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Gemstone and Jewelry Resources of Pakistan

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 Government of Pakistan
Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Resource
Geological Survey of Pakistan

Information Release No. 1004

Gemstone and Jewelry Resources of Pakistan

By
M. Sadiq Malkani
Zafar Mahmood
Nasir Somro
Syed Jawad Arif

Issued by Director General, Geological Survey of Pakistan

2017
 CONTENTS

Page
Executive Summary 01
Introduction 02
Materials and Methods 03
Results and Discussion 03
Gemstone and Jewelry Resources of Pakistan 03
Gemstone and Jewelry Resources of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA 03
Gemstone and Jewelry Resources of Gilgit-Baltistan 08
Gemstone and Jewelry Resources of Azad Kashmir 11
Gemstone and Jewelry Resources of Balochistan 13
Gemstone and Jewelry Resources of North Punjab (Potwar Sub-basin) 16
Gemstone and Jewelry Resources of South Punjab (Sulaiman Basin) 16
Gemstone and Jewelry Resources of Sindh 17
Mining and Geo-Assets 17
Gemstones Metallogeny and Tectonic Reconstruction of Pakistan 18
References 19

ii
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Indo-Pakistan separated from Madagascar and started its journey toward north at Early Cretaceous.
Most of the Cretaceous passes as journey and isolation. Indo-Pakistan subcontinental plate collided
first time with Asia during latest Cretaceous (75-70Ma). Due to this collision which acts as pivot
point for counterclockwise rotation and subsequently Paleo Indus River originated during Early
Eocene (55Ma) generally flowing from north to south. This tectonics orogeny of Pakistan resulted
in the origination of five main metallotectonic zones of Pakistan like Indus basin, Northern Indus
Suture (NIS), Western Indus Suture (WIS), Kohistan-Ladakh magmatic arc, Hindukush-Karakoram
basin and Balochistan basin (including Chagai magmatic). This tectonics orogeny and geodynamics
of Indo-Pakistan subcontinent is responsible for the existence of gemstones and many other
economic mineralizations, major mountain peaks like Mount Everest, K2, Nanga Parbat, and Tirich
Mir among world, origin of Paleo Indus River and its civilization. Pakistan represents Pre-Cambrian
to Recent sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks. The Northern Indus Suture and Western
Indus Suture areas are the richest metallogenic zones in Pakistan especially gemstone minerals in
Pakistan. Pakistan has high potential of gemstone and jewelry industries. The Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa and FATA hosts precious gemstones like emerald, aquamarine, fluorite, garnet,
moonstone, pargasite, peridot, quartz, ruby, spinel, kyanite, topaz (pink topaz), tourmaline, etc. The
gemstones and jewelry resources found in Gilgit-Baltistan are gold-silver-platinum, emeralds,
rubies, topaz, tourmaline, quartz, aquamarine, garnet, tourmaline, peridot, moonstone, pargasite,
fluorite, corundum, sapphire, spinel, kyanite, vesuvianite, quartz, flint, chert and jasper. Azad
Kashmir is producing ruby, green, bicolour and tricolour tourmalines, spessartine garnet and
morganite, beryl, fluorite, quartz, topaz, etc. The gemstones and jewelry resources of Balochistan
are gold-silver-platinum, quartz, fluorite, garnet, tourmaline, vesuvianite/idocrase, chalcedony like
flint, chert, jasper, etc and copper minerals like malachite, azurite, chrysocolla, chalcopyrite, etc. The
gemstones and jewelry resources of Punjab and Sindh are detritial gold, quartz, chalcedony like
flint, chert, jasper, etc. India, Sri Lanka and Thailand having less potential than Pakistan are
contributing a lot due to facilitation from public and private sectors. Gemstone Industry requires
proper attention by providing technical assistance in gem cutting and polishing, gem testing and
appraisal, gem mining, foreign investment in the form of joint ventures etc. Pakistan is being
produced and exported gemstones.

1
INTRODUCTION

At the time of independence in August 1947, Pakistan was generally perceived to be a country of
low mineral potential, despite the knowledge regarding occurrences of large deposits of salt,
gypsum, limestone, marble, etc. During 1950-1980, the geological community of Pakistan can be
credited with several major achievements in economic geology such as discovery of major gas fields
in Balochistan, uranium from foothills of Sulaiman Range in Punjab and southern KP, barite from
Balochistan and KP, chromite and China clay in KP, famous emerald in KP, copper-gold and lead-
zinc in Balochistan and KP. What has been found so far is much too small than what is expected to
be discovered in not too distant future (Jan and Gauhar 2013). From independence to so far many
economic geologists presented revised and updated data and papers on mineral deposits of Pakistan.
From the beginning of Pakistan, many geoscientists incorporated the new discoveries in the previous
records and reported the review of mineral/minerals of Pakistan or part of it. Gee (1949) presented a
summary of known minerals of northwestern India (now Pakistan) with suggestions for development
and use. Heron (1950) and Heron and Crookshank (1954) reported economic minerals of Pakistan.
Ahmad (1969), Ahmad and Siddiqui (1992), Kazmi and Abbas (2001) and recently Malkani and
Mahmood (2016a) presented a comprehensive report on mineral resources of Pakistan. Malkani
(2010a, 2011a) presented the mineral potential of Sulaiman foldbelt and Balochistan provinces
respectively. Recently many discoveries of fluorite (Malkani 2002,2004b,2012b,2015a; Malkani and
Mahmood 2016d,g; Malkani et al. 2007,2016), gypsum (Malkani 2000,2010a,2011a,2013a),
celestite (Malkani 2012c,2015a; Malkani and Mahmood 2016d; Malkani et al. 2016), coal (Malkani
2004c,2012a,2013b,2016a; Malkani and Mahmood 2016c,f; Malkani and Shah 2014,2016),
construction materials (Malkani 2016b), clay and ceramic (Malkani and Mahmood 2016e), gold-
silver associated with antimony (Malkani 2004a,c,2011a), cement resources (Malkani
2010a,2011a,2013a), marble (Malkani 2004a,2010a,2011a), barite (Malkani and Tariq 2000,2004),
gemstones (Khan and Kausar 1996,2004,2010a), K-T boundary minerals (Malkani 2010b), copper,
REE, etc are made. Further recently the abstracts on minerals of provinces (except Balochistan detail
report by Malkani 2011a), like Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Malkani 2012d,2013a,b; Malkani et al. 2013;
Malkani and Mahmood 2016g), Sindh (Malkani 2014a), Punjab (Malkani 2012e), Gilgit-Baltistan
and Azad Kashmir (Malkani 2012d,2014b; Malkani and Mahmood 2016g), and areas like Sulaiman
(Malkani 2004a), Siahan-Makran (Malkani 2004a,d), etc are presented but detailed reports are
lacking. Ahmad (1975) and Malkani (2011a) reported the mineral resources of Balochistan Province
but here submitted for GSP publication. Now Malkani (the principal author with vast field work in
all provinces and basins of Pakistan) along with his colleagues have reported the updated mineral
resources of provinces like Sindh (Malkani et al. 2017a), Punjab (Malkani et al. 2017b), north and
south KP (Malkani et al. 2017c), Azad Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan (Malkani et al. 2017d) and
Balochistan Province (Malkani et al. 2017e), Balochistan Basin (Malkani et al. 2017f) and Sulaiman
Basin (Malkani et al. 2017g).
Himalayan orogeny has developed a tremendous variety of minerals, rocks, structures, slopes
and geomorphological features at various altitudes varying from sea level to >29000 feet above sea
level e.g. Mount Everest, K2, Nanga Parbat, Tirich Mir in Himalaya-Karakoram-Hindukush region
(Hamidullah 2004). Pakistan’s mineral sector remains backward due to lack of political will,
technical and financial inputs, absence of clear-cut national mineral policy, poor infra structure as

2
well as poor law and order. Twenty foreign companies are busy for petroleum in Pakistan and only
one or two for mineral resources of the country (Anjum and Alam 2004). India, Sri Lanka and
Thailand having less potential than Pakistan are contributing a lot due to facilitation from public and
private sectors. Jewelry and Gemstone Industry requires proper attention by providing technical
assistance in gem cutting and polishing, gem testing and appraisal, gem mining, foreign investment
in the form of joint ventures etc (Ahmad 2004). Many workers reported gold and gems from various
parts of Pakistan (Table 1). Pakistan is being produced and exported gemstones. Azad Kashmir is
also producing gemstones and other minerals like bentonite, beryl, fluorite, garnet, hematite,
limonite, margarite, mica, quartz, ruby, topaz and tourmaline. Ali (1967), Ahmad (1969,75), Ahmad
and Siddiqui (1992), Kazmi and Abbas (2001), Khan and Kausar (2010) and Malkani (2010b,2011a,
2012b,c) presented gemstone along with other minerals from various parts of Pakistan. Due to
immediate and urgent need of sustainable development of country, the gemstone and jewelry
resources of Pakistan are being presented here as handy report which will be very useful for private
and public sectors, researcher and policy makers for formulating policies, research, further
exploration and exploitation strategy. This report is handy, comprehensive reviewed, easy access and
easy to read for the researcher, mine owners and planners.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The materials belong to compiled data from previous work and also new field data collected by
Malkani (principal author) about the potential of gemstone and jewelry resources of Pakistan (Fig.1).
The methods applied here are many discipline of purely geological description.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

GEMSTONE AND JEWELRY RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN

The gemstones and jewelry resources found in Pakistan including Gilgit-Baltistan are gold-
silver-platinum, emeralds, rubies, topaz, tourmaline, quartz, aquamarine, garnet, tourmaline, peridot,
moonstone, pargasite, fluorite, corundum, sapphire, spinel, kyanite, vesuvianite, quartz, flint, chert
and jasper. Azad Jammu and Kashmir is producing ruby, green, bicolour and tricolour tourmalines,
spessartine garnet and morganite.

GEMSTONE AND JEWELRY RESOURCES OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA AND FATA

Pakistan has been blessed with vast deposits of precious and semi-precious gemstones (Table 2)
located mostly in Gilgit Baltistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), FATA, Azad Kashmir and
Balochistan (Fig. 3). The benefits of the overall strategy of value addition and branding is expected
to trickle down to all segments of the gems and jewellery industry from jewellery manufacturers,
lapidaries, gemstone dealers, and to gem miners at the lower end of the scale, culminating into
increase in exports, creation of new jobs, increase in foreign remittances, improving Pakistan image
worldwide and contribution to the exchequer (Khan 2013). Kazmi and Abbas (2001) and Ahmad
(2004) suggested to realize the significant potential of gems in Pakistan. Ali (1963) and Khan and
Kausar (2010) also reported gemstones in Pakistan. Many other workers reported gold and gems

3
from various parts of Pakistan (Fig. 1). Pakistan is being produced and exported gemstones. Azad
Kashmir is also producing gemstones and other minerals like bentonite, beryl, fluorite, garnet,
hematite, limonite, margarite, mica, quartz, ruby, topaz and tourmaline.

GOLD-SILVER-PLATINUM:
The platinum group represents platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium. Gold,
silver and platinum group are called noble metals. They are refractory, chemically inert and exhibit
excellent catalytic activity. Gold and silver are being used for jewelry. Gold occurs mainly as native
metal, or alloyed with silver and other metal as tellurides or associated with the sulphides of iron,
silver, arsenic, antimony and copper. It also deposited by hydrothermal, metamorphic and
replacement deposits and also nuggets and grains in residual or placer deposits. The silver used as
photographic materials, in refrigeration and air conditioning industries. It is associated with copper,
lead, zinc deposits or in combination with gold. Platinum group metals are used in automobile
industry to reduce CO emission, in chemicals, petroleum refining, ceramics and glass, electrical and
electronic industries, in jewelry, in dental and medicine like treatment of cancer, arthritis,
radiotherapy, production of denture, etc. Platinum group are associated with mafic and ultramafic
rocks, also in placers. Small amount of gold is also recovered by panning in the upper Indus and its
tributaries. The production of copper along with gold will be started soon from Saidak porphyry
copper deposits. Ali (1951,59) reported alluvial gold and mineral in Chitral and Northern areas
respectively. In Northern areas under Gold Exploration and Mineral Assessment Project
(GEMAP), carried by Australian Assistance during 1992-95, the integrated sampling and
geochemical maps were prepared. Gold was detected in many hundreds of drainage cells
(tributaries). Among these 24 sites shows high anomalous gold. These anomalies are mostly
associated with major shear zone/Indus Suture and some are porphyry type intrusives or altered
carbonates (Clavarino et al., 1995). The upper reaches of Chitral, Gilgit and the Indus River in
northern parts of Pakistan are well known for the placer gold occurrences (Khan and Shah 2004).
The Bagrot valley (Miadad et al. 2012), Shigari Bala area of Skardu (Rehman et al. 2012) and Golo
Das and surrounding areas (Sheikh et al. 2012) of Gilgit-Baltistan seems to be significant for gold
and base metal mineralizations. Chitral district was studied by SDA for gold and silver prospects in
the Sewakht formation of Leak et al. (1989) in the Awireth-Shogor-Sewakht areas of Chitral, 6-8km
west, northwest and north of Krinj. This formation is faulted on both sides. To the east the Reshun
fault separates it from Krinj limestone and to the west it is faulted against Lutkho Formation along
the Pasti fault. This formation comprises of greenschist, limestones, ferruginous dolomitic carbonate,
phyllite, sandstones and breccias. This prospect contains significant amount of boulangerite, which
mainly consists of antimony, lead, gold and silver. Boulangerite samples from Shoghor show gold
upto 56gm/ton silver upto 700gm/ton and antimony upto 20%. The ferruginous dolomitic carbonate
bed shows appreciable amount of gold and silver. The area is 25km long and 16m wide between the
Sewakht and Awireth. The detail study by SDA with adits and channel samplings was carried for
gold and silver. It reveals 50,000 tons of boulengerite with gold upto 70gm/ton and silver upto
180gm/ton. The estimated reserves of gold and silver bearing ferruginous carbonates are about 50
mt (Khan and Ahmad, undated). Dir district was studied for gold, silver and copper anomalies in
the Dir volcanic group near Zaluka village, 250km north of Peshawar (Hussain et al, 2000). The host
rock show subporphyritic to porphyritic sequence. Here is a 6m wide alteration zone containing
visible malachite and azurite. It also includes covellite, bornite and chalcocite. 12 samples yielded 3 -

4
11ppm gold, 6-200ppm silver, 1-6.5% copper and 30-198ppm lead. Chondrite is a stony meteorite
contains chondrule (small rounded bodies of olivine or enstatine) embedded in a fine grained matrix
of pyroxene, olivine and nickel-iron. Besham area shows PGE associated with gold near Besham in
the Jijal layered ultramafic complex (Miller, et al., 1991). The layer/zone-1 include chalcopyrite,
bornite, pentlandite, supergene violarite and magnetite in rocks, clinopyroxene with 10-15%
bronzite, 2-3% disseminated sulphide with precious metals in ppb like Au 18-46, Pt 56-90, Pd 47-70,
Rh <2 and total PGE 246-249. The layer/zone-2 includes pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite as
inclusion in chromite and clinopyroxene in rocks. Wehrlite and chromite/chromitite and dunite with
precious metals in ppb like Au 35-275, Pt 99-402, Pd 40-720, Rh 2-10 and total PGE 365-1405. The
layer/zone-3 include chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, pentlandite, lesser pyrite and millerite, tetraauricuprite
and atheneite in rocks hornblende-clinopyroxenite-ilmenite+ postcumulus garnet with precious
metals in ppb like Au 76-2457, Pt 15-715, Pd 144-2275, Rh <2 -3, and total PGE 293-3597. The
layer/zone-4 include chalcopyrite, bornite, clinopyroxene cumulate in rocks Garnet hornblendite
with precious metals in ppb like Au 7-2130, Pt 64-221, Pd 80-417, Rh <2 and total PGE 647-2284.
The layer/zone-5 include pyrite, chalcopyrite, bornite, millerite, pentlandite in sulphide cumulate in
garnet-gabbro (5-10% sulphide, mineralizations) with precious metals in ppb like Au 339, Pt 723, Pd
1730, Rh <2 and total PGE 278 (Miller, et al., 1991).

AQUAMARINE:
It is a silicate of beryllium and aluminum and belongs to beryl group. It is reported from Lutkho
valley Chitral (Ali 1967), Talash Dir (Ahmad 1969), Indus Kohistan and Kaghan valley (Ali 1967).
It occurs in the pegmatites of NW Himalayas. Deeper colour varieties occur at Gabor-o-Bakh in
Chitral. These areas have good potential for deeper blue colour, high priced aquamarine and merits
further exploration and development.

EMERALD:
It is a member of beryl group. It is fancied for its clear dewy green. It is due to Chromium content
and in fact a green beryl without chromium would not be accepted as an emerald. Emerald is
believed to posses healing power and to some people it is known as the healing stone. Mingora,
Gujarkilli and Shamozai areas of Swat District are well known producers of quality emerald. It is
found in ophiolitic rocks of mélange zone of northern Indus Suture. Mangora emerald deposits are
located in the northern edge of Mingora city. Two parallel north trending faults run through the area
are believed to be the main conduits for mineralizing solutions. Gubelin (1982) described the finest
emeralds in the world. The stone is famous for their brilliant, medium to deep green colour as well as
their unique transparency and are comparable to the finest Colombian specimens from Muzo. The
average size distribution of emeralds in production is approximately of the following order (Kazmi,
1995). Mellee (45.8%), 0.5-1 carats (ct) (32.7%), 1-2 ct (6.8%) and above 2 ct (14.7%). Average
grade size distribution show grading as excellent (5%), very good (12%), good (25%), fair (13%),
and Melle (45%). Gujarkili emerald deposits are located 24 km ENE of Mingora, 12km SSW of
Alpurai in Swat district. The deposit covers an area of about 10 acres. A number of northwest
trending faults with cross-cutting fractures and joints cut through the mineralized block and the
emerald industry largely occurs along these faults and fractures. Emerald production has been
increased from 5,939 cts (1986-87) to 78,330 cts (1990-91). Emeralds crystals are dark green
euhedral upto 100-2000cts in weight. This is very promising deposit which merits proper scientific

5
mining method and mine development (Kazmi, 1995). Shamizai emerald deposits are located 24km
west of Mingora at altitude of about 1500m. The mineralization is traceable about 2km along general
strike. It occurs in talc-carbonate schists of Indus Suture Melange under geological conditions very
similar to Mingora and Gujarkili. Emeralds are transparent with good green colour. Ann oddity
reported from this mine is the presence of bicolor emeralds. Private company has intermittently
mined the deposit. Other emerald deposits occur at Dandao Kandao, Nawe Dand, Gandao Kot and
Mora Dara in Mohmand Agency, Arang Barang in Bajaur Agency, Makhad and Charbagh in Swat
District. These deposits (except Charbagh and Makhad) have not been explored as yet (Kazmi and
Snee 1989). In short it has great potential for enhancing emerald production and mining activities in
Mingora, Gujarkili, Shamozai and introducing new mines in Mimola and Mor Darra region (Barang)
of Bajaur Agency. More emerald deposits can be discovered in 150 km long belt of northern Indus
Suture between Indus and Mohmand Agency.

GARNET:
The more common minerals are Pyrope (glowing red colour), almandine (brownish red to reddish
violet colour), rhodolite (rose red colour and strong luster), spessartine (most exquisite orange hue),
grossularite (brown, reddish brown, clear sparkling copper-gold to green), demantoid (unusual and
rare among garnets and fancied for its brilliance and fire with refractive index 1.89. As a birthstone
for those born in January, it symbolizes fidelity, friendship and constancy. It is reported from Hazara
area, Lutkho valley Chitral (Ali 1967). Gem quality almandine (red garnet) is found in Chitral
district. Tsavolite or green grossularite is associated with graphitic schist in Jambil area of Swat,
near Kot in Malakand and near Targhao in Bajaur agency. Beautiful honey yellow euhedral crystals
of hessonite are found in quartz mica schist near Targhao in Bajaur agency. (Kazmi and Jan 1997).
Several showings of green garnet, serpentine and actinolite in Malakand and in lower Mohmand
agency are reported (Ahmad 1969).

PERIDOT:
It belongs to olivine family. It is the birthstone for the month of August and it is said to put ghosts
and demons to flight, dispel melancholy and foolishness and to show the eternal paths to wisdom. It
is found near the Kohistan-Kaghan watershed to the NE of Naran. It occurs along shear zones and in
pockets in dunitic host rocks and are associated with clinochlore, magnetite and magnesite. It occurs
in the immediate hanging wall of the Indus Suture. It represents the basal cumulates of the Sapat
mafic-ultramafic complex (Khan and Kausar 1996,2010). It is transparent to translucent and pale to
dark yellowish green, rarely greenish yellow. It is medium to coarse grained with large crystals
reported measuring more than 10cm in length and upto 2kg in weight. Koivula (1994) and Jan and
Khan (1996) have presented physical data and microprobe analyses of the minerals. The Peridot is
mostly Fo91 in composition but ranges from Fo90 to Fo94. Jan and Khan (1995) suggest that the
mineralization may be related to hydrothermal solutions derived from post Tectonic Himalayan
leucogranites of Eocene age.

CORUNDUM:
Its gem varieties are ruby sapphire (red), oriental amethyst (blue), oriental emerald (green) and
oriental topaz (yellow). It is found in the Timurgara Dir (Arbab et al. 1973) and Shah Dheri and
Kalam Swat (Ali 1967).

6
RUBY:
It belongs to corundum family and is popular due to the glowing red color. It is believed to
symbolize that it endows children born in the month of July with priceless gifts, namely freedom,
kindness, honor and dignity. Presently good quality ruby is a fairly rare gemstone and hence the
most costly of all the precious stones. Ruby also occurs in a 30km long belt of amphibolites
extending from Timurgara in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The ruby of this area is lower grade. After
Burma, the Hunza area is the only other region of the world that has produced blood red ruby.
Cabochen grade violet or indigo colored sapphires also occur with rubies. The blood red rubies in
present day gem market fetch the highest price. Thus there is great potential for development of ruby
deposits in Pakistan. The host marble of this region also contains the minerals like sapphire, spinel,
pargasite, margarite, phlogopite, chlorite, graphite, pyrite, rutile, dolomite, sphene, apatite,
tourmaline, plagioclase, pyrrhotite, quartz, calcite, and goethite (Okrusch et al., 1976; Gubelin,
1982).

KYANITE:
Kyanite crystals are good and used as cheap gem. Detail in Kyanite in Industrial mineral.

XENOTIME:
It is YPO4; with REEs replacing Y. Xenotime is widespread accesory mineral in granite. It is
misidentified with zircon. It is associated with zircon, monazite, allanite and other REEs. It is
common detritial heavy mineral in sands and placer deposits. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province
has wide exposures of granite which may yield xenotime gemstones.

TOPAZ:
It is fancied for its glowing, fiery sparkle and its wide range of colors ranging from yellow to golden
brown, rose red to peach (Aro or Shuftalo) pink, blue to shining azure/sky blue and colorless to pure
white. The yellow variety resemble citrine (yellow quartz), but it is more attractive mainly due to its
higher refractive index (1.62), hardness 8, and specific gravity 3.5 -3.6. They mostly found in
microcline-quartz-muscovite matrix. Topaz bearing pegmatites are found at Bulechi, Shingus and
Gone near Dessu in the Skardu area. Pink Topaz is deep red to orange rose. In fact this is the only
known naturally deep red or deep pink colored topaz in the world (Gubelin et al., 1986). It is
reported from Katlang Mardan (Arbab et al. 1972), Lutkho valley Chitral (Ahmad 1969). The
Katlang deposit (Arbab et al. 1972) is located in the Gundao hillock 4km north of the town of
Katlang, about 20km north of the city of Mardan, 60km NE of Peshawar. The Gandao hillock is
comprised of grey, thin to thick bedded Paleozoic crystalline limestones. The limestone contains
extensive stockworks of calcite and quartz veins which host the topaz mineralization. Pink topaz of
Katlang is unique stone unparalleled in the world. It is found in Pakistan and if properly and
correctly promoted in world market, its price can be very greatly enhanced (Kazmi and Abbas 2001).

TOURMALINE:
It is famous for its beautiful colors, occurring in all possible hues and shades. The more common
hues are ruby red (rubellite), orange through brown to yellow, green and blue (indicolite). The gem
varieties include rubellite, dravite, elbaite and liddicoatite (Kazmi and O’Donoghue 1990). It is

7
believed to be stone for the October-born and is said to speed the writers’ flow of thought. It is
reported from Lutkho valley Chitral (Ali 1967) and Swat area (Ali 1967). Indicolite (blue
tourmaline) is found in the pegmatites of Garm Chashma (Chitral). Some of the best and fairly large
specimens of bicolor and tricolor tourmaline have been found in these pegmatites (Kazmi, 1995).
Several showings of black tourmaline in Malakand and lower Mohmand agency are also reported
(Ahmad 1969).

BASTNASITE:
Bastnasite (CeLaCO3 F-yellow brown hexagonal crystals)-a rare earth bearing gemstone reported in
Zagai Ghar alkali granite-a part of Warsak alkaline granite crops out in the Peshawar plain (Khan
and Kausar 2004).

FLUORITE:
Fluorite occurs near Mirgasht and Yarkhun in Trich valley, Chitral (Karakoram Block) and
Chakdara (Dir; Himalayan crystalline zone) comprise fluorite quartz veins cutting mica gra nite
gneiss which underlies a limestone and Bichoha Kurds near Sherwan, Hazara (Ahmad 1954). In
Khyber-Hazara metasedimentary fold and thrust belt fluorite occurs as disseminations in silicic
dykes cutting schists of Hazara Formation (Nagell, 1965).

GEMSTONE AND JEWELRY RESOURCES OF GILGIT-BALTISTAN

The Gilgit Baltistan province is very significant for gemstone resources because of hosting two main
sutures like northern Indus and Karakoram (Shyok Suture). The high temperature created by
geodynamics and tectonic collision of Indo-Pak subcontinent, so their sutures are producing
gemstones and also significant for further exploration. Gemstones like aquamarine from Askere,
Shingus, Dusso and Tisgtung of Gilgit; emerald from Khaltaro of Gilgit; moonstone from Shingus
and Bulechi (Gilgit); quartz from Gilgit and Skardu; red ruby and spinel (magnesium aluminate)
from Hunza are more attractive than Burma, and pargasite cabochons (green amphibolite; locally
purchased as Hunza emerald) from Hunza valley; rose quartz from Dusso pegmatites near Skardu;
topaz from pegmatites from Bulechi, Shingus and Gone near Dusso in Skardu; gem tourmaline
(pink, blue, green and black) from pegmatites of Haramosh Range like Stak Nala between Gilgit and
Skardu, Bulechi and Shingus; beautiful pyrite, malachite and azurite in pegmatite near Gilgit.

GOLD-SILVER-PLATINUM:
Ali (1951,59) reported alluvial gold and mineral in Gilgit-Baltistan areas. In Northern areas under
Gold Exploration and Mineral Assessment Project (GEMAP), carried by Australian Assistance
during 1992-95, the integrated sampling and geochemical maps were prepared. Gold was detected in
many hundreds of drainage cells (tributaries). Among these 24 sites shows high anomalous gold.
These anomalies are mostly associated with major shear zone/Indus Suture and some are porphyry
type intrusives or altered carbonates (Clavarino et al., 1995). The upper reaches of Chitral, Gilgit and
the Indus River in northern parts of Pakistan are well known for the placer gold occurrences (Khan
and Shah 2004). The Bagrot valley (Miadad et al. 2012), Shigari Bala area of Skardu (Rehman et al.
2012) and Golo Das and surrounding areas (Sheikh et al. 2012) of Gilgit-Baltistan seems to be
significant for gold and base metal mineralizations.

8
AQUAMARINE:
It is a silicate of beryllium and aluminum and belongs to beryl group. It is reported from Dassu and
Khaplu, Baltistan (Ahmad 1969). It occurs in the pegmatites of Karakoram and NW Himalayas.
Light blue aquamarine is most abundant in the gem pegmatites of Gilgit-Skardu area (Kazmi and
O’Donoghue 1990). The better known deposits are Iskere, Shingus, Dusso and Tisgtung. These areas
have good potential for deeper blue colour, high priced aquamarine and merits further exploration
and development.

EMERALD:
It is a member of beryl group. It is fancied for its clear dewy green. It is due to Chromium content
and in fact a green beryl without chromium would not be accepted as an emerald. Emerald is
believed to posses healing power and to some people it is known as the healing stone. It is found in
ophiolitic rocks of mélange zone of northern Indus Suture. The emerald deposits occur at near
Khaltaro in Gilgit area (Kazmi and Snee 1989). In short it has great potential for enhancing emerald
production and mining activities.

FLUORITE:
It is used as a flux in making steel, in the manufacture of white and coloured opalescent glass, in
enameling cooking utensils, for the preparation of Hydrofluoric acid and elemental fluorine and also
ornamental use. The fluorite (CaF2) mineralization is found in the Karakoram and Indus suture and
adjoining zones associated with other gemstones.

XENOTIME:
It is YPO4; with REEs replacing Y. Xenotime is widespread accesory mineral in granite. It is
misidentified with zircon. It is associated with zircon, monazite, allanite and other REEs. It is
common detritial heavy mineral in sands and placer deposits. The Gilgit Baltistan regions have wide
exposures of granite which may yield xenotime gemstones.

GARNET:
The more common minerals are Pyrope (glowing red colour), almandine (brownish red to reddish
violet colour), rhodolite (rose red colour and strong luster), spessartine (most exquisite orange hue),
grossularite (brown, reddish brown, clear sparkling copper-gold to green), demantoid (unusual and
rare among garnets and fancied for its brilliance and fire with refractive index 1.89. As a birthstone
for those born in January, it symbolizes fidelity, friendship and constancy. It is reported from Bash-
Shigar and Khaplu Baltistan (Ahmad 1969) and Harmosh range Gilgit (Ali 1967). Gem quality red
spessartine is associated with pegmatites of Dusso and Shingus in northern areas. This deposit has
yielded large transparent crystals (Kazmi and Jan 1997).

MOONSTONE:
It is a rock forming feldspar. It is soft grey to spring clear, silvery white, reddish brown to light blue.
It is the birthstone of June and is believed to bring happiness and good fortune. It has been mined
from pegmatites of Shingus and Bulechi in Gilgit Agency. The deposits are large with good quality.
The adularia feldspar is called sunstone.

9
PARGASITE:
It belongs to monoclinic amphibole. Exquisite deep pistachio green crystals of pargasite occurred in
metamorphosed crystalline marbles along with ruby and spinel in the Hunza valley. It is translucent
to opaque and used into beautiful cabochons. Locally they are sold as Hunza emeralds.

QUARTZ CRYSTALS AND JEWELRY:

Quartz crystals are found in pegmatites and suture areas. These crystals can be used in best jewelry
for attraction as diamond because India is famous due to using diamond in jewelry. Pakistan has
many quartz crystals deposits. For detail, see in quartz veins title. It is used as gem and also used for
dishes, optical instruments, spectacles, chemical, radio appliances, frequency control in electrical
and radio apparatus. It is silicon dioxide and common rock mineral and also includes a number of
ornamental varieties. The ornamental varieties can be crystalline such as amethyst and citrine or
cryptocrystalline such as opal, agate, chrysoprase, chalcedony, and cornelion. The violet quartz or
amethyst is the birthstone for the February born and to symbolize durability, friendship and stead
fastness in love. Clear and well formed crystals of quartz occur in gem pegmatite in Skardu and
Gilgit areas. Smoky quartz occurs in these areas also. Rose quartz is abundant is Dusso pegmatites
near Skardu.

CORUNDUM:
Its gem varieties are ruby sapphire (red), oriental amethyst (blue), oriental emerald (green) and
oriental topaz (yellow). It is found in the suture and vicinity areas.

RUBY:
It belongs to olivine family. It is the birthstone for the month of August and it is said to put ghosts
and demons to flight, dispel melancholy and foolishness and to show the eternal paths to wisdom. It
is reported from the marble of Bashe-Highar and Strakin Rondu, Baltistan (Ahmad 1969). The main
deposits occur in the dolomitic marble extending for over 100 km from Hunza valley to Ishkoman,
close to Main Karakoram Thrust. Mining is confined to 13 mining centers spread over a length of 15
km in Hunza Valley. Thus there is great potential for development of ruby deposits in Pakistan. The
host marble of this region also contains the minerals like sapphire, spinel, pargasite, margarite,
phlogopite, chlorite, graphite, pyrite, rutile, dolomite, sphene, apatite, tourmaline, plagioclase,
pyrrhotite, quartz, calcite, and goethite (Okrusch et al., 1976; Gubelin, 1982).

SAPPHIRE:
It is found in the Illaga Khorming Baltistan (Ahmad 1969).

SPINEL:
It is a group with magnesium aluminium oxide composition. It is admired for its lovely vibrant
colors, strong brilliance, and striking clarity. It can be withstand great heat without change and
occurs in an extremely beautiful variety. Purple to blue and blue green varieties are also common.
Spinal with its ruby red colour is closely associated with Hunza ruby deposits (Alam and Cheema
1973). The red colour of spinel is due to presence of chromium, where as the bluish and plum (Alu

10
Bukhara) colored varieties owe their colour to the presence of iron (Kazmi and O’Donoghue 1990).
The Hunza spinels are larger than those customarily found in Burma and are far more attractive.

TOPAZ:
It is fancied for its glowing, fiery sparkle and its wide range of colors ranging from yellow to golden
brown, rose red to peach (Aro or Shuftalo) pink, blue to shining azure/sky blue and colorless to pure
white. The yellow variety resemble citrine (yellow quartz), but it is more attractive mainly due to its
higher refractive index (1.62), hardness 8, and specific gravity 3.5-3.6. They mostly found in
microcline-quartz-muscovite matrix. Topaz bearing pegmatites are found at Bulechi, Shingus and
Gone near Dessu in the Skardu area. It is reported from Harmosh range, Iskere valley Gilgit (Ali
1967). It is found in Pakistan and if properly and correctly promoted in world market, its price can
be very greatly enhanced (Kazmi and Abbas 2001).

TOURMALINE:
It is famous for its beautiful colors, occurring in all possible hues and shades. The more common
hues are ruby red (rubellite), orange through brown to yellow, green and blue (indicolite). The gem
varieties include rubellite, dravite, elbaite and liddicoatite (Kazmi and O’Donoghue 1990). It is
believed to be stone for the October-born and is said to speed the writers’ flow of thought. It is
reported from Khaplu Baltistan (Ahmad 1969), Harmosh range (Ali 1967). It is found in the
pegmatites of the Haramosh range near Gilgit, Stak Nala (Between Gilgit and Skardu), Bulechi and
Shingus (Gilgit Division). Some of the best and fairly large specimens of bicolor and tricolor
tourmaline have been found in these pegmatites (Kazmi, 1995).

PEGMATITE GEMS AND OTHER MINERAL SPECIMEN:

The pegmatites from northern areas have yielded excellent specimens like light pink crystals of
fluorapatite, fluorite, green microcline, aquamarine, tourmaline, topaz, garnet, spessartine,
hambergite, morganite (rose coloured variety of beryl), goshenite, epidote, quartz (Kazmi and Abbas
2001). Black Tourmaline/schorl is ubiquitous in entire gem localities of northern areas (Agheem and
Shah 2004). Beautiful pyrite, malachite, and azurite specimens can be collected near Gilgit. Islam et
al. (2010) reported some other gemstones from Pakistan like agate, actinolite, amazonite
(feldspar/microcline), azurite, epidote, jadeite (nephrite is a jade), kunzite (transparent variety of
spodumene pyroxene), margarite (the mineral of hydrated silicate of Ca and Mg; with pearly luster),
pargasite (hornblende), rutile, serpentine, turquoise (phosphate minerals), sapphire (blue variety of
tourmaline), lapis lazuli (lazurite, feldspathoid group), tripoli (weathered chert/siliceous limestone),
etc.

GEMSTONE AND JEWELRY RESOURCES OF AZAD KASHMIR

Pakistan has been blessed with vast deposits of precious and semi-precious gemstones (Table 2)
located mostly in Gilgit Baltistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, FATA, Azad Kashmir and Balochistan.
The benefits of the overall strategy of value addition and branding is expected to trickle down to all
segments of the gems and jewellery industry from jewellery manufacturers, lapidaries, gemstone
dealers, and to gem miners at the lower end of the scale, culminating into increase in exports,
creation of new jobs, increase in foreign remittances, improving Pakistan image worldwide and

11
contribution to the exchequer (Khan 2013). Kazmi and Abbas (2001) and Ahmad (2004) suggested
to realize the significant potential of gems in Pakistan. Ali (1963) and recently Khan and Kausar
(2004) reported gemstones in Pakistan. Many other workers reported gold and gems from various
parts of Pakistan. Pakistan is being produced and exported gemstones. Azad Kashmir is also
producing gemstones and other minerals like bentonite, beryl, fluorite, garnet, hematite, limonite,
margarite, mica, quartz, ruby, topaz and tourmaline. Gemstones like green tourmaline/indicolite and
rubellite from Gurais, black tourmaline/Schorl, garnet and quartz from Jandran Wala, aquamarine,
beryl and topaz from Gurais and Donga Nar found in pegmatites and ruby from Nangimali,
Kalajandar and Naril areas found in marble;

GOLD-SILVER-PLATINUM:
Gold is found from Shontar and Shardi Nala and other places of upper reaches of Neelam River in
Azad Kashmir. The Neelam valley is significant for primary/in situ gold exploration. However as
placer deposits it can be tried in the Jhelum and Indus river.

GARNET:
A high quality orange red spessartine garnet has been recently discovered in pegmatites in Neelam
valley of Azad Kashmir. This deposit has yielded large transparent crystals (Kazmi and Jan 1997).

RUBY:
Ruby deposits of Azad Kashmir are located in Khandigali-Nangimali-Khora-Katha, Chitta Ratta and
Naril Nala areas of Neelam valley. They are associated with meta limestone and occur in calcite
veins along bedding planes. The deposits are being mined and the reserves are estimated at about
24.9million grams (Malik 1995). The ruby quality is excellent where phlogopite, fuchsite, chrom
diopside, calcite and minor pyrite and muscovite are present. The size of light pink ruby crystal
increases where graphite, pyrite and phlogopite are present with minor fuchsite. The gemological
and mineralogical characters of Kashmir metamorphic ruby are very similar to Bermese ruby (Baig
and Perveez 2004).

SAPPHIRE:
It is found in the Mochel, Padror Azad Kashmir (Ahmad 1969).

XENOTIME:
It is YPO4; with REEs replacing Y. Xenotime is widespread accesory mineral in granite. It is
misidentified with zircon. It is associated with zircon, monazite, allanite and other REEs. It is
common detritial heavy mineral in sands and placer deposits. The Neelam and Reshian valleys of
Azad Kashmir have wide exposures of granite which may yield xenotime gemstones.

TOURMALINE:
It is famous for its beautiful colors, occurring in all possible hues and shades. The more common
hues are ruby red (rubellite), orange through brown to yellow, green and blue (indicolite). The gem
varieties include rubellite, dravite, elbaite and liddicoatite (Kazmi and O’Donoghue 1990). It is
believed to be stone for the October-born and is said to speed the writers’ flow of thought. Green
tourmaline has been found in pegmatites of Donga Nar in Azad Kashmir. Some of the best and fairly

12
large specimens of bicolor and tricolor tourmaline have been found in these pegmatites (Kazmi,
1995).

QUARTZ CRYSTALS AND JEWELRY:

These crystals can be used in best jewelry for attraction as diamond because India is famous due to
using diamond in jewelry. Pakistan has many quartz crystals deposits. For detail, see in quartz veins
title. It is used as gem and also used for dishes, optical instruments, spectacles, chemical, radio
appliances, frequency control in electrical and radio apparatus. It is silicon dioxide and common rock
mineral and also includes a number of ornamental varieties. The ornamental varieties can be
crystalline such as amethyst and citrine or cryptocrystalline such as opal, agate, chrysoprase,
chalcedony, and cornelion. The violet quartz or amethyst is the birthstone for the February born and
to symbolize durability, friendship and stead fastness in love. Clear and well formed crystals of
quartz occur in gem pegmatite in Azad Kashmir areas. Smoky and rose quartz occurs in these areas
also.

PEGMATITE:
The pegmatites from upper Neelam areas have yielded excellent gemstone specimens.

GEMSTONE AND JEWELRY RESOURCES OF BALOCHISTAN

The Balochistan basin represents gemstones like well developed quartz crystals, fluorite, chalcedony
(chert, jasper, flint, agate, amethyst, etc), almandine garnet, tsavorite garnet, actinolite,
natrolite/zeolite, marble, malachite, azurite, chrysocolla, epidote, rodingite (formed by
rodingitization process-which are metasomatised calc-silicate rocks associated with serpentinites) ,
calcite, etc (Malkani and Mahmood 2016a). Naeem et al. (2014) also reported many gemstones
from Muslimbagh area of Balochistan like natrolite, marble, serpentine, talc, quartz, chert, green
chert, calcite, agate, amethyst, copper minerals (malachite, azurite, chrysocolla), jasper, flint, agate,
amethyst, etc), almandine garnet, tsavorite garnet, actinolite, epidote.

GOLD-SILVER-PLATINUM:
Chagai district has a number of porphyry copper deposits with gold and silver mineralizations
(Ahmad, 1986). Broken Hill Propriety (BHP) of Australia in collaboration with BDA has discovered
world class gold deposits. Lake Resources (Australia) also explored copper and associated gold
deposits and their alteration zones. Muslimbagh area show platinum group elements (PGE)
associated with chromitites in the Muslimbagh ophiolites of Saplai Tor Ghar. Preliminary study
show the primary deposits but not economic and however there are chances of economic placer
deposits (Nakagawa et al., 1996). The two samples from tectonites show ppb values of Os 24,36; Ir
30,45; Ru 85,130; Rh 10,13.3; Pt 35,33; Pd 15,46; Au 2.5, 7.4; Total PGE 179, 303 The three
samples from cumulate show ppb values of Os 41,13,6; Ir 35,24,7.7; Ru 100,55,9; Rh 16.8, 11.1,
4.5; Pt <5,<5,18; Pd 4,3,<2; Au 9.1, 7.4,1.3; Total PGE 202,111,47; CI-chondrite value of OS 514, Ir
540, Ru 690, Rh 200, Pt 1020, and Pd 545. Malkani (2011a) reported 2 samples of main Siahgari
Shand quartz vein (35A/11) show Ag 4 ppm and Au 0.45-0.48 ppm and 8 samples from Eastern
Waro (35M/16) show Ag <2 ppm, Au BDL and Mercury 39-115 ppb. Malkani (2011a) reported
antimony and red to brown iron oxide veins of Siahan and north Makran show some gold and

13
silver mineralization. 25 samples from Safed Gilanchi (31M/15) show Au 0.04-4.4ppm, 9 samples
from Mir Baig Raidki (31M/15) show Au from BDL-2.14ppm, 8 samples from Machi Koh (31M/15)
show Au BDL-4.49ppm and Ag 0.38-4.32 ppm, 13 samples from Palantak Koh (35A/2) show Au
0.005-1.298ppm, 3 samples from Jauder (35A/11) show Au 0.03-8.35ppm and Ag 2-4ppm, 1 sample
from Gokumb north (35A/11) shows Au 1.7ppm and Ag 2ppm, 1 sample from Hurain (35A/11)
shows Au 8.81ppm and Ag 4ppm, 1 sample from Surmagi south (35A/11) shows Au 0.5ppm and Ag
4ppm, 1 sample from Huspi (35A/11) shows Au 0.16ppm and Ag 5ppm, 2 samples from Siahgari
(35A/11) show Au 0.10-0.24ppm and Ag 4-7ppm, 1 sample from Kuchaki south (35A/11) shows Au
0.12ppm and Ag 6ppm, 1 sample from Kuchaki north show Au 0.13ppm and Ag 2ppm, 1 sample
from Gokumb south (35A/11) shows Au 0.05ppm and Ag 6ppm, 1 sample from Ahmadap (35A/11)
shows Au 0.63ppm and Ag 5ppm, 2 samples from Mahmoodi Kaur (35A/11) show Au 0.05-
0.07ppm and Ag 4-5pp, 2 samples from Kasig (35A/11) show Au 0.26-0.28ppm and Ag 4ppm, 1
sample from Panir Body east (35A/11) shows Au BDL and Ag 3ppm, 2 samples from Sor Jor Jauder
(35A/11) show Au BDL-0.48ppm and Ag 3-5ppm, 1 sample from Nagindap Damagi (35A/11)
shows Au 0.78ppm and Ag BDL, 2 samples from Musa Kaur (35A/11) show Au 0.050.06ppm and
Ag 5pp and 1 sample from Hashani (35A/11) shows Au 1.28ppm and Ag 2ppm. 4 samples from
Surap (35A/6) show Au BDL-0.03ppm and Ag 0.73-1.84ppm, 1 sample from Gumtalan (31M/11)
shows Au 0.02ppm and Ag 0.97ppm, 1 sample from Baskroach (31M/11) shows Au 0.03ppm and
Ag 01.59ppm, 1 sample from Kashi (31M/11) shows Au 0.03ppm and Ag 1.05ppm, 1 sample from
Patangaz (31M/11) shows Au 0.01ppm and Ag 1.36ppm, 1 sample from Wazhdad (35A/6) shows
Au 0.02ppm and Ag 0.95ppm,1 sample from Siah Mar (31M/12) shows Au 0.02ppm and Ag
1.19ppm and 1 sample from Sorgari (31M/16) shows Au 0.01ppm and Ag 0.86ppm. 1 sample from
Panjgur area (35B/1) show 0.31ppm and Ag 2.12ppm, 1 sample from Sabzab (35A/12) shows Au
0.04ppm and Ag 2.12ppm, 1 sample from Saghar (35A/4) shows Au 0.12ppm and Ag 2.13ppm and
1 sample from Thalo Thalaran (31M/16) shows Au 0.03ppm and Ag 1.72ppm. 62 samples of ir on
oxidized (brown-red) rocks of Makran and Siahan ranges show Au BDL and Ag <2-7 ppm (Malkani
2011a).

FLUORITE:
It is used as a flux in making steel, in the manufacture of white and coloured opalescent glass, in
enameling cooking utensils, for the preparation of Hydrofluoric acid and elemental fluorine and also
as ornamental use. The main fluorite (CaF2) deposits are found in the Dilband range, Mula-Zahri
range, and Loralai ranges of Balochistan. Trivial showings occur in the Zhob ophiolite at Brunj Killi
and Khojakzai where fluorite-calcite vein cut the Triassic Wulgai Formation (Heron and Crookshank
1954; Nagell 1965). The first largest deposits of fluorite from Pakistan are located in Dilband and its
vicinity areas of Kirthar foldbelt. The Koh Maran fluorite (72 long tons) was reported by Bakr
(1965b). Dilband-Maran fluorite is found as calcite-fluorite veins in Jurassic Chiltan limestone.
Mohsin and Sarwar (1974) estimated 95,000 ton ore containing 50% fluorite. Abbas et al. (1980)
estimated over 0.1mt of fluorite from Dilband and its vicinity areas. Malkani (2002;2004c)
discovered the second largest deposits (6750 tons) of green fluorite veins in Jurassic Chiltan
limestone from Mula-Zahri Range of Kirthar foldbelt. Malkani (2010b;2012a) discovered the third
largest deposits of fluorite from Loralai district of Sulaiman Foldbelt. It is found in Gadebar and
Daman Ghar ranges and associated domes and long hillocks of Jurassic Loralai limestone forming
anticlinal cores. The fluorite occurs as veins in faults and fractures and enriched particularly in the

14
low dip strata. The fluorite represents many colour like pink, blue, light grey, green, light yellow,
etc. It may contain CaF 2 80-90%. The fluorite seems to be good for acid preparation, metallurgical
grades and gemstones. The present investigations show that the Jurassic strata of Sulaiman foldbelt
have possible largest deposits in Pakistan. The fluorite shows impurities as calcite and quartz in the
area. Now it is being mined from Loralai district areas where tribal disputes are not found but most
of the fluorite host areas are in dispute and needs fruitful agreements between tribes to exploit
fluorite. Mining is in progress in the Mekhtar (Balao, Inde, Sande and Zhizhghi), Tor Thana and
Zarah areas (Fig.1). The estimated reserves are about 50000 tons. Attractive fluorite crystals for gem
with light green, yellow and light blue colors from Mekhtar, Wategam Zarah etc of Loralai district
have also been found. It is also interpreted that the Jurassic limestone of Kirthar and Sulaiman
foldbelts and adjoining Western Indus Suture Zone seems to be significant for further prospecting
especially in the low dip strata.

CHERT, JASPER, FLINTSTONE, QUARTZ CRYSTALS FOR JEWELRY:

As Mari Indus quartz crystals are known as Mari Diamond found in Salt range formation near the
Mari Indus close to Kalabagh (Ahmad 1969). These crystals can be used in best jewelry for
attraction as diamond because India is famous due to using diamond in jewelry. Pakistan has many
quartz crystals deposits. For detail, see in quartz veins title. It is used as gem and also used for
dishes, optical instruments, spectacles, chemical, radio appliances, frequency control in electrical
and radio apparatus. It is silicon dioxide and common rock mineral and also includes a number of
ornamental varieties. The ornamental varieties can be crystalline such as amethyst and citrine or
cryptocrystalline such as opal, agate, chrysoprase, chalcedony, and cornelion. The violet quartz or
amethyst is the birthstone for the February born and to symbolize durability, friendship and stead
fastness in love. Clear and well formed crystals of quartz occur in gem pegmatite in Skardu, Gilgit
and Chitral areas, and in Azad Kashmir. Smoky quartz occurs in these areas also. Rose quartz is
abundant is Dusso pegmatites near Skardu. Agate and chalcedony are found in near Nagar Parker
Sindh, while jasper occurs in Las Bela area (Balochistan). Malkani (2010a;2011a) reported quartz
veins having white transparent to translucent quartz crystals which are found in the sandstone of
Cretaceous Mughalkot formation in the Khagoon (39 F/10) of Gharwandi (Alu Khan Kach) area. He
also reported flint or flintstone from Tor Thana (39F/3) of Loralai district in Late Cretaceous
Mughalkot formation (shale, sandstone and limestone), which show banded and wavy white and
light blue colors which creates beauty for ornamental purposes. The beautiful chert and jasper
beds are also found in the peaks of Jurassic limestone west and southwest of Khad Kucha, Mastung
district, and also found in the Jurassic and Cretaceous limestone in Loralai and Mekhtar area. So far
flint stone is being produced from Sindh. Malkani (2004b, 2011a) reported quartz crystal from
quartz vein of Shand and Waro area of Siahan range.

CALCITE:
The beautiful calcite and calcite veins are commonly found in the limestone of different ages
especially the Mastung, Kalat, Khuzdar, Quetta, Ziarat, Loralai and vicinity regions.

GARNET AND TOURMALINE:

These are known from Chagai and Muslimbagh area.

15
VESUVIANITE/IDOCRASE:
Idocrase/Vesuvianite is reported in Muslimbagh area in ophiolitic rocks (Ahmad 1969).

COPPER MINERALS AS GEMSTONES:

The copper minerals like malachite, azurite, chrysocolla, chalcopyrite, etc are known from Chagai,
Raskoh, Western Indus Suture (WIS; Lasbela-Khuzdar-Muslimbagh-Zhob) and sedimentary belts
(Pab sandstone in Kharzan, Mula-Zahri range, etc).

PEGMATITE GEMS AND OTHER MINERAL SPECIMEN:

The pegmatites are also reported from Chagai and Tor Ghundi (Loralai) areas. The Tor Ghundi
pegmatite is a pipe type (low in silica) intruded in the Early Cretaceous Parh Group (Malkani and
Munir 1998). These may reveal gemstones. Tor Ghundi pegmatite is low in silica may host very
significant gemstones and other economic minerals. It needs detail work.

GEMSTONE AND JEWELRY RESOURCES OF NORTH PUNJAB (POTWAR SUB-

BASIN)

GOLD-SILVER-PLATINUM:
Kirana group (Sargodha District) shows traces of gold from volcanogenic hematite iron ore near
Chiniot (Shah 1973). The Precambrian Indo-Pakistan shield rocks of Kirana group are also
significant for gold (Kazmi and Abbas, 2001). The explorations for Placer gold in Indus river
deposits are significant.

MARI DIAMOND (QUARTZ):

The best quartz crystals from Mari area near to Kalabagh for gem are called Mari diamond (quartz)
which can be used in jewelry as diamond.

AMORPHOUS SILICA AND BEAUTIFUL PEBBLES AND COBBLES:

The chalcedonic silica like Chert, flint, jasper, etc, along with other significant and beautiful pebbles
and cobbles are found as detritial/placer in the conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone/ gritstone
are found in the Miocene-Pliocene Potwar Group and also in the Pleistocene-Holocene Soan Group
in the Potwar sub-basin.

GEMSTONE AND JEWELRY RESOURCES OF SOUTH PUNJAB (SULAIMAN BASIN)

GOLD-SILVER-PLATINUM:
Indus river placer is very significant for gold panning and further exploration.

AMORPHOUS SILICA AND BEAUTIFUL PEBBLES AND COBBLES:

The chalcedonic silica like Chert, flint, jasper, etc, along with other significant and beautiful pebbles
and cobbles are found as detritial/placer in the conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone/ gritstone
are found in the Oligocene-Pliocene Vihowa Group and also in the Pleistocene-Holocene Sakhi
Sarwar Group in the Sulaiman foldbelt. These are significant for jewelry resources as found
relatively easy.

16
GEMSTONE AND JEWELRY RESOURCES OF SINDH

Gemstones like agate and chalcedony from Nagar Parker, chert, flint and Jasper from Vihowa
group/Manchar group especially from the conglomerate, gritstone, conglomeratic sandstone of
Manchar/Vihowa group of eastern Kirthar and Lakhi range and other areas. So far flint stone is
being produced from Sindh.

MINING AND GEO-ASSETTS

Some times during mining process the significant geo-assets were destroyed, so try should be made
to protect significant geo-assets. Some times the mining process reveals also very significant
discoveries. Pakistan represents Precambrian to recent marine and terrestrial strata. Pakistan includes
Gondwanan and Laurasian parts. So its paleontology, paleobiogeography, geodynamics and tectonic
evolution are critical among world scientists because its Indus Basin was attached to Gondwana in
the past but now connected with Asia. Pakistan is museum for many significant invertebrates a nd
vertebrates. We should construct large museums with bones where the national and international
researchers, students and visitors can access easily. For example the dinosaur bones are in GSP
Quetta Museum where access is difficult. The world scientists take interest to work in Pakistan and
our students get abroad higher studies scholarship, all these go to the development of Pakistan. The
recent finding of fossils of walking whales (Gingerich et al. 2001) and basilosaurids-king of the
basal whale (Malkani et al. 2013), baluchitheres-the largest land mammals (Malkani et al. 2013),
dinosaurs and mesoeucrocodiles (Malkani and Anwar 2000; Malkani et al. 2001; Malkani 2003,
2004e, 2006a,b,c, 2007b,c,d,e, 2008a,b,c,d,e, 2009a,b,c,d,e, 2010a,b,c,d,e,f, 2011b,c, 2012f,g,h,i,j,
2013c,d,e,f,g,h,i, 2014d,e,f,g,h, 2015b,c,d,e,f,g, 2016c,d; Malkani and Sun 2016; Wilson 2010;
Wilson et al. 2001,2005), pterosaurs (2013c, 2014d, 2015c), many footprints and trackways of small
and large theropods and herd of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs (Malkani
2007a,2008a,2014c,2015c,d,e,f), first trackways of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs from Asia
found from Pakistan (Malkani 2007, 2008a, 2015c,d,e,f), articulated atlas-axis of titanosaurs
(Malkani 2008b), first osteoderms of titanosaurs reported in Asia found from Pakistan (Malkani
2003b,2010c,2015c,g,h), large proboscideans and other vertebrates (Malkani 2014e,2015c; Malkani
and Sun 2016; Raza and Meyer 1984, etc) from Pakistan are unique gifts for the world.
Pakistan has wonderfully exposed diverse tectonic elements like convergent collision of
Indo-Pakistan with Asia (continent-continent collision), Chaman-Uthal regional transform fault and
active subduction like convergent of Arabian sea plate with Balochistan basin of Tethys sea plate,
different types of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, sedimentary rocks and minerals,
typical sedimentary and tectonic structures, diverse topography like sea coast in the south, plain
areas in the central east, some world class peaks more than 29000 feet above sea level such as K2,
Nanga Parbat, broad peak (Falchan Kangri) and Tirich Mir, many Muztagh (group of maintains)
from east to west in Karakoram are Batura, Hispar, Panmah, Baltaro, Siachen, Rimo and Saser,
many glaciers (more than 1km deep) like Siachen (74km) Baltaro (62km), Batura (58km), Godwin
Austin, Biafo, Chogolisa, Gondokhoro, Hispar (53km), Yazgil etc. many mountainous peaks
surrounded by pleasant and heaven valleys in the north and west, many localities of Paleozoic to
recent flora and invertebrates, Mesozoic and Cenozoic vertebrates, terrestrial and marine

17
Cretaceous-Tertiary (Malkani 2010b) and other boundaries, rich mineral, gemstone, petroleum and
other natural resources, variable four season (summer, autumn, winter and spring), severe summer in
plain while pleasant in mountainous areas, pleasant winter in plain and severe in mountainous areas;
many glacier bearing mountains and many rivers like Indus, Jhelum, Zhob, Kech, etc offer
unmatched opportunities for research, exploration and development (Malkani 2015b). The Pakistan
represents both Gondwanan as well as Laurasian geo-heritage. In short Pakistan has large exposures
of geoheritage and paleobioheritage. In some case these heritage are being destroyed like the
footprints and trackways of dinosaurs in Pakistan. Now it became necessary to protect the
geoheritage and paleobioheritage of Pakistan as national and global geoparks (Malkani 2015b,c)
which is an innovation for the sustainable development of science and Pakistan.

GEMSTONES METALLOGENY AND TECTONIC RECONSTRUCTION OF PAKISTAN

Tectonics orogeny of Pakistan resulted in the origination of five main metallotectonic zones of
Pakistan like Indus Basin (a Gondwana fragment/southern hemisphere), Western Indus Suture (WIS;
suture between Balochistan basin of Tethys and Indus Basin of Indo-Pak plate) and Northern Indus
Suture (NIS; suture between Kohistan-Ladakh magmatic arc of Tethys and Indus basin of Indo-Pak
plate), Kohistan-Ladakh magmatic arc, Hindukush-Karakoram Basin (Laurasian heritage/northern
hemisphere) and Balochistan basin (including Chagai-Raskoh-Wazhdad magmatic arc). The
collision, Tectonics orogeny and geodynamics of Indo-Pakistan subcontinent is responsible for the
existence of low to high temperature gemstones and jewelry resources. Some sedimentary gemstones
like chert, jasper, flint, etc are marine which are deposited by Tethys Sea. The timing of isolation,
migration and collision of Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent are conroversy so for. According to Malkani
(2012h,i,2015c,etc; Malkani and Sun 2016) the Indo-Pakistan separated from Madagascar and
started its northward journey at Early Cretaceous. Most of the Cretaceous passes as journey and
isolation and collided first time with Asia during latest Cretaceous (70-67Ma). Due to this collision
which acts as pivot point for counterclockwise rotation and subsequently Paleo Indus River
originated during Early Eocene (55Ma) generally flowing from north to south. However the ideas of
Ali and Krause (2011), Khan et al. (2003) and Chaudhry et al. (1994) are relatively close to the
present study. Most researcher favored initiation around 50-55 Ma. Ding et al (2005) and Yin and
Harrison (2000) prefer an even earlier time ~70 Ma which are close to present investigation. Clyde et
al. (2003) mentioned Eocene Ghazij clasts and Qayyum et al. (1994) mentioned the closure of Neo-
Tethys and evolution of newly discovered delta in Tertiary Katawaz basin; Pakistan, Molasse-delta-
flysch continuum of the Himalayan orogeny and closure of the Paleogene Katawaz remnant ocean,
Pakistan; and discovery of the Paleo-Indus delta-fan complex respectively.

18
 Legend

Gold-silver-platinum Peridot Aquamarine

Emerald Topaz Ruby Garnet

Tourmaline Moonstone Pargasite Fluorite

Quartz crystals Flint,Chert and Jasper Corundum

Saphire Spinel Kyanite Vesuvianite

Figure 1. Map of Pakistan

showing gemstone and
jewelry resources of
Figure 1. MapBalochistan,
of Pakistan Sindh,
showing Punjab,
gemstone and jewelry resources of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
and FATA, Gilgit Baltistan,
Azad Kashmir,FATA, Gilgit
Balochistan, Baltistan and
North Punjab
(Potwar Sub-basin), South
Azad
Punjab (Sulaiman Kashmir
Basin) and Sindh. (Pakistan)

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Malkani M.S. 2004c. Coal resources of Chamalang, Bahney Wali and Nosham-Bahlol areas of Kohlu, Barkhan, Loralai and Musa
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Malkani M.S. 2004e. Saurischian dinosaurs from Late Cretaceous of Pakistan. In abstract volume of Fifth Pakistan Geological
Congress, Islamabad, Pak, 71-73.

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Emerging Sciences, 1(3), 108-140.

Malkani M.S. 2006b. Cervicodorsal, Dorsal and Sacral vertebrae of Titanosauria (Sauropod Dinosaurs) discovered from the Latest
Cretaceous Dinosaur beds/Vitakri Member of Pab Formation, Sulaiman Foldbelt, Pakistan. Jour.Appl. Emer.Sci. 1(3), 188-196.

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University Research Journal (Science Series) 38 (1), 1-32.

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Limestone of Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series) 39 (1), 1-14.

Malkani M.S. 2007b. Cretaceous Geology and dinosaurs from terrestrial strata of Pakistan. In abstract volume of 2nd International
Symposium of IGCP 507 on Paleoclimates in Asia during the Cretaceous: theirvariations, causes, and biotic and environmental
responses, Seoul, Korea, 57-63.

Malkani M.S. 2007c. Lateral and vertical rapid variable Cretaceous depositional environments and Terrestrial dinosaurs from
Pakistan. In abstracts volume of IGCP 555 on Joint Workshop on Rapid Environmental/Climate Change in Cretaceous Greenhouse
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World: Ocean-Land Interaction and Deep Terrestrial Scientific Drilling Project of the Cretaceous Songliao Basin , Daqing, China,
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Malkani M.S., 2007d. First diagnostic fossils of Late Cretaceous Crocodyliform (Mesoeucrocodylia, Reptilia) from Vitakri area,
Barkhan District, Balochistan, Pakistan. In; Ashraf, M., Hussain, S. S., and Akbar, H. D. eds. Contribution to Geology of Pakistan
2007, Proceedings of 5th Pakistan Geological Congress 2004, A Publication of National Geological Society of Pakistan, Pakistan
Museum of Natural History, Islamabad, Pakistan, 241-259.

Malkani M.S. 2007e. Paleobiogeographic implications of titanosaurian sauropod and abelisaurian theropod dinosaurs from Pakistan.
Sindh University Research Journal (Science Ser.) 39 (2), 33-54.

Malkani M.S. 2008a. Marisaurus (Balochisauridae, Titanosauria) remains from the latest Cretaceous of Pakistan. Sindh University
Research Journal (Science Series), 40 (2), 55-78.

Malkani M.S. 2008b. First articulated Atlas-axis complex of Titanosauria (Sauropoda, Dinosauria) uncovered from the latest
Cretaceous Vitakri member (Dinosaur beds) of upper Pab Formation, Kinwa locality of Sulaiman Basin, Pakistan. Sindh University
Research Journal (Science Series) 40 (1), 55-70.

Malkani M.S. 2008c. Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystem from Pakistan. In Abstracts of the 33rd International Geological Congress,
(Theme HPF-14 Major events in the evolution of terrestrial biota, Abstract no. 1137099), Oslo, Norway, 1.

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Symposium of IGCP 507 on Paleoclimates in Asia during the Cretaceous: their variations, causes, and biotic and environmental
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Malkani M.S. 2008e. Mesozoic Continental Vertebrate Community from Pakistan-An overview. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
Volume 28, Supplement to Number 3, 111A.

Malkani M.S. 2009a. New Balochisaurus (Balochisauridae, Titanosauria, Sauropoda) and Vitakridrinda (Theropoda) remains from
Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series), 41 (2), 65-92.

Malkani M.S. 2009b. Terrestrial vertebrates from the Mesozoic of Pakistan. In abstract volume of 8 th International Symposium on the
Cretaceous System, University of Plymouth, UK, 49-50.

Malkani M.S. 2009c. Basal (J/K) and upper (K/T) boundaries of Cretaceous System in Pakistan. In abstract volume of 8 th International
Symposium on the Cretaceous System, University of Plymouth, UK, 58-59.

Malkani M.S. 2009d. Cretaceous marine and continental fluvial deposits from Pakistan. In abstract volume of 8 th International
Symposium on the Cretaceous System, University of Plymouth, UK, 59.

Malkani M.S. 2009e. Dinosaur biota of the continental Mesozoic of Pakistan. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium of the
IGCP 507 on Paleoclimates of the Cretaceous in Asia and their global correlation, Kumamoto University and Mifune Dinosaur
Museum, Japan, 66-67.

Malkani M.S. 2010a. Updated Stratigraphy and Mineral potential of Sulaiman (Middle Indus) basin, Pakistan. Sindh University
Research Journal (Science Series). 42 (2), 39-66.

Malkani M.S. 2010b. New Pakisaurus (Pakisauridae, Titanosauria, Sauropoda) remains, and Cretaceous Tertiary (K-T) boundary
from Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series). 42 (1), 39-64.

Malkani M.S. 2010c. Osteoderms of Pakisauridae and Balochisauridae (Titanosauria, Sauropoda, Dinosauria) in Pakistan. Journal of
Earth Science, Vol. 21, Special Issue 3, 198-203; doi: 1007/s12583-010-0212-z.

Malkani M.S. 2010d. Pakisauridae and Balochisauridae Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaurs from the Non Marine Mesozoic of
Pakistan. In Proceedings of the 5th Symposium of IGCP 507 on Paleoclimates of the Cretaceous in .Asia and their global correlation,
October 7-8, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, extended abstract no 61, 13p.

Malkani M.S. 2010e. Lithostratigraphy and Vertebrates from the Indus Basin of Pakistan. In Proceedings of the 5th Symposium of
IGCP 507 on Paleoclimates of the Cretaceous in Asia and their global correlation, October 7-8, 2010, Yogyakarta, Indonesian,
extended abstract no 65, 4p.

Malkani M.S. 2010f. Dinosaurs and Cretaceous Tertiary (K-T) boundary of Pakistan-a big disaster alerts for present disaster advances.
Proceeding volume of International Conference of Disaster Prevention Technology and Management (DPTM; Chongqing, China,
October 23-25, Journal Disaster Advances 3 (4), 567-572.

Malkani M.S. 2011a. Stratigraphy, Mineral Potential, Geological History and Paleobiogeography of Balochistan Province, Pakistan.
Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series). 43 (2), 269-290.

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Malkani M.S. 2011b. Vitakridrinda and Vitakrisaurus of Vitakrisauridae theropoda from Pakistan. In Proceedings of the 6th
Symposium of IGCP 507 on Paleoclimates of the Cretaceous in Asia and their global correlation, August 15-16, 2011, Beijing,
China, 59-66.

Malkani M.S. 2011c. Trackways: Confrontation Scenario among A Theropoda and A Herd of Wide Gauge Titanosaurian Sauropods
from Middle Jurassic of Pakistan. In Proceedings of 6th Symp. of IGCP 507 on Paleoclimates of the Cretaceous in Asia and their
global correlation, August 15-16, Beijing, China, 67-75.

Malkani M.S. 2012a. A review of Coal and Water resources of Pakistan. Journal of “Science, Technology and Development” 31(3),
202-218.

Malkani M.S. 2012b. Discovery of fluorite deposits from Loralai District, Balochistan, Pakistan. Abstract Volume and Program, Earth
Sciences Pakistan, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, June 23-24, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 45
(2), 69.

Malkani M.S. 2012c. Discovery of celestite deposits in the Sulaiman (Middle Indus) Basin, Balochistan, Pakistan. Abstract Volume
and Program, Earth Sciences Pakistan, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, June 23-24, Pakistan, Journal of
Himalayan Earth Sciences, 45 (2), 68-69.

Malkani M.S. 2012d. Natural Resources of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Abstract Volume and
Program, Earth Sciences Pakistan, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, June 23-24, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan
Earth Sciences, 45 (2), 70.

Malkani M.S. 2012e. A review on the mineral and coal resources of northern and southern Punjab, Pakistan. Abstract Volume and
Program, Earth Sciences Pakistan, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, June 23-24, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan
Earth Sciences, 45 (2), 67.

Malkani M.S. 2012f. New Look of titanosaurs: Tail Special of Pakisauridae and Balochisauridae, Titanosauria from Pakistan. In
abstract volume of 11th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 2012), Biota and Ecosystem and their Global
Correltion” August 15-18, Gwanju, Korea.

Malkani M.S. 2012g. New Styles of locomotion: Less wide gauge movement in Balochisauridae and More Wide gauge movement in
Pakisauridae (Titanosauria) of Pakistan. In abstract volume of 11th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 2012),
Biota and Ecosystem and their Global Correltion” August 15-18, Gwanju, Korea.

Malkani M.S. 2012h. Paleobiogeography and Wandering of Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent. In abstract volume of 11th Symposium on
“Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 2012), Biota and Ecosystem and their Global Correltion” August 15-18, Gwanju, Korea.

Malkani M.S. 2012i. Paleobiogeography and first collision of Indo-Pakistan subcontinent with Asia. Abstract Volume and Program,
Earth Sciences Pakistan, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, June 23-24, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth
Sciences, 45 (2), 71-72.

Malkani M.S. 2012j. Biodiversity of Dinosaurs from the Mesozoic of Pakistan. In abstract volume of International Conference o n
“Climate Change: Opportunities and Challenges” May 9-11, 2012, Islamabad, Pakistan, 83-84.
Malkani M.S. 2013a. Natural resources of Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA regions (Kohat sub-basin and part of northern
Sulaiman Basin and Western Indus Suture), Pakistan-A review. Abstract Volume, Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources of the
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA, February 11, Peshawar, Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, Special volume 2013, 30 -
31.

Malkani M.S. 2012k. Revised lithostratigraphy of Sulaiman and Kirthar Basins, Pakistan. Abstract Volume and Program, Earth
Sciences Pakistan, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, June 23-24, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 45
(2), 72.

Malkani M.S. 2013b. Coal and petroleum resources of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA (Pakistan)-An overview. Abstract,
Sustainable utilization of Natural Resources of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA. Abstract Volume, Sustainable Utilization of
Natural Resources of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA, February 11, Peshawar, Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences,
Special Volume 2013, 27-29.

Malkani M.S. 2013c. New pterosaur from the latest Cretaceous Terrestrial Strata of Pakistan. In; Abstract Book of 9 th International
Symposium on the Cretaceous System, September 1-5, Metu Congress Center, Ankara, Turkey, 62.

Malkani M.S. 2013d. Dinosaurs and Crocodiles from the Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystem of Pakistan. In; Abstract Book of 9 th
International Symposium on the Cretaceous System, September 1-5, Metu Congress Center, Ankara, Turkey, 114.

Malkani M.S. 2013e. Geodynamics of Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent (South Asia). In; Abstract Book of 9th International Symposium on
the Cretaceous System, September 1-5, Metu Congress Center, Ankara, Turkey, 36.

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Malkani M.S. 2013f. Paleobiogeographic implications of Cretaceous dinosaurs and mesoeucrocodiles from Pakistan. In; Abstract
Book of 9th International Symposium on the Cretaceous System, September 1-5, Metu Congress Center, Ankara, Turkey, 35.

Malkani M.S. 2013g. Depositional environments of Cretaceous strata of Indus basin (Pakistan). In; Abstract Book of 9th International
Symposium on the Cretaceous System, September 1-5, Metu Congress Center, Ankara, Turkey, 66.

Malkani M.S. 2013h. Major Bioevents and extinction of land vertebrates in Pakistan; Cretaceous-Tertiary and other boundaries. In;
Abstract Book of 9th International Symposium on the Cretaceous System, September 1-5, Metu Congress Center, Ankara, Turkey, 44.

Malkani M.S. 2013i. Latest Cretaceous land vertebrates in Pakistan; a paradise and a graveyard. In; Abstract Book of 9th International
Symposium on the Cretaceous System, September 1-5, Metu Congress Center, Ankara, Turkey, 41.

Malkani M.S. 2014a. Mineral resources of Sindh Province, Pakistan. Abstract Volume, Earth Sciences Pakistan, Baragali Summer
Campus, University of Peshawar, August 29-31, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, abstract volume, 57-58.

Malkani M.S. 2014b. Mineral and gemstone resources of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan). Abstract Volume, Earth
Sciences Pakistan, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, August 29-31, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences,
abstract volume, 58-59.

Malkani M.S. 2014b. Mineral and gemstone resources of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan). Abstract Volume, Earth
Sciences Pakistan, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, August 29-31, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences,
abstract volume, 58-59.

Malkani M.S. 2014c. Revised Stratigraphy of Balochistan Basin, Pakistan. Abstract Volume, Earth Sciences Pakistan, Baragali
Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, August 29-31, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, abstract volume, 59-60.

Malkani M.S. 2014d. Titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs from the Latest Cretaceous of Pakistan. In abstract volume; 2nd symposium of
International Geoscience Program 608 (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” September 04-06, 2014, Tokyo,
Japan, 108-111.

Malkani M.S. 2014e. Theropod dinosaurs and mesoeucrocodiles from the Terminal Cretaceous of Pakistan. In abstract volume; 2nd
Symposium of International Geoscience Program 608 (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” September 04-06,
2014, Tokyo, Japan, 169-172.

Malkani M.S. 2014f. Records of fauna and flora from Pakistan; Evolution of Indo-Pakistan Peninsula. In abstract volume; 2nd
symposium of International Geoscience Program 608 (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” September 04-06,
2014, Tokyo, Japan, 165-168.

Malkani M.S. 2014g. Dinosaurs from the Jurassic and Cretaceous Systems of Pakistan: their Paleobiogeographic link. In Abstract
Volume of 1st Symposium of IGCP 632 “Geologic and biotic events on the continent during the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition” and 4 th
International Palaeontological Congress, September 28 to October 03, 2014, Mendoza, Argentina, 872.

Malkani M.S. 2014h. Terrestrial Ecosystem from the Mesozoic Geopark of Pakistan. In Abstract Volume of 6th Symposium of
UNESCO Conference on Global Geoparks, September 19-22, Stonehammer Geopark, Saint John, Canada, 56.

Malkani M.S. 2015a. Mesozoic tectonics and Sedimentary Mineral Resources of Pakistan. In: Zhang Y., Wu S.Z., Sun G. eds.,
abstract volume, 12th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 12), and 3rd Symposium of International Geoscience
Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific”, August 15-20, 2015, Paleontological Museum of
Liaoning/Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China, 261-266.

Malkani M.S. 2015b. Geodiverse and biodiverse heritage of Pakistan demands for protection as national and global Geoparks: an
innovation for the sustainable development of Pakistan. In: Zhang Y., Wu S.Z., Sun G. eds., abstract volume, 12th Symposium on
“Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 12) and 3rd Symposium of International Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous
Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” August 15-20, 2015, Paleontological Museum of Liaoning/Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang,
China, 247-249.

Malkani M.S. 2015c. Dinosaurs, mesoeucrocodiles, pterosaurs, new fauna and flora from Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan,
Information Release No. 823: i-iii,1-32 (Total 35 pages).

Malkani M.S. 2015d. Titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs from Pakistan. In: Zhang Y.,Wu S.Z., Sun G. eds., abstract volume, 12th
Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 12), and 3rd Symposium of International Geoscience Program (IGCP 608)
“Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” August 15-20, 2015, Paleontological Museum of Liaoning/Shenyang Normal University,
Shenyang, China, 93-98

Malkani M.S. 2015e. Footprints and trackways of dinosaurs from Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent-Recent Advances in discoveries from
Pakistan. In: Zhang Y., Wu S.Z., Sun G. eds., abstract volume, 12th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 12), and

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3rd Symposium of International Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” August 15-20, 2015,
Paleontological Museum of Liaoning/Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China, 186-191.

Malkani M.S. 2015f. First Trackways of Titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs from Asia found from the Latest Cretaceous of Pakistan:
Recent Advances in discoveries of dinosaur trackways from South Asia. In abstract volume of 2nd Symposium of IGCP 632 “Geologic
and biotic events on the Continent during Jurassic/Cretaceous transition” September 12-13, 2015, Shenyang, China,86-88.

Malkani M.S. 2015g. Osteoderms and dermal plates of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs found from Pakistan; Reported first time in
Asia. In: Zhang Y., Wu S.Z., Sun G. eds., abstract volume, 12th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 12), and 3rd
Symposium of International Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” August 15-20, 2015,
Paleontological Museum of Liaoning/Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China, 250-254.

Malkani M.S. 2015h. Titanosaurian (Sauropoda, Dinosauria) Osteoderms: First Reports from Asia. In abstract volume, 2nd
Symposium of IGCP 632 “Geologic and biotic events on the continent during the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition” September 12-13,
2015, Shenyang, China, 82-85.

Malkani M.S. 2016a. New Coalfields of Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, FATA and Azad Kashmir. Abstract Volume, Qazi, M.S.,
Ali, W. eds., International Conference on Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources, October 03, National Centre of Excellence in
Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 53-54.

Malkani M.S. 2016b. Petroleum and construction stone resources of Balochistan, Sulaiman and Kirthar basins (Pakistan). Abstract
Volume, Earth Sciences Pakistan 2016, 15-17 July, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, Pakistan, Journal of
Himalayan Earth Sciences, 104.

Malkani M.S. 2016c. Vitakri Dome of Pakistan-a richest graveyard of Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaurs and Mesoeucrocodiles in
Asia. In: Dzyuba, O.S., Pestchevitskaya, E.B., and Shurygin, B.N. Eds., (ISBN 978-5-4262-0073-9) Cretaceous Ecosystems and Their
Responses to Paleoenvironmental Changes in Asia and the Western Pacific: Short papers for the Fourth International Symposium of
International Geoscience Programme IGCP Project 608, August 15-20, 2016, Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and
Geophysics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science (IPGG SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia, 129-132.

Malkani M.S. 2016d. Revised stratigraphy of Indus Basin (Pakistan): Sea level changes. In: Dzyuba, O.S., Pestchevitskaya, E.B., and
Shurygin, B.N. Eds., (ISBN 978-5-4262-0073-9) Cretaceous Ecosystems and Their Responses to Paleoenvironmental Changes in Asia
and the Western Pacific: Short papers for the Fourth International Symposium of International Geoscience Programme IGCP Project
608, August 15-20, 2016, Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science
(IPGG SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia, 96-99.

Malkani M.S. 2016e. Pakistan Paleoclimate under greenhouse conditions; Closure of Tethys from Pakistan; Geobiological evolution
of South Asia (Indo-Pak subcontinent). In: Dzyuba, O.S., Pestchevitskaya, E.B., and Shurygin, B.N. Eds., (ISBN 978-5-4262-0073-9)
Cretaceous Ecosystems and Their Responses to Paleoenvironmental Changes in Asia and the Western Pacific: Short papers for the
Fourth International Symposium of International Geoscience Programme IGCP Project 608, August 15-20, 2016, Trofimuk Institute
of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science (IPGG SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia, 59-61.

Malkani M.S., Anwar C.M. 2000. Discovery of first dinosaur fossil in Pakistan, Barkhan District, Balochistan. Geological Survey of
Pakistan Information Release 732: 1-16.

Malkani M.S., Alyani M.I. Khosa M.H., Buzdar M.A. 2016. Mineral Resources of Pakistan-an update. Lasbela University Journal of
Science & Technology Volume 5, in process.

Malkani M.S., Buzdar M.A. , Alyani M.I. Khosa M.H. 2016. New Fluorite and Celestite deposits from Pakistan: Tectonic and
Sedimentary Mineral Resources of Indus Basin (Pakistan)-an overview. Lasbela University Journal of Science & Technology Volume
5, in process.

Malkani M.S., Dhanotr M.S.I. 2014. New remains of giant Basilosauridae (Archaeoceti, Cetacea, Mammilia) and Giant baluchithere
(Rhinocerotoidea, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) found from Pakistan. In Abstract Volume of 1st Symposium of IGCP 632 “Geologic and
biotic events on the continent during the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition” and 4th International Palaeontological Congress, September 28
to October 03, 2014, Mendoza, Argentina, 884.

Malkani M.S., Dhanotr M. S. I., Latif A., Saeed, H. M., 2013. New remains of Basilosauridae-the giant basal whale, and baluchithere-
the giant rhinoceros discovered from Balochistan Province (Pakistan). Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series). 45 (A-1),
177-188.

Malkani M.S., Haq M. 1998. Discovery of pegmatite and associated plug in Tor Ghundi, Shabozai area, Loralai Distt., Balochistan.
GSP, IR 668, 1-19.

Malkani M.S., Khosa M.H., Alyani M.I., Buzdar M.A. 2016. Coal Resources of Pakistan: new coalfields. Lasbela University Journal
of Science & Technology Volume 5, in process.

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Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2016a. Mineral Resources of Pakistan: A Review. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Record Volume 128: i-
iii, 1-90.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2016b. Revised Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Record Volume 127: i-iii, 1-87.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2016c. Coal Resources of Pakistan: entry of new coalfields. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information
Release No. 981: 1-28.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2016d. Fluorite from Loralai-Mekhtar and Celestite from Barkhan, Dera Bugti, Kohlu, Loralai and
Musakhel districts (Sulaiman Foldbelt) and Karkh area of Khuzdar district (Kirthar Range): a glimpse on Tectonic and Sedimentary
Mineral Resources of Indus Basin (Pakistan). Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release No. 980: 1-16.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2016e. Clay (ceramic) mineral resources of Pakistan: recent advances in discoveries. Abstract Volume,
Earth Sciences Pakistan 2016, 15-17 July, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth
Sciences, 101.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2016f. Coal resources of Pakistan: new coalfields of Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Azad
Kashmir. Abstract Volume, Earth Sciences Pakistan 2016, 15-17July, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, Pakistan,
Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 102.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2016g. Mineral Resources of Azad Kashmir and Hazara (Pakistan): special emphasis on Bagnotar-Kala
Pani (Abbottabad, Hazara) new coalfield. Abstract Volume, Earth Sciences Pakistan 2016, 15-17July, Baragali Summer Campus,
University of Peshawar, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 103.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z. 2016h. Revised stratigraphy of uppermost Indus (Khyber-Hazara-Kashmir) basin, Pakistan. Abstract
Volume, Earth Sciences Pakistan 2016, 15-17 July, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, Pakistan, Journal of
Himalayan Earth Sciences, 105.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z.2017a. Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Memoir Volume 24, 1-134.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z.2017b. Mineral Resources of Pakistan: provinces and basins wise. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Memoir
Volume 25, 1-179.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Alyani M.I., Shaikh S.I. 2017a. Mineral Resources of Sindh. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information
Release 994: 1-38.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Shaikh S.I., Alyani M.I. 2017b. Mineral Resources of north and south Punjab. Geological Survey of
Pakistan, Information Release 995: 1-52.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Alyani M.I., Siraj M. 2017c. Mineral Resources of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA, Pakistan.
Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release 996: 1-61.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Usmani N.A., Siraj M. 2017d. Mineral Resources of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.
Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release 997: 1-40.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Shaikh S.I., Arif S.J. 2017e. Mineral Resources of Balochistan Province, Pakistan. Geological Survey of
Pakistan, Information Release (GSP IR) No. 1001: 1-43.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Arif S.J., Alyani M.I. 2017f. Revised Stratigraphy and Mineral Resources of Balochistan Basin, Pakistan.
Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release (GSP IR) No. 1002: 1-38.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Alyani M.I., Shaikh S.I. 2017g. Revised Stratigraphy and Mineral Resources of Sulaiman Basin,
Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release (GSP IR) No. 1003: 1-63.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Somro N., Alyani M.I. 2017h. Cement Resources, Agrominerals, Marble, Construction, Dimension and
Decorative Stone Resources of Pakistan, GSP, IR No. 1005: 1-23.

Malkani M.S., Mahmood Z., Somro N., Shaikh S.I. 2017i. Revised Stratigraphy and Mineral Resources of Kirthar Basin, Pakistan.
GSP, IR No. 1010: 1-59.

Malkani M.S., Qazi S., Mahmood Z., Khosa M.H., Shah M.R., Pasha A.R., Alyani M.I. 2016. Agromineral Resources of Pakistan: an
urgent need for further sustainable development. Abstract Volume, Qazi, M.S., Ali, W. eds. International Conference on Sustainable
Utilization of Natural Resources, October 03, National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan.
Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 51-52.

26
Malkani M.S., Sajjad A. 2012. Coal of Shirani Area, D.I. Khan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Abstract Volume and
Program, Earth Sciences Pakistan, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, June 23-24, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan
Earth Sciences, 45 (2), 73-74.

Malkani M. S., Shah M.R. 2016. Chamalang coal resources and their depositional environments, Balochistan, Pakistan. Geological
Survey of Pakistan, Information Release No. 969:13p.

Malkani M.S., Shah M.R. 2014. Chamalang coal resources and their depositional environments, Balochistan, Pakistan. Journal of
Himalayan Earth Sciences, 47(1), 61-72.

Malkani M.S., Shah M.R., Bhutta A.M. 2007. Discovery of Flourite deposits from Mula-Zahri Range of Northern Kirthar Fold Belt,
Khuzdar District, Balochistan, Pakistan. In; Ashraf, M., Hussain, S.S. and Akbar, H.D. eds. Contribution to Geology of Pakistan 2007,
Proceedings of 5th Pakistan Geological Congress 2004, A Publication of the National Geological Society of Pakistan, Pakistan
Museum of Natural History, Islamabad, Pakistan, 285-295.

Malkani M.S., Shah M.R., Sajjad A., Kakepoto A.A., Haroon Y. 2013. Mineral and Gemstone Resources of Northern Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa and FATA regions, Pakistan-A good hope. Abstract Volume, Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources of the
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA, February 11, Peshawar, Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, Special Volume 2013, 25-
26.

Malkani M.S., Shahzad A., Umar M., Munir H., Sarfraz Y., Umar M., Mehmood A. 2016. Lithostratigraphy, structure and economic
geology of Abbottabad-Nathiagali-Kuldana-Murree road section, Abbottabad and Rawalpindi districts, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and
Punjab provinces, Pakistan. Abstract Volume, Earth Sciences Pakistan 2016, 15-17 July, Baragali Summer Campus, University of
Peshawar, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 168.

Malkani M.S., Sun G. 2016. Fossil biotas from Pakistan with focus on dinosaur distributions and discussion on paleobiogeographic
evolution of Indo-Pak Peninsula. Proceeding volume of 12th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE-12) and 3rd
Symposium of International Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” August 15-20, 2015,
Paleontological Museum of Liaoning/Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China, Global Geology 19 (4), 230-240. Article ID:
1673-9736 (2016) 04-0230-11: Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10. 3936/j. issn. 1673-9736. 2016. 04. 04.

Malkani M.S., Tariq M. 2000. Barite Mineralization in Mekhtar area, Loralai District, Balochistan, Pakistan, GSP IR 672, 1-9.

Malkani M.S., Tariq M. 2004. Discovery of barite deposits from the Mekhtar area, Loralai District, Balochistan, Pakistan. In abstract
volume National Conference on Economic and Environmental sustainability of Mineral resources of Pakistan,Baragali, Pakistan, 48.

Malkani M.S., Wilson J.A., Gingerich P.D. 2001. First Dinosaurs from Pakistan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (USA), Volume
21(3): 77A.

Malkani M.S., Qazi S., Mahmood Z., Khosa M.H., Shah M.R., Pasha A.R., Alyani M.I. 2016. Agromineral Resources of Pakistan: an
urgent need for further sustainable development. Abstract Volume, Qazi, M.S., Ali, W. eds. International Conference on Sustainable
Utilization of Natural Resources, October 03, National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan.
Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 51-52.

Malkani M.S., Sajjad A. 2012. Coal of Shirani Area, D.I. Khan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Abstract Volume and
Program, Earth Sciences Pakistan, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, June 23-24, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan
Earth Sciences, 45 (2), 73-74.

Malkani M. S., Shah M.R. 2016. Chamalang coal resources and their depositional environments, Balochistan, Pakistan. Geological
Survey of Pakistan, Information Release No. 969:13p.

Malkani M.S., Shah M.R. 2014. Chamalang coal resources and their depositional environments, Balochistan, Pakistan. Journal of
Himalayan Earth Sciences, 47(1), 61-72.

Malkani M.S., Shah M.R., Bhutta A.M. 2007. Discovery of Flourite deposits from Mula-Zahri Range of Northern Kirthar Fold Belt,
Khuzdar District, Balochistan, Pakistan. In; Ashraf, M., Hussain, S.S. and Akbar, H.D. eds. Contribution to Geology of Pakistan 2007,
Proceedings of 5th Pakistan Geological Congress 2004, A Publication of the National Geological Society of Pakistan, Pakistan
Museum of Natural History, Islamabad, Pakistan, 285-295.

Malkani M.S., Shah M.R., Sajjad A., Kakepoto A.A., Haroon Y. 2013. Mineral and Gemstone Resources of Northern Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa and FATA regions, Pakistan-A good hope. Abstract Volume, Sustainable Utilization of Natural Resources of the
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA, February 11, Peshawar, Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, Special Volume 2013, 25-
26.

Malkani M.S., Shahzad A., Umar M., Munir H., Sarfraz Y., Umar M., Mehmood A. 2016. Lithostratigraphy, structure and economic
geology of Abbottabad-Nathiagali-Kuldana-Murree road section, Abbottabad and Rawalpindi districts, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and
Punjab provinces, Pakistan. Abstract Volume, Earth Sciences Pakistan 2016, 15-17 July, Baragali Summer Campus, University of
Peshawar, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 168.
27
 Malkani M.S., Sun G. 2016. Fossil biotas from Pakistan with focus on dinosaur distributions and discussion on paleobiogeographic
evolution of Indo-Pak Peninsula. Proceeding volume of 12th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE-12) and 3rd
Symposium of International Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific” August 15-20, 2015,
Paleontological Museum of Liaoning/Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China, Global Geology 19 (4), 230-240. Article ID:
1673-9736 (2016) 04-0230-11: Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10. 3936/j. issn. 1673-9736. 2016. 04. 04.

Malkani M.S., Tariq M. 2000. Barite Mineralization in Mekhtar area, Loralai District, Balochistan, Pakistan, GSP IR 672, 1-9.

Malkani M.S., Tariq M. 2004. Discovery of barite deposits from the Mekhtar area, Loralai District, Balochistan, Pakistan. In abstract
volume National Conference on Economic and Environmental sustainability of Mineral resources of Pakistan,Baragali, Pakistan, 48.

Malkani M.S., Wilson J.A., Gingerich P.D. 2001. First Dinosaurs from Pakistan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (USA), Volume
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