sinusoidal functions as vectors characterized by magnitude and angle. Complex numbers are also introduced, allowing sinusoidal voltages and currents to be expressed as phasors in complex notation. Key topics covered include representing sinusoids using phasors, complex number operations like addition and multiplication, and Euler's formula linking rectangular and polar coordinate representations of complex numbers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 12

    Chapter 3

    Sinusoidal Steady-state Analysis

    Syllabus:

    Effective alternating current. AC behaviour in R, L and C elements.


    Phasor analysis with complex algebra, two terminal networks -
    impedance, admittance and their real and imaginary parts. Resonance:
    series and parallel resonance, half power points, bandwidth, Q-factors.
    Power: instantaneous, average, power factor, active, reactive, complex,
    apparent.
    3.1 Phasor Analysis with Complex Algebras
    3.1.1 Sinusoids and Phasors
    Xm
    x(t)

    -Xm t
    0 π /ω 2 π /ω 3 π /ω 4 π /ω
    x(t ) = X m cos ωt
    Mathematical function: x(t ) = X m cos ωt

    Amplitude = Xm
    Mean = 0
    2π
    Period, T = (in seconds)
    ω
    1 ω
    Cyclical frequency, f = = (in Hertz)
    T 2π
    2π
    Angular frequency, ω = 2πf = (in radians per second)
    T
    Xm
    t0

    -Xm t
    -π /ω 0 π/ ω 2 π / ω 3 π/ ω
    x(t ) = X m cos(ωt + φ ) φ : phase angle
    Can use either sine wave or cosine wave as reference.
    Finding t0.

    cos(ωt + φ ) = 1
    ωt + φ = 0,±2π ,±4π ,... = 2kπ
    2kπ − φ
    tk =
    ω
    φ
    When k = 0, t0 = −
    ω

    Generic sinusoids x(t ) = X m cos(ωt + φ ) can be specified by 3


    parameters:
    1. Amplitude Xm
    2. Frequency ω
    3. Phase φ
    Can be characterized by a rotating phasor.
    f = ω / 2π
    X
    Xm Xm

    ωt + φ φ

    Phasor X = Xm ∠φ
    Xm cos (ωt + φ )
    Snapshot of rotating phasor at t = 0

    Phasor is characterized by 2 parameters:


    1. Length
    2. Angle
    3.1.2 Complex Numbers

    Rectangular coordinates: Polar coordinates:


    A = Re(A) + j Im(A) = ar + jai A = |A| ∠φA

    Im Im
    A = ar + jai A = |A| ∠φA
    Im(A) = ai ai
    |A|
    Re φA Re
    0 Re(A) = ar 0 ar
    Represented using magnitude
    and angle or argument.
    Phasor is a complex number.
    Can be represented by rectangular or polar coordinates.

    Polar to rectangular conversion:


    ar = A cos φ A ai = A sin φ A

    Rectangular to polar conversion:


    −1 ⎛ ai ⎞
    A = ar + ai
    2 2
    φ A = tan ⎜ ⎟
    ⎝ ar ⎠
    Im
    Four quadrants: 2 1
    Re
    3 4
    3.1.3 Complex Algebra

    Addition and subtraction

    If A = ar + jai and B = br + jbi then


    A ± B = (ar ± br) + j(ai ± bi)

    Im
    A +B
    A For subtraction, use
    A - B = A + (-B)
    B
    Re
    0
    Multiplication

    AB = (ar + jai)(br + jbi)


    = (arbr - aibi) + j(arbi + aibr) j2 = -1

    Division

    A AB* (ar + jai )(br − jbi )


    = *
    = 2
    B BB B
    ar br + aibi aibr − ar bi
    = 2 + j 2
    br + bi 2
    br + bi2

    *
    B = br - jbi is the complex conjugate of B.
    3.1.4 Euler’s Formula

    Forms the mathematical link between rectangular and polar forms


    of complex number.

    Euler’s formula states that for any angle α


    e jα = cos α + j sin α = 1∠α Im
    ejα
    An arbitrary complex number sin α
    having magnitude |A| and angle φA
    can be put into the exponential form α Re
    0
    A = Ae jφ A cos α
    Multiplication Division

    AB = A ∠φ A × B ∠φB
    A A ∠φ A A e jφ A
    = =
    = A e jφ A × B e jφ B B B ∠φ B B e jφ B
    = A B e j (φ A + φ B ) A j (φ A − φ B ) A
    = e = ∠φ A − φ B
    = A B ∠φ A + φB B B

    3.1.5 Complex Numbers in AC Analysis

    AC voltages and current are sinusoidal functions which can be


    expressed as phasors.
    Can be represented in complex notation.

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