Lecture 7 - First-Order Circuits

1
Electric Circuits
Chapter 7
First-Order Circuits
Dr Jalal Al Roumy
Israa University
2019/2020
Introduction:
2
 A first-order circuit is characterized by a first-order

differential equation.
 Examples: RC & RL circuits.

Natural Response:
3
 A circuit response is the manner in which the circuit reacts

to an excitation.
 The natural response of a circuit refers to the behavior (in

terms of voltages and currents) of the circuit itself, with no
external sources of excitation.
The Source-Free RC Circuit:
4
 The natural response depends on the nature of the circuit

alone, with no external sources.
 In fact, the RC circuit has a response only because of the

energy initially stored in the capacitor.
Time Constant:
5
 The time constant of a circuit is the time required for the

response to decay to a factor of 1∕e or 36.8% of its initial
value.
Approximate Full Discharging Time:
6
 The voltage v(t) is less than 1% of V0 after 5τ. Thus, it is

customary to assume that the capacitor is fully discharged
(or charged) after five time constants.
Response for Different Time Constants:
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 The smaller the time constant, the more rapidly the voltage
decreases and the faster the response.
Power & Energy in RC circuits:
8
Exercise 7.1:
9
Exercise 7.2:
10
The Source-Free RL Circuit:
11
 The RL circuit has a response only because of the energy

initially stored in the inductor.
Time Constant:
12
 The time constant of a circuit is the time required for the

response to decay to a factor of 1∕e or 36.8% of its initial
value.
Time Constant:
13
 The smaller the time constant of a circuit, the faster the rate
of decay of the response.
 The larger the time constant, the slower the rate of decay
of the response.
 The response decays to less than 1% of its initial value

(i.e., reaches steady state) after five time constants.
Power & Energy in RL circuits:
14
Exercise 7.3:
15
Exercise 7.4:
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Example 7.5:
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Singularity Functions:
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 Singularity functions are functions that either are

discontinuous or have discontinuous derivatives.
 Singularity functions (also called switching functions) are

very useful in circuit analysis since they serve as good
approximations to the switching signals that arise in
circuits with switching operations.
 Examples:
impulse function, step function, and ramp function.
The Unit Step Function:
19
 The unit step function u(t) is 0 for negative values of t

and 1 for positive values of t.
Representing a Current Source:
20
 We use the step function to represent an abrupt change in

voltage or current, like the changes that occur in the circuits
of control systems and digital computers.
 For a current source:

Representing a Voltage Source:
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 For a voltage source:

The Unit Impulse Function:
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 The unit impulse function δ(t) is zero everywhere except

at t = 0, where it is undefined.
The Unit Ramp Function:
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 The unit ramp function is zero for negative values of t

and has a unit slope for positive values of t.
Exercise 7.6:
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Example 7.8:
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Step Response of an RC Circuit:
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 The step response of a circuit is its behavior when the

excitation is the step function, which may be a voltage or
a current source.
Initially Charged Capacitor:
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Initially Uncharged Capacitor:
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29
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 The transient response is the circuit’s temporary response

that will die out with time.
 The steady-state response is the behavior of the circuit a

long time after an external excitation is applied.
Example 7.10:
31
Step Response of an RL Circuit:
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 The step response of a circuit is its behavior when the

excitation is the step function, which may be a voltage or
a current source.
Initially Charged Inductor:
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Initially Uncharged Inductor:
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Step Response of an RL Circuit:
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 The transient response is the circuit’s temporary response

that will die out with time.
 The steady-state response is the behavior of the circuit a

long time after an external excitation is applied.
Example 7.13:
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HW #6:
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 7.1, 7.2, 7.7, 7.10, 7.12, 7.22, 7.26, 7.28, 7.44 & 7.54.
 Assignment is due to 16/12/2019.

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1

 A first-order circuit is characterized by a first-order

 Examples: RC & RL circuits.

 A circuit response is the manner in which the circuit reacts

 The natural response of a circuit refers to the behavior (in

 The natural response depends on the nature of the circuit

 In fact, the RC circuit has a response only because of the

 The time constant of a circuit is the time required for the

 The voltage v(t) is less than 1% of V0 after 5τ. Thus, it is

 The RL circuit has a response only because of the energy

 The time constant of a circuit is the time required for the

 The response decays to less than 1% of its initial value

 Singularity functions are functions that either are

 Singularity functions (also called switching functions) are

 The unit step function u(t) is 0 for negative values of t

 We use the step function to represent an abrupt change in

 For a current source:

 For a voltage source:

 The unit impulse function δ(t) is zero everywhere except

 The unit ramp function is zero for negative values of t

 The step response of a circuit is its behavior when the

 The transient response is the circuit’s temporary response

 The steady-state response is the behavior of the circuit a

 The step response of a circuit is its behavior when the

 The transient response is the circuit’s temporary response

 The steady-state response is the behavior of the circuit a

 Assignment is due to 16/12/2019.

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