Common Instructions

• In order to avoid flooding of emails and speed up

assessment from this week Assignments will be
submitted in following manner
1. Make group of 5 students roll no. wise
e.g. 1 to 5, 6 to 10, 11 to 15 and so on…..66 to 72 or 73 can
be a last group
2. Roll no.s 1, 6, 11, 16 ….. Will collect assignments of their
group members. (Every student submit his/her assignment
to group coordinator clearly naming his file as per Class roll
no. and assignment no. e.g. Div.roll no. assignment no. →
A01Asg4 B01Asg4)
3. Group coordinators to report defaulter students.
2

Happy Learning !
 Online Lecture - 7
Self Purification of Streams and DO
Sag Curve

Wastewater Treatments
Module-II

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Can you identify the river (from India)?

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Water Pollution
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 What is self purification of
stream?
• When wastewater is discharged into the river
or stream, the BOD of mix increases initially
and DO level starts falling.
• As river water travels further BOD gradually
reduces and DO increases and reaches its
saturation level.
• Thus river gets purified on its own.
• This phenomena is known as self purification
of stream 9
 Disposal by dilution
• Disposal by dilution is a process in which the
treated wastewater from ETPs is discharged in a
large static body of water or in moving water bodies
such as rivers or streams.
• The discharged wastewater is purified in due course
of time, by the self purification process of natural
waters.
• The effluent discharge and degree of treatment of
wastewater depends upon the self purification
capacity of the river and its intended water use
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 Conditions favouring dilution without treatment
1. Where wastewater is quite fresh.
2. SS have been removed from wastewater
3. Volume of receiving water body is more than the
wastewater discharge
4. Dilution water having high DO, to satisfy the BOD
of wastewater
5. Where swift forward currents are available
6. Wastewater does not contain toxic substances
7. Water is not used for drinking immediately after
point of discharge.
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 Standards of dilution
Dilution factor Standards of purification required
Above 500 No treatment required. Raw sewage can be
directly discharged into river
Between 300 to 500 Primary treatment such as PST is required so
that SS concentration is less than 150 mg/lit

Between 150 to 300 Treatment such as screening, sedimentation

and chemical precipitation are required so
that SS concentration is less than 50 mg/lit

Less than 150 Thorough treatment is required SS should

be less than 50 mg/lit and BOD 5 should be
less than 20 mg/lit 12
ACTIONS INVOLVED IN SELF
PURIFICATION OF STREAMS
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 1. Dilution
• When sewage is discharged into a large
volume of water flowing in a natural stream or
river, it is dispersed and dilution takes place.
• Due to dilution the concentration of various
constituents such as organic matter, BOD,
suspend solids, etc., is reduced and thus the
potential nuisance of sewage is also reduced.
• Analogy for dilution is Making of Rasana or
juice from any squash
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1.Dilution :-
2. Combined BOD and DO determination for a stream
Residents
• Combined waste flow Qr, BODr, DOr
Qmix = Qr + Qw

• Combined BOD Qw, BODw, DOw

BODmix = Qr.BODr + Qw.BODw Qmix, BODmix, DOmix

Qr + Q w

• Combined DO

DOmix = Qr.DOr + Qw.DOw

Qr + Qw
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 Problem
Using following data find out properties of resultant mix

River Wastewater

Flow (m3/sec) 0.7 0.231

DO (mg/lit) 8.2 2

BOD5 (mg/lit) 3.4 45

Temperature (oC) 23 26

State whether you can find out pH of mix by using the formula that you have used to find
DO, BOD and Temperature of mix? If answer is no, Why?
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• No. pH can not be determined by above
equation.
• pH varies logarithmically therefore pH of mix
can be found out by different formula.

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 Assignment 4
• Problem 1.
River Sewage
Flow (m3/sec) 8 1.25
BOD5 2 250
DO 8 0
Temp 0C 15 20

Determine Properties of mix for above parameters

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 Online Lecture - 8
Self Purification of Streams and DO
Sag Curve

Wastewater Treatments
Module-II

23
 2. Dispersion due to currents
• Self purification largely depends upon
currents, which readily disperses wastewater
in the stream, preventing locally high
concentration of pollutants.
• High velocity improves aeration which
reduces the concentration of pollutants.
• High velocity improves re-aeration which
reduces the time of recovery, though length of
stream affected by the wastewater is
increased. 24
 3. Sedimentation
• If stream velocity is lesser than the scour
velocity of particles then sedimentation will
take place, which has two effects
1. SS contribute largely to BOD will be removed
by settling and hence downstream water
quality will be improved.
2. Due to settled solids anaerobic
decomposition may take place

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 4. Oxidation
• The organic matter present in the
wastewater is oxidized by aerobic bacteria
utilizing dissolved oxygen of the natural
waters.
• This process continues till complete oxidation
of organic matter takes place.
• The stream which can absorb more oxygen
through reaeration can purify heavily polluted
water in short time
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 5. reduction
• Reduction occurs in the stream due to
hydrolysis (separation of water from
organic molecules) of organic matter
biologically or chemically.
• Anaerobic bacteria will split the organic
matter into liquids and gases, thus
paving the way for stabilization by
oxidation
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 6. temperature
• At low temp activity of bacteria is
low., and hence decomposition is
slow., though DO will be more because
increased solubility of oxygen in water.
• At higher temperature purification will
take lesser time though amount of DO
is less in the water.

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 7. Sunlight
• Sunlight helps certain micro-organisms to
absorb CO2 and give out oxygen, thus
resulting in self purification.
• Sunlight acts as disinfectant and stimulates
growth of algae which produces oxygen
during photosynthesis.
• Hence wherever there is algal growth water
contains more DO during daytime.

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ZONES OF POLLUTION IN THE
STREAM
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 1. Zone of degradation
• Situated just below outfall sewer
• Water is dark and turbid with sludge at the
bottom
• DO reduces up to 40% of saturation level
• CO2 content increases
• Rearation is slower than deoxygenation
• Conditions are unfavorable for aquatic life
• Anaerobic decomposition takes place in this
zone 32
 2. Zone of active decomposition
• Water in this zone becomes greyish and
darker than previous zone
• DO concentration falls to zero
• CH4, H2S, CO2 and N2 are present because of
anaerobic decomposition
• Fish life is absent but bacteria are present
• At the end of this zone DO rises to 40% of
saturation
• Aquatic life starts to reappear. 33
 3. Zone of recovery
• Process of recovery starts
• Stabilization of organic matter takes place in
this zone
• BOD falls and DO content increases above
40% value
• NO4, SO4 and CO3 are formed.
• Near the end of this zone entire aquatic life
reappears
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 4. Clear water zone
• Water becomes clearer and attractive in
appearance
• DO rises to saturation level
• Oxygen balance is attained
• Recovery is complete
• Some pathogenic microorganisms may be
present

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 Online Lecture - 9
Self Purification of Streams and DO
Sag Curve

Wastewater Treatments
Module-II

39
DO SAG CURVE

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Deoxygenation and Reoxygenation curves

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• When pollutional load is discharged into
the stream, DO goes on reducing. This
process is known as deoxygenation.
• It depends upon organic matter present
and temperature.
• The variation or depletion of DO is
represented graphically by deoxygenation
curve.

43
• At the same time oxygen gets added into the
stream through various processes such as
photosynthesis, rains etc.
• The curve representing oxygen gaining
process is known as Reoxygenation or
reaeration curve
• In a running polluted stream deoxygenation
and reaeration processes go hand in hand.
• Id deoxygenation is more deficit results.

44
• The amount of DO deficit can be obtained by
graphically adding both the curves. The resultant
curve is known as ‘DO sag curve’.
• DO deficit is given by
DO deeficit = saturation DO – Actual DO
= DO sat - DO act
• Streeter Phelps equation can be used for analysis of
DO sag curve

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Streeter Phelps Equation

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Streeter Phelps Equation

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• Xc = Critical distance
= V x tc
V = Velocity of flow

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 Quiz
• Today at 5 pm
• MCQ and one numerical on finding properties of
mix

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 Objective questions
1. When Wastewater is discharged into the river
________reduces and _______increases suddenly.
2. Most polluted zone in self purification process is
zone of __________.
3. Initial DO deficit is given by _________ minus
_________.
4. ________equation is used for modelling of self
purification of streams process.
5. The at which DO deficit reaches its min value is
called as _____ ______.
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6. Critical distance is given by _______.
7. Max. value of DO saturation at 20o C for water
is _____mg/lit.
8. At Lower temperature activity of
microorganisms is ____ but DO present in water is
_____.
9. At higher temperature activity of
microorganisms is ____ but DO present in water is
_____.
10. When pollutional load is discharged into the
stream, DO goes on reducing. This process is
known as ___________. 54
11.The curve representing oxygen gaining process
is known as ___________or _________ curve.
12. If stream velocity is lesser than the scour
velocity of particles then __________ will take
place.
13. Self purification largely depends upon _______,
which readily disperses wastewater in the stream,
preventing locally high concentration of pollutants.

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 Theory questions
Q1. Explain self purification of stream process.
Q3. Write short notes on
1. Actions involved in self purification of stream.
2. Zones of pollution in the stream.
3. Streeter Phelps equation
4. DO sag curve

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