Power System Analysis

Prof. A. K. Sinha
Department of Electronics & Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Lecture - 4
Inductance Calculation

Welcome to lesson 4 on Power System Analysis. Before we start this lesson 4, first I
would like to take up the questions that we asked in lessons 3.

(Refer Slide Time: 00:44)

First question was, what are the types of conductors used for over head transmission
line? Well, some of the types of conductors used for over head transmission lines are
copper conductors, which is very rarely use nowadays. ACSR, that is Aluminum
Conductors Steel Reinforced conductors. Then, all aluminum conductors are ACAR
conductors or expanded ACSR conductors, which are used.

As I have already said in lesson 3. Sometimes, we want to increase the effective radius of
the conductor. And for that, we used expanded ACSR conductor in ESB transmission
lines.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:46)

Next question was, how does conductor diameter affect inductance of a transmission
line? Well, if you remember the equation for inductance, which was L, is equal to 2 into
10 to power minus 7 log n D by r dash Henry’s per meter. Now, from this expression it is
very clear. That inductance is inversely proportional to r dash or the effective radius of
the conductor. So, increasing effective conductor radius will result in decreasing line
inductance. And that is why, as I said earlier, sometime, we use expanded ACSR
conductors for transmission lines, specially in extra high voltage transmission lines.

(Refer Slide Time: 02:47)

Now, we will start our lesson 4, which will be on inductance calculations for three phase
transmission lines. Well, in this lesson, we will discuss inductance calculation for three
phase transmission lines with equilateral spacing, then with transposition. Again, with,
when we are using bundled conductor lines and finally, lines with ground return. Well,
first, we will take the calculation of inductance for a 3 phase line with equilateral spacing
or equal spacing.

(Refer Slide Time: 03:24)

Now, here in this diagram, you can see a, b, c are the three conductors, which are placed
at the vertices of an equilateral triangle. That is the distance, among all three conductors
are same. That is distance D. Now, if we calculate the flux linkage of conductor a, due to
currents flowing in conductor a, b and c. Then, it will be equal to 2 into 10 to power
minus 7 into I a log n 1 by r dash, where r dash is the effective radius of conductor a.

As we have seen, the effective radius of conductor a, is generally lower. It is about

0.7788 times the radius of the conductor, plus I b into log n 1 by D. That is the distance
of conductor b from conductor a plus I c, the current flowing in conductor c into log n 1
by D, again the distance between conductor c and conductor a. This is equal to 2 into 10
to power minus 7, I a log n 1 by r dash plus I b plus I c log n 1 by D. That is, we have
combined these two terms, we have got this.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:08)

Now, we know that, for a 3 phase three conductor line I a plus I b plus I c is equal to 0.
Therefore, I b plus I c is equal to minus I a. Therefore, we can write lambda a is equal to
2 into 10 to the power minus 7, I a log n 1 by r dash minus I a log n 1 by D, which results
into 2 into 10 to power minus 7, I a log n D by r dash Weber turn per meter.

Now, once we have got the flux linkage. We can calculate the inductance very easily, L a
inductance of conductor a is equal to lambda a by I a, which comes out to be 2 into 10 to
power minus 7 log n D by r dash Henry’s per meter. Since, all the three conductors are
equally space. Therefore, inductance of phase b and phase c conductors will also be
same.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:04)

Now, we take the inductance calculation for a 3 phase transpose line. As we have said
earlier, because of physical limitations, it is not always possible to have an equilateral
configuration for the conductors. So, by transposition, what we do is, we try to make the
flux linkage of all the three phase conductance’s more or less same. Now, what we do
here is, if we have transmission line, say from this point to this point is three phase line.

What we do is, we change the position of the three phase conductance over one-third of
length of the line. Like, if we see here for first one-third length of the line. The position
of conductor of phase a is in position 1, phase b is in position 2, phase c is in position 3.
Now, for the next one-third length, what we do is, the phase a conductor goes to position
2, phase b conductor goes to position 3 and phase c conductor goes to position 1.

And similarly, for the next one-third length of the line, that is the last one-third length of
the line. The phase a conductor, now moves to position 3, phase b conductor moves to
position 1 and phase c conductor move to position 2. In this way, the each phase
conductor has gone through all the three positions for one-third length of the line.

And therefore, the total flux linkage for each of the phase conductors will be almost
same. And this, because of this, the inductance will also be on the average being same
for the three phase conductors. This makes the transmission line more balanced.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:17)

So, now, let us find out the flux linkage of phase a conductor in first one-third position of
the conductor. This is, we write as lambda a 1, this is equal to 2 into 10 to power minus 7
into I a log n 1 by D s. Here, I am writing instead of r dash, because sometimes, we use,
instead of one conductor more conductors. So, we are taking about the self distance,
which is r dash for a single solid conductor line.

So, it I a log n 1 by D s plus I b log n 1 by D 12, because in this first one-third position
current I b is following in the conductor 2. And here, we have the distance D 12.
Similarly, this plus I c log n 1 by D 31, which is again I c is flowing in this conductor
and the distance between them is D 31. Similarly, for the phase a conductor in the second
one-third length of the line will be 2 into 10 to the power minus 7 into I a log n 1 by D s.
That is it is own distance plus I b log n 1 by D 23.

If we see here, in this I b’s, now in this position I a’s is in this position the distance
between this two is D 23 plus I c log n D 12. Again, if we see I c is flowing in this and I
a is flowing in this. So, distance between them is D 12. Similarly, for the last one-third
position portion of the line, we have a flux linkage with phase conductor equal to 2 into
10 to power minus 7 into I a 1 by D s plus I b log n by D 31. Because, now I b is
occupying position 1 and I a is occupying position 3 plus I c log n 1 by D 23. As we see
here, I c now is occupying this position and I a is occupying this position, this is D 23.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:10)

Now, the total flux linkage of the conductor over the whole length, can be given by sum
of these multiplied by their lengths. And if you want to take average per meter length,
the flux linkage will be lambda a 1 into l by 3 plus lambda a 2 into l by 3 plus lambda a 3
into l by 3 divide by l. Or the average flux linkage of phase a conductor, which occupies
all the three position is going to be the average of lambda a 1 plus a 2 plus lambda a 3,
divided by 3. That is the average of the lambda in all the three positions.

This, when we substitute the values of lambda a 1 lambda a 2 and lambda a 3, comes out
to be 2 into 10 to power minus 7, divided by 3 into 3. I a log n 1 by D s plus I b log 1 by
D 12 into D 23 into D 31 plus I c log n 1 by D 12 into D 23 into D 31, which will finally,
turn out to be, because we can now combine these two terms I b and I c terms. Because,
the denominator, the two terms log n terms are same. Therefore, this we can write as
lambda a is equal to 2 into 10 power minus 7 divided by 3 into 3 I a log n 1 by D s.

Now, I b plus I c is equal to minus I a. So, we can write this as minus I a log n 1 by D 12
plus D 23 plus D 31. Now, we can combine these two terms and then we will get 2 into
10 to power minus 7, I a log n cube root of D 12 into D 23 into D 31, divided by D s,
Weber turn per meter. So, the average flux linkage per meter, for a conductor a, comes
out to be this much. And as we have seen, since all the three phase conductors, occupy
all the three phases. So, the average flux linkage is for phase b and phase c conductors
will also be same.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:47)

Now, once, we have got the flux linkage, average flux linkage, we can get the
inductance, average inductances per meter. Length of the line as lambda a by I a, which
turns out to be 2 into 10 to power minus 7, log n cube root of D 12 into D 23 into D 31
divided by D s. Where, this term cube root of D 12 into D 23 into D 31 is called the
equivalent distance of the three phase system.

That is the equivalent distance between the three conductances; this is also seen as the
GMD of the three phase conductances. Therefore, L a is equal to or the inductance of
phase a is equal to 2 into 10 power minus log n D e q by D s, where D e q is the GMD of
the 3. Now, as we have said earlier, that in order to reduce the inductances of the
transmission system. We can do this by increasing the resistance, increasing the radius of
the conductor. That is the effective radius of the conductor, should be increased. And this
is can be d1 by means of bundle conductances. In fact, bundle conductances are used for
two purposes.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:24)

One is it reduces the electric field strength on conductor surface. And therefore, it
reduces corona loses and radio interference and audible corona loses all the aspects
which is associated with corona get reduced. Now, how does this happen. Now, if you
see, if we use the conductor with the radius r, then it is volume will be phi r square. Now,
if we take two conductors with the same, sorry, it is surface area is phi r square.

If we take the two conductors with the same cross sectional area, then it is radius is not
going to be r by 2, it is radius is going to be r by root 2. Now, if we have this, then the
surface area of one meter length of the conductor. In case, we are using two conductors
instead of 1, will be now, phi into r by root 2 multiplied by 2. So, it will be root into r,
whereas in the other case, it will be phi r only.

So, here, what we see the surface area of the conductor increases considerably and
because of this the electric stress reduces. Another effect, that we get, when we bundle
the conductors is that, it increases the effective radius or the GMR of the self distance of
the conductor considerably. And this reduces the inductance and this is one of the
reasons, why we use this bundle conductors.

These bundled conductors are used by having more than 1 conductor, which are
supported by a conducting frame at regular intervals, along the transmission line. Here,
you see a bundle conductor with two conductors here. This is a bundle conductor with
three conductors and bundle conductor with four conductors. In fact, for very high
voltage line, sometimes we use more than four conductors also.
In India, normally we are using two conductors or four conductors for 400 kV line. And
two conductors sometimes are used for 220 kV line.

(Refer Slide Time: 18:31)

Now, if you look at the effective radius of the conductor. When, we are using two
conductors, which are placed at a distance d, normally this distance d is approximately
10 times the diameter of the conductor. So, here, if we look at this two conductor
consideration a bundle with two conductors, then D s will be equal to, we are taking all
the distances. The distance, it is own distance from itself will be r dash.

Then, it is distance from this conductor will be d, then distance of this conductance with
itself will be r dash and distance of this conductor with this will be d. So, there are four
distances involved and it will be 4th root of r dash into d whole square. That is r dash
square into d square, which is equal to square root of r dash d, which is certainly much
higher than r dash, because d is much larger than r dash.

Same thing, for three conductors we can get, line distances. That is, three distances for
each conductor, one is self distance and two for the other two conductors and same thing,
for each one of the three conductors. Therefore, we get self distance D s as 9th root of r
dash into d into d whole cube. This is equal to cube root of r dash into d square.
Similarly, when we are using four conductors, we are got 16 distances, one for itself and
three more for the other three conductors distance, from this conductor to other three
conductors.
Therefore, we get the self distance D s is equal 16th root of r dash into d into d into d
root 2. This is the distance between this conductor and this conductor. Same thing will
happen for this and this conductor and so on. So, in 2 to the power to 4, which is comes
out to be 1.091 into 4th root of r dash d cube. And as we have seen, earlier an inductance,
we can get for these bundle conductances as l is equal to 2 into 10 to the power minus 7,
log n D e q by D s.

Where, D s, is what, is the GMR for the bundle conductance. Since, this has increase
considerable as compared to single solid conductor, having the cross sectional area.
Therefore, the inductance, get reduced considerably.

(Refer Slide Time: 21:41)

Now, we will take up three phase line with earth return. Now, this is a normal situation.
Those three conductors may be horizontally placed and we have at the top of the
transmission tower earth wires or the ground wires. These ground wires as I have said
earlier in lessons 2. That these ground wires are used to protect the phase conductors
from direct lightening stroke.

Now, these ground conductors are normally conducted or connected to the tower and at
each tower footing, they are grounded. So, earth conductors are connected in parallel and
grounded at regular intervals along the transmission line. If they are not grounded at each
tower, may be, they will be grounded at every alternate tower or so. So, how do, we find
out the inductances for such a system?
Normally, when the system is working as a balance system, they would not be any return
current flowing. Because, the sum of the three currents will be 0 all the time, but in case
of unbalance current flowing in the system. We have some currents flowing through
these return conductors, which will again go to the ground and will flow through the
earth.

(Refer Slide Time: 23:32)

So, if phase currents are not balanced, return currents will flow in earth conductors and
ground. Because, since these earth conductors are connected to the tower and again,
there are grounded by the footing, ground tower footing. So, the current flowing in these
earth conductors will go into the ground. And will this disperse and flow in the ground
also.

Now, it was J.R. Carson in 1923, who effectively or who proposed, how to take care of
these ground currents in the system, in the transmission system. So, which was later
modified, he was the first person to model this ground currents into a system. What he
did was, he said that, earth return conductors are basically or the earth current can be
basically, represented by earth return conductors, which are having the same GMR as the
overhead conductors.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:59)

And are located directly below the overhead conductors, at a distance D e, as shown in
this figure, that is here we have three phase conductors a, b and c. And we have two earth
conductors are the ground conductors, which are n 1 and n 2. Now, what we he proposed
as for such a system. He said that, the ground current flowing can be represented by
conductors a dash, which is directly below a into the ground at a distance D, from that
conductor.

Same thing for n 1, we have a conductor n 1 dash, which is in the ground or which is
directly below this in the ground at a distance D and so on. Where, he said D e, the
distance at which these conductors are from the overhead conductors is proportional to
rho, the earth resistivity. And inversely proportional to frequency of the system or the
frequency of the current, which is flowing in these conductors.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:13)

So, now we can see that, D for any conductor k, we have the ground conductor D k k
dash. The distance of it is own, that is same as D k k, which is the GMR of that
conductor. And the distance D k to k dash for any conductor k to k dash is D e. And the
D k k dash, which is the distance of this conductor to itself is same, as the GMR of this
conductor. And he said that, D e is equal to 658.5 into square root of rho by f.

Now, this is an empirical formula, which was found after lots of experimentation. Where,
rho is as resistivity and if one does not know the earth resistivity properly. Then, one can
always choose 100 ohm meter as the earth resistivity, which is the resistivity for that
earth. He also found out, that the resistance of these image conductors are the
conductors, which are representing the ground current is given by R k dash is equal to
9.869 into 10 to power minus 7 f, where f is the frequency per ohms per meter.

So, these D e and R k dash are empirical values and these have been found out after lots
of experimentation. Now, for this system, that we have, we have five conductors here
and five conductors as images, below these conductors at a distance D e, from the
overhead conductors. Now, this makes a total of 10 conductors. Now, some of the
currents in all the 10 conductors will have to be equal to 0.

So, in this system, sum of the current I k is equal to 0, for k is equal to 1 to 2 times into
three phase conductors plus 2 neutral conductors. That is sum of all the 10 conductor
currents is equal to 0. Now, for such a system, we can find out the flux linkage, for any
conductor very easily. And lambda k, in this case is given by 2 into 10 power minus 7
sigma m is equal to 1, 2, 3 plus 2. That is three phase conductors plus 2 ground
conductors, I m log n D km dash.

That is distance from the conductor to the conductors, which are the image conductors
divided by D k m, the distance between 2 overhead conductors. And these include
ground conductor as we are seeing. So, lambda k is 2 into 10 to power minus 7, sigma m
is equal to 1 to 5, I m log n D k m dash by D k m Weber turn per meter.

(Refer Slide Time: 30:15)

Since, lambda is equal to L I, where L is the inductance and I is the current. Now, in this
case, since there are five conductors, we have lambda for all the five conductors. That is
lambda a, lambda b, lambda c and lambda n 1 lambda n 2. So, lambda is a 3 plus 2
vector, I again, since the current is following in all these five conductors. So, I is a 3 plus
2 vector.

Now, L which is the inductance matrix is also a 3 plus 2 into 3 plus 2 matrix. Whose
elements L k m is equal to 2 into 10 to power minus 7 log n D k m dash by D k m. This
comes out from the previous relation of lambda k. So, lambda k, we know. So, if we sum
this up and then we find out the inductance, sorry, the conductors, then L k m will come
out to be this much.
(Refer Slide Time: 31:25)

And therefore, we can write this as matrix equation, where we are saying E A a is the
voltage drop in phase A conductor. E B b is the voltage drop in phase B conductor. E C c
is voltage in phase C conductor. For the neutral conductors is there are grounded, there
potential is 0.

So, voltage drops are going to be 0, for the two ground conductors, this is equal to R plus
j Omega L, which will be again a 5 by 5 matrix into I a current in phase a. I b current in
phase b. I c current in phase c, I n 1 current in neutral 1 and I n 2 current in neutral 2 or
ground 2.

(Refer Slide Time: 32:24)

Here, the matrix R is a 5 by 5 matrix and this is represented by for R A a, what we have
is, R a plus R k dash. That is this is for R a, the resistances for conductor A. Now, R k
dash is the resistances for the image conductor, which is below A. Then, we have R k
dash for the other 4. Similarly, for R will be R 12 will be R k dash R 2 with 2 will be R b
plus R k dash R 23 will R k dash and so on. So, this is a 5 by 5 matrix, which is a
resistance in ohms per meter for this five conductor system.

(Refer Slide Time: 33:28)

Now, if you write the complete system equation for the voltages across the line
conductors. Then, we will have the voltage as E A a, E B b, E C c. That is the voltage
across the two points of the phase A conductor, phase B conductor and phase C
conductors. Similarly, for the neutral conductors, since the neutral conductors are
grounded, this voltage will be 0.

This voltage is going to be equal to the impedance, multiplied by the current which gives
the voltage drop across the two points. Now, here the impedances will be Z 11, Z 12, Z
13, Z 14, Z 15. All these impedances, this will give a 5 by 5 matrix. And the currents will
be the, three phase currents I a, I b, I c, I n 1, the current in neutral conductor 1 and I n 2
in the conductor 2.

So, this for the five conductor system, we have five set of equations and this impedance
matrix is a 5 by 5 matrix, which we can divided into four different sub matrices. As
shown here, Z A which is 3 by 3 matrix, which indicates the Z 11, Z 12 Z 21, Z 22, Z 23,
Z 31, Z 32,, Z 33. These impedances are relating the voltages across the phase
conductors with the currents following in the phase conductor.

Similarly, the voltages across the phase conductors, due to currents following in the
neutrals, can be given by the impedances as shown in the Z B. That is Z 14, Z 15, Z 24,
Z 34, Z 35. And Z C indicates the voltage across the neutral conductors, due to currents
in the phase conductors. These impedances are Z 41, Z 42, Z 43, Z 51, Z 52, Z 53.
Similarly, for the voltage n th across the neutral conductors, due to currents in the neutral
conductors will be given by this matrix Z D, which is Z 44, Z 45, Z 54, Z 55. So, we
have three sub matrices Z A, which is a 3 by 3, Z B which is 3 by 2 matrixes, Z C, which
is 2 by 3 matrixes and Z D, which is a 2 by 2 matrix. This is the complete system
equation that we have, where the impedance terms are given as for the diagonal
elements.

(Refer Slide Time: 36:17)

That is Z k k, which means Z 11, Z 22 and so on are given by R k plus R k dash plus j
omega 2 into 10 to power minus 7, log n D k k dash by D k k ohms per meters. Whereas,
these are the distances, as we have seen in the system in the system diagram earlier. Off
diagonal elements that is Z k m, which is basically Z 12, Z 13 or Z 54, all these off
diagonal elements.

That is, when k is not equal to m is given by R k dash plus j omega into 2 into 10 to
power minus 7 log n D k m dash by D k m ohms per meter. So, we can compute all these
diagonal and off diagonal elements, that is the elements of this imperial matrix using
these relationships.

(Refer Slide Time: 37:28)

Now, what we can do, since we have already divided this system into four sub matrices.
Now, we can write this whole system of equation in a short form like E p, where E p is
the voltage drop across the face conductors, 0 is the voltage drop across the neutral
conductor, this is equal to Z A, Z B, Z C, Z D into I p. Where I p is the current flowing
through the face conductors and I n is the vector of current flowing through to neutral
conductors.

As shown here, E p is equal to E A a, E B b and E C c are three phase conductor voltage

drops, I p is equal to the phase currents I a, I b, I c. And I n is the current following
through the two neutrals I n 1, I n 2. Now, from this set of equations, we can write this
into two separates sets of equation as E p is equal to Z A, I P plus Z B I n. E p is equal to
Z A, I P plus Z B into I n.
(Refer Slide Time: 38:36)

Similarly, 0 is equal to Z C into I P plus Z D into I n. 0 is equal to Z C into I P plus Z D

into I n. Now, from this second equation, we can take this term. This term on the other
side then we have I n is equal to minus Z D inverse Z C into I P. That is I n is here and
we have taken this on this side. So, it is minus Z C, I P. Now, we pre multiply both sides
by Z D inverse.

So, we will get I n, I n is equal to minus Z D inverse Z C into I P. And therefore, putting
for this I n here in this first equation, we will get E P is equal to Z A into I P minus
because this minus term is coming Z B into I n. So, I n is given by this relationship, so
minus Z B into Z C into Z D, sorry, Z B into Z D inverse into Z C, I P. So, we have
substituted for I n from here and then we are writing this expression like this.

Now, we can write this whole as E P is equal to Z P into I P, where ZP is this matrix.
Here, this will be a 3 by 3 matrix Z p is equal to Z A minus Z B, Z D inverse Z C. So,
this is what we will get, that is we have eliminated in this equation, the current I n and
we are writing the all the equations in terms of the phase variable. Only thing is, this is
taken care by using Z D inverse and Z C from this expression.
(Refer Slide Time: 40:30)

Therefore, we will get now Z p, which will be a 3 by 3 matrix as Z a a, Z a b, Z a c, Z a b

or Z b a will be same Z b b, Z b c and Z a c, Z b c, Z c c. So, this is now a 3 by 3 matrix,
from where we have eliminated the currents in the neutral conductors or the ground
conductors. So, here we are getting a relationship, only for the phase conductors, E p is
equal to Z p into I p.

So, the current following in the ground conductors or the ground is now eliminated. And
we can now get a relationship, only for the conductor’s currents. In the phase conductors
relating the voltage drop in the phase conductors. Now, for a fully transpose line, what
we will have is since these phase conductors will be occupying all the three positions for
one-third length of the line. Therefore, we will get the average values for all the three
flux linkages and the inductances. And therefore, we will have the same impedance for
all the three phased.
(Refer Slide Time: 42:12)

So, self impedance Z a a, will be same as Z b b, will be same as Z c c. That is all the
three phase will have the same self impedances. And the mutual impedances will also be
equal for all the three phases. So, Z a b and Z a c will be equal which will be also equal
to Z b c and Z c a.

So, we get finally, for a fully transpose line, we get the values or thus impedance series
impedance for the three phase system with ground return. As Z p is equal to Z a a, Z a b,
Z a b, Z a b, Z a a, Z a b, Z a b, Z a b, Z a a. This matrix will give me the impedance,
series impedance of the transmission line, with ground return.

(Refer Slide Time: 43:17)

So, Z a a is equal to as I said the average value and Z a b will be also equal to the
average value the mutual and the self, will be given by these two relationship.

(Refer Slide Time: 43:30)

Now, let us take an example, for finding out the inductance of a three phase transmission
system. The example, that we are taking is for the conductor consideration of a
completely transpose three phase over a transmission line, with bundle conductor is
shown. All the conductors have a radius of 0.74 centimeter with is 30 centimeter bundle
spacing.

(Refer Slide Time: 44:01)

That is, we have a 30 centimeter bundle spacing for the conductors and each conductor
as a radius of 0.74 centimeter. The distance between the two phase conductors is 6
meters. That is from center to center. And this is a horizontally spaced configuration. The
line is fully transposed. For this line, determine the inductance per phase in milli Henry
per kilometer and in milli Henry per meter. Find the inductive line reactance per phase in
ohms per meter at 50 hertz.

So, this is the question, that we will have to find out the inductances per phase of the line
in milli Henry per kilometer or a milli Henry per meter. We will also need to find out the
inductive line reactance per phase in ohms per meter at 50 hertz.

(Refer Slide Time: 45:10)

So, for this system, what we have to do is, we have to find out the equivalent distances.
So, for the given configuration as shown is figure, we have the mutual GMD between the
different phases given by D a b is equal to r 13, r 14, r 23, r 24. That is distance from
here to this conductor, distance from this to this conductor, distance from this to this
conductor, distance from this to this conductor.

And 4th root of that, because again if you take the distances from this to this and this to
this, this to this and this to this, that will also be same. So, it will 4th root of D a b is
equal is the 4th root of distance between 13, 14, 23, 24. So, this is equal to 6 into 6 .3
into 5.7 into 6. That is 13 is 6, 23 is 5.7, 14 is 6 plus 30 centimeters. So, 6.3 and 24 is 6.
So, we take the 4th root, it comes out to be 5.9962, it is same as almost 6 meters.
Similarly, for between B and C, if we do this, we will get that same distance or the same
GMD. But, for D c a, if we look at this between C and A, then we have the distance as A
1 to 5, 1 to 6, 2 to 5 and 2 to 6.

(Refer Slide Time: 47:36)

Therefore, D c a is equal to r 15 into r 16 into r 25 into 26, the 4th root of this. That is
equal to 12 into 12.3 into 11.7 into 12, 4th root of that is 11.9981, which is very near to
12 meter. Now, the equilateral spacing between the phases is given by the D e q defined
as D e q is equal to D a b into D b c into D c a and cube root of that. So, if we find out
the equilateral spacing. The D e q, that comes out to be 5.9962 into 5.9962 into 11.9981
cube root of that, that comes out to be 7.5559 meter.
(Refer Slide Time: 48:29)

Now, the self GMD of all the three phases point to symmetry are equal. That is, the self
distance each conductor has the same radius and the distance between the two conductors
of a bundle is same. That is 30 centimeter. So, therefore, the D s for each phase
conductor is going to be equal to r dash. That is 0.7788 into r for the conductor into 30
centimeter, which is the distance between the two conductors of the same bundle.

The square root of this comes out to be 4.1580 centimeter. In fact, we could have taken
in all the four distances as we have seen earlier D s is r dash into D square root of that.
So, this is equal to 4.1580 centimeter. Now, you see this is much larger than 2 times of
0.7788 into r which is 0.74 centimeter. Therefore, bundling has increased the effective
radius considerably.

Therefore, now we can find out inductance per phase for the given system as L is equal
to 2 into 10 to power minus 7 into log n. D e q by Ds Henry’s per meter per phase, which
is equal to 1.04049 into 10 to power 6 Henry’s per meter, per phase, which can be
written as 1.04049 into 10 power minus 3 milli Henry per meter, per phase or 1.04049
milli Henry per kilometer, per phase.
(Refer Slide Time: 50:35)

The inductive line reactance per phase at 50 hertz is given by x is equal to 2 phi f into the
inductance. So, this is 2 phi 50 into 1.04049 into 10 to power minus 6 ohms per meter
per phase. This comes out to be 3.270 into 10 to power minus 4 ohms per meter per
phase. So, this is, how we can calculate the inductance and the inductive reactance for
any given three phase transmission system.

(Refer Slide Time: 51:22)

Now, before we finish I would like you to answer the following questions. First is, why
bundled conductors are used in EHV lines. Second question is, what is transposition.
And third question is, how the effect of earth return current is taken into account in
inductance calculation for a 3 phase line with ground return system. Specially, when this
system is carrying unbalanced current, so with this we finish these lessons.

Thank you very much.

We will meet again for lesson 5. In which, we will talk about calculating the capacitance
of the transmission line.

Thank you.

Preview of next lecture

Lecture - 05

Transmission Line Capacitance

Welcome to lesson 5, on power system analysis course. In this course, we will talk about
the transmission line capacitance, before we get in to the calculation of transmission line
capacitance.

(Refer Slide Time: 52:49)

I would like to answer those questions. That I ask in lesson 4. First question was, why
bundle conductors are used in EHV lines? Well, the answer to this question is bundling
of conductors. That is, instead of using one single conductor, use of a number of
conductors connected by conducting frames, reduces electric fields strength on conductor
surface, which in effect reduces the corona losses, which result in power loss.
As well as radio interference and audible noise in the system, bundling also increases the
effective radius of the conductor. And there by, reduces the inductance of the
transmission line. This in effect will improve the regulation of the transmission line. As
seen from here, the effective radius for a 3 conductor bundle, which are spaced at a
distance d. From the center d, from each other with a radius r is given by 9th root of r
dash into d into d whole cube, which is equal to cube root of r dash d square. This is
much larger than r dash, which is used, when a single conductor is used. And therefore,
bundling helps in reducing the inductance as it increases the effective radius.

(Refer Slide Time: 55:04)

Therefore, we will take the case of a three phase system. We will start with the three
phase line with equilateral spacing. Because, as we have seen for inductance calculation,
we can always covert, if the line is transpose. We can always convert any system into the
equivalent three phase equilateral spacing of the conductors by finding out the equivalent
distance D e q. So, here we have equilateral spacing conductor a, b and c, each with a
distance d from each other. We also assume that this system consist of only three
conductors. So, the sum of the total charges will be equal to 0. That is q a plus q b plus q
c is equal 0.
(Refer Slide Time: 55:58)

So, for solving this, we will take case of a fully transpose three phase line. So, we have
the fully transpose three phase line. The voltage is given by the relationship V a b is
equal to 1 by twice phi Epsilon, I am sorry, this is Epsilon into q a into log n D e q by r
plus q b into log n r by D e q. Where D e q is equal to D 12 into D 23 into D 31 into the
power 1 by 3. That is cube root of D 12, D 23 into D 31.

Now, substituting these values, we get this as equal to 12 meters into 12 meters into 24
meters. That is the distance between the conductor a and c, the cube root of this, will
give us equal to 15.119 meter. Similarly, we can write the relationship for V a c and V a
c will be equal to 1 by twice pi Epsilon into q a into log n D e q by r plus q c into log n r
by D e q. Calculate these quantities for a transmission system.
(Refer Slide Time: 57:26)

So, next, this example, we have a three phase 400 kV 50 hertz 350 kilometer overhead
transmission line. That has a flat horizontal spacing, which three identical conductors.
That is, we have three identical conductors, places in a plat horizontal spacing. The
conductors have an outside diameter of 3.28 centimeter. And that is the diameter of the
conductor is 3.28 centimeter. And the distance between the adjacent conductors is and
the distance between the adjacent conductors is 12 meter. Now, for this system determine
the capacitive reactance to neutral in ohms per meter per phase and the capacitive
reactance, for the line in ohms per phase.

Thank you.