Network Theorems

DC Network Theorem
Electric Circuit
DC Network Theorem
Superposition theorem
Current through, or voltage across, an element in a linear bilateral
network is equal to algebraic sum of the currents or voltages
produced independently by each source
• used to find the solution to networks with two or more sources not in series or
parallel
• does not require the use of a mathematical technique such as determinants
• each source is treated independently, and the algebraic sum is found to
determine unknown quantity
• No. of networks to be analyzed = No. of sources

• requires that sources to be removed and
replaced without affecting the final result
• voltage source must be set in zero (short circuited)
• removing a current source requires that its terminals be opened (open circuit)
DC Network Theorem: Superposition theorem
• Fig. 4.1.1 (c) represents when RHS battery acts alone

• Fig. 4.1.1 (b) represents when LHS battery acts alone
• II = II' -II“ I 2= I2" - I 2‘ I = l' + 1"

Ex: Using superposition theorem find current through resistor R 3 (4 Ω) shown
Considering the effect of E1 = 54 V

Ex:
Considering the effect of E1 = 48 V
Ex: Using superposition theorem find current through resistor R2 (6 Ω) shown

in Fig. 4.5 (a). Also find total power dissipated in the resistor R2 (6 Ω).
Considering the effect of the E (36 V)
Considering the effect of the I (9 A) source

Total current through the resistor R2 (6 Ω)
Power dissipated in the resistor R2 (6 Ω)

DC Network Theorem: Thevenin theorem
Any two-terminal linear bilateral dc
Thevenin’s theorem states that:
network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting
of a voltage source and a series resistor as in Fig. 4.6 (a).
Fig. 4.6(a) Fig. 4.6(b) Fig. 4.6(c)
• a mathematical technique for replacing a given network, as viewed from two

output terminals,
• by a single voltage source with a series resistance
• It makes the solution of complicated networks (particularly, electronic
networks) quite quick and easy.
• Application of this extremely useful
Let, it is required to find current flowing through load resistance RL as in Fig.
Fig. 4.7(a) Fig. 4.7(b) Fig. 4.7(c)
We will proceed as under:

1. Remove RLfrom the circuit terminals A and B and redraw the circuit as
shown in Fig. 4.7. Obviously, the terminals have become open-circuited. ·
2. Calculate the open-circuit voltage Voc which appears across terminals A and
B when they are open i.e. when RL is removed.
Voc = drop across R2 = lR2 , where I is the circuit current when A and B are open
Fig. 4.7(a) Fig. 4.7(b) Fig. 4.7(c)
• Now, imagine the battery to be removed from the circuit, leaving its internal resistance r
behind and redraw the circuit, as shown in Fig. 4.7
• When viewed inwards from terminals A and B, the circuit consists of two parallel paths:
one containing R2 and the other containing (Rt + r)
• Equivalent resistance of-the network, as viewed from these terminals
This resistance is also called, *Thevenin resistance RTh.

Steps to follow
1. Remove that portion of the network across which the Thevenin’s equivalent
circuit is to be found.
2. Mark the terminals of the remaining two terminal network.
3. calculate RTH by first setting all sources to zero (Voltage sources are
replaced by SC and current sources by OC) and then finding the resultant
resistance between the two marked terminals (internal resistances of the
sources must remain when the sources are set to zero).
4. Calculate VTH by first returning all sources to their original position and
finding the open circuit voltage (VOC) between the terminals. It is the same
voltage that would be measured by a voltmeter placed between the marked
terminals.
5. Draw the Thevenin equivalent circuit with the portion of the circuit previously
removed between the terminals of the equivalent circuit.
Ex: Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit for
the network in Fig. 4.8 (a). Then find the
current through R L for value of 2 Ω and 100 Ω.
Solution:
• Steps 1 and 2 produce the network of Fig.
• RL has been removed and the two “holding”
terminals have been defined as a and b.
• Step 3: Replacing the voltage source E1 with SC yields network, where
• For determining RTh

Solution:
• Steps 3
• OC voltage ETh = voltage drop across 6 Ω resistor.
• Applying VDR,
• For determining RTh

Solution:
•
•
DC Network Theorem: Norton theorem
Norton’s theorem states that
Any two terminal linear bilateral dc network can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a current source and a parallel resistor
• Every voltage source with a series internal

resistance has a current source equvalent.
• Current source equivalent of Thevenin’s network
can be determined by Norton’s theorem.
•
• Steps leading to proper values of IN and RN are:
• Remove that portion of the network across which the Thevenin’s equivalent
circuit is to be found.
• Mark the terminals of the remaining two terminal network.
• calculate RN by first setting all sources to zero (Voltage sources are replaced
by SC and current sources by OC) and then finding the resultant resistance
RN between the two marked terminals (internal resistances of the sources
must remain when the sources are set to zero). Since RN=RTH, the
procedure and value obtained using the approach described for Thevenin’s
theorem will determine the proper value of RN.
• Calculate IN by first returning all sources to their original position and finding
the short circuit current (ISC) between the terminals. It is the same current
that would be measured by an ammeter placed between the marked
terminals.
• Draw the Norton equivalent circuit with the portion of the circuit previously
removed between the terminals of the equivalent circuit.
Ex: Find the Norton equivalent circuit for the network in the shaded area.
• Identifying the terminals of interest
• Determining RN for the network
•
Determining IN,
• Norton equivalent circuit

Network Theorem: Maximum power transfer theorem
The maximum power transfer theorem states that
• A load will receive maximum power from a linear bilateral

dc network when its total resistive value is exactly equal to
the Thevenin resistance of the network as seen by the
load.
• For the network of Fig. the maximum power
will be delivered to the load when RL = RTH
• Determining RN for the network

Proof:
• Circuit current I = E/( RL + RTH)
• Power consumed by the load PL = I2RL = E2RL/( RL + RTH)2
• For PL to be maximum, dPL/dRL = 0
• Differentiating and equating to zero, we have RL = RTH.
• So, Max. power Pmax = E2RL/4R2L = E2/4RL = E2/4RTH
•
Ex: For the network shown in Fig. determine the value of R for maximum
power to R, and calculate the power delivered under these conditions.
• Determining RTH or RN
• Determining ETH
•
•

Network Theorems

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DC Network Theorem

• No. of networks to be analyzed = No. of sources

• Fig. 4.1.1 (c) represents when RHS battery acts alone

• II = II' -II“ I 2= I2" - I 2‘ I = l' + 1"

Considering the effect of E1 = 54 V

Ex: Using superposition theorem find current through resistor R2 (6 Ω) shown

Considering the effect of the E (36 V)

Considering the effect of the I (9 A) source

Power dissipated in the resistor R2 (6 Ω)

Fig. 4.6(a) Fig. 4.6(b) Fig. 4.6(c)

• a mathematical technique for replacing a given network, as viewed from two

Fig. 4.7(a) Fig. 4.7(b) Fig. 4.7(c)

We will proceed as under:

Fig. 4.7(a) Fig. 4.7(b) Fig. 4.7(c)

This resistance is also called, *Thevenin resistance RTh.

• For determining RTh

• For determining RTh

• Every voltage source with a series internal

• Identifying the terminals of interest

• Determining RN for the network

• Norton equivalent circuit

• A load will receive maximum power from a linear bilateral

• Determining RN for the network

• Circuit current I = E/( RL + RTH)

• Power consumed by the load PL = I2RL = E2RL/( RL + RTH)2

• For PL to be maximum, dPL/dRL = 0

• Differentiating and equating to zero, we have RL = RTH.

• So, Max. power Pmax = E2RL/4R2L = E2/4RL = E2/4RTH

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