Engineersin-Sustainability (13 Pages)
Engineersin-Sustainability (13 Pages)
Engineersin-Sustainability (13 Pages)
Sustainability and Structural Engineering
By Lisa Aukeman
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“Green Building” and “Sustainable Design” are more than just buzz words in the built
environment today. It is important for an engineer to understand what sustainability is and why
it is important for the wellbeing of our future environment and follow the initiative that the
industry has taken in improving the environmental impact of structural development on
society. Finally, as students it is our call to become educated and creative in order to bring
innovation to the developing industry.
What is Sustainability and Why Is It Important?
Sustainability is essentially a personal investment towards a level of performance
throughout an indefinite period of time. Not only can buildings affect the environment, social
and economic impacts are also made. Buildings have an effect over the course of development
as well as life of the structure. Figure 1 shows a relationship between a positive environmental,
economic, and social impact. When all three occur, it can be considered fully sustainable. Upon
examining the carbon footprint of a structure, one might be surprised at the amount of fuel and
energy used during the production and assembly process. It is important to consider
production strategy; transportation demands as well as the life span of materials in order to
fairly assess the interaction between a building project and the environment. An ideal material
is manufactured minimizing pollution
and locally produced to minimize
transportation costs. The performance of
the material is also evaluated by
considering the lifespan of a material
including the thermal efficiency for the
building structure.
For years, most designers and
engineers have overlooked sustainability
as a factor in the design process. Figure 1 : The above diagram defines sustainability by
“Building operation accounts for 40% of relating all factors considered in sustainable analysis.
U.S. energy use; this number increases to
an estimated 48% when the energy required to make building materials and construct buildings
are included. Building operations alone contribute over 38% of the U.S.’s carbon dioxide
emissions and over 12% of its water consumption. Waste from demolition, construction and
remodeling makes up over 35% of all non‐industrial waste (Statistics from 1996).” (Baum, 2006)
We must become increasingly more vigilant in design practices to plan and design for growth.
Cement production alone accounts for approximately 8% of the Carbon Dioxide emissions
mentioned above. It is said that approximately 37% of CO2 released today will still be present in
the atmosphere 100 years later. (Kang, Grace S., SE, LEED AP; Kren, Alan, SE, LEED AP, 2007)
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The Design Industry in Sustainability
The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) recognizes that structures have an
undeniable affect on the environment and has implemented the following policy:
“The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) believes that sustainable development is
the challenge of meeting human needs for natural resources, industrial products, energy, food,
transportation, shelter and effective waste management, while conserving and protecting
environmental quality and the natural resource base essential for future development.”
Sustainable development requires strengthening and broadening the education of
engineers and finding innovative ways to achieve needed development while conserving and
preserving natural resources. To achieve these objectives; ASCE supports the following
implementation strategies:
• Promote broad understanding of political, economic, social and technical issues
and processes as related to sustainable development.
• Advance the skills, knowledge and information to facilitate a sustainable future;
including habitats, natural systems, system flows, and the effects of all phases of
the life cycle of projects on the ecosystem.
• Advocate economic approaches that recognize natural resources and our
environment as capital assets.
• Promote multidisciplinary, whole system, integrated and multi‐objective goals in
all phases of project planning, design, construction, operations, and
decommissioning.
• Promote reduction of vulnerability to natural, accidental, and willful hazards to
be part of sustainable development.
• Promote performance based standards and guidelines as bases for voluntary
actions and for regulations in sustainable development for new and existing
infrastructure (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007). “
At this point, education is a key ingredient to sustainability. Currently ASCE has put
together a sustainability committee and is working on sustainability guidelines for structural
engineers to reference and follow in future projects. Also, ASCE is teaming up with other
organizations such as Engineers without Borders and US Green Building Council to educate
engineers on sustainable solutions by holding conferences and seminars for those interested in
sustainability.
US Green Building Council has established its own certification process through
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). Through LEED, designers can learn how
to achieve certified sustainability in both new and existing structures.
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LEED was created to accomplish the following:
• Define “green building” by establishing a common standard of measurement.
• Promote integrated, whole‐building design practices
• Recognize environmental leadership in the building industry
• Stimulate green competition
• Raise consumer awareness of green building benefits
• Transform the building market
The rating system for LEED addresses six major areas:
• Sustainable sites
• Water Efficiency
• Energy and atmosphere
• Materials and resources
• Indoor environmental quality
• Innovation and design process
(LEED for New Construction and Major Renovation, 2005)
Structures can be certified through LEED and categorized as Basic Certified, Silver, Gold,
or Platinum based on a point system calculated according to the above criterion.
The Structural Engineering Association of California (SEAOC) is also placing a higher
emphasis on sustainability as the Northern California Chapter has implemented a sustainable
design committee and offers a Sustainable Award of Merritt.
Recently, this award was given to the UC Merced Central
Information Technology Center (Figure 2); a LEED‐ gold
certified building (39 pts.). The use and placement of glass in
deep set windows brings natural lighting into the structure
while maintaining a cool interior environment. This is
especially important in the warm San Joaquin Valley to allow
for thermal efficiency. The orientation of the structure also
helps take advantage of the refreshing prevailing winds from
Yosemite Lake. Due to intense summer heat, shaded outdoor
areas also give more pleasant circulation space for student
gatherings. Sustainable building materials include a concrete
Figure 2: Information Technology mix that uses fly ash (later discussed). This structure has also
Center; UC Merced, Photo by Tim received awards for Architecture and innovation.
Griffith (Green Source, 2008)
UC Merced hopes to achieve LEED Silver status for a
total of 11 of its buildings which include classrooms/offices, central plant, library/information
technology center, student housing, common area, and dining facilities.
UC Merced participates in the Green Campus Program which includes involvement of
twelve UC/CSU schools. Sustainability on university campuses is important because of the
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around the clock use of the facilities and utility services. Not only is there a demand for energy
efficiency within the university system, implementing sustainability on campuses also creates
an awareness and responsibility to the future generations of designers.
The Alliance to Save Energy (ASE) Green Campus Program published the following goals:
• Design and implement student‐led campaigns that result in measurable energy
savings;
• Create effective and lasting student‐staff partnerships that lead to systemic and
sustainable energy efficiency;
• Foster environmental stewardship by raising campus awareness about the
relationship between energy and the environment;
• Develop replicable energy education curriculum and integrate it into academic
offerings.
(ASE, 2005)
It shows that the numerous organization that are pushing towards sustainable
construction standards agree that education is the beginning of creating a sustainable future in
the building environment.
Engineers in Sustainability
The public has become increasingly interested in adopting the green building strategy
for new buildings. In fact, in the state of California, some agencies are requiring new projects to
be LEED certified. Specifically, San Diego, Los Angeles and San Jose require municipal buildings
of a particular size be LEED Certified. San Francisco, Pleasanton, and San Mateo County also
have similar ordinances as well as many corporations like Ford, Toyota and Sprint. Considering
the future standards of the industry, designers must rise to the demand as well by training and
refining their practices to be in compliance with sustainable designs at the lowest expense to
the owner.
The role of a Structural Engineer in sustainable design is difficult to define. Many of the
aspects of accreditation are determined by other contributors of the design such as
architectural, civil, mechanical and electrical. However, it is important for the Structural
Engineer to choose the most appropriate material and load resisting system, including
considering the possibility of reuse or recycling of materials throughout the design and planning
phase. Also, often times the engineers must be able to come up with creative solutions to
support sustainable design practices while at the same time maintaining public safety. Special
considerations might also be made based on the “Green” attributes of a project. For example,
Photovoltaic panels or “green” rooftops (see Error! Reference source not found.) greatly
increase the structural loads to be considered. Light shelves to minimize direct sun require
increased engineering and detailing. Strength properties of fly ash concrete (see Figure 4)
might be limiting or taken advantage of by the engineer.
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Figure 3: California Academy of Sciences: “The 2.5 acres of Living Roof will absorb nearly two million
gallons of rainwater per year” (California Academy of Sciences)
Often times, the Structural Engineer may choose the material for a new project. Ease of
production, availability, ease of transportation, and ease of construction, efficiency, and
lifespan of a material are all considered when choosing a project material such as concrete,
masonry, steel and wood or combinations of these materials.
Concrete is an essential material to most all structures. Unfortunately, for every amount
of cement produced, an equal
amount of CO2 is emitted into the
atmosphere (Headwaters
Incorporated).
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Concrete can also be a great thermal mass in the interior of a building absorbing solar heat on a
cold day and releasing that heat into the interior space. The Structural Engineer is responsible
to specify the design of the concrete mix and has to freedom to explore, test, and use
sustainable variations of concrete. (Headwaters Incorporated)
Masonry is a naturally sustainable material (Figure 5). Masonry units can be made from
concrete, clay, or adobe. It has a long life span, it is thermally efficient, eliminates the concern
for mold, and provides a good natural interior environment. Masonry projects can be more
easily constructed than concrete projects because
there is no formwork. Fly ash can also be
specified as a binder for CMU blocks as well as in
grout taking caution that the bonding strength is
not compromised by the supplement. Thermal
properties of masonry also include the prevention
of large temperature swings by absorption and
releasing energy and heat. (Kang, Grace S., SE,
LEED AP; Kren, Alan, SE, LEED AP, 2007)
Steel is easily reused and often recycled.
In fact, structural steel is made from a variety of Figure 5: Brick masonry (Diamondmountain)
recycled products (Zoruba & Grubb, 2003). For
this reason, the use of steel is in and of itself a sustainable effort. However, since recycling is a
process which requires melting and reforming which requires energy, reuse of structural
members is the best way to incorporate sustainable design into a structure. When specifying
reused structural members, the loading conditions (and overstresses) as well as exposure to
weather during previous use should be considered to accurately predict the future load
capacity of the member. Not only can an engineer specify reused products, he or she is
encouraged to incorporate concepts of reuse into future designs. For example, designing simple
connections based on mechanical fasteners and fewer welds allow for the ease of
deconstruction and more intact members to be reused upon the demolition of the structure in
the future.
Timber is a unique material in the sense that it is highly renewable. In addition to this,
wood is also “biodegradable, non‐toxic, energy efficient, recyclable, and reusable (Kang, Grace
S., SE, LEED AP; Kren, Alan, SE, LEED AP, 2007).” However, there is a level of energy required for
the harvesting of timber, as well as a concern for global deforestation. An engineer should be
sure that the specified use of the wood products is efficient.
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Figure 6: A timber framed residence in Katy, Texas. (Jaksmata)
Framing techniques can be analyzed by planning a grid to evenly match plywood sheets
to eliminate waste and trimming (Figure 6). Also, increasing joist and stud spacing to up to 24
inches on center and minimizing lumber sizes where possible is good practice for an engineer.
Similar to steel, wood members can also be reused taking similar precautions as mentioned
above.
Furthermore, the availability of large trees is very limited. Smaller and younger trees can
be used for the manufacturing of engineered wood products. While the products are a great
use of natural resources, these products should be carefully specified considering that
recyclability is limited. Also many of the common binders used to manufacture members are
potentially toxic to inhabitants of the structure. Urea formaldehyde resin is a common binder in
glulams which can potentially emit carcinogen gasses for years.
Finally, much of the energy
consumed as a result of timber
construction comes from the forestry
process, for this reason a sustainable
practice is to specify certified lumber by
the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC).
Harvesting of timber can be extremely
invasive and harmful to the natural
environment (see Figure 7). FSC ensures
sustainability and eco‐friendly practices
in harvesting as other harvesting
practices might cause erosion, pollution,
excess CO2 emission (global warming)
Figure 7: (Jaksmata) and damage to the natural environment
of the surrounding ecosystem.
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Straw bale construction, while far less common than other building materials mentioned
above, is one of the most sustainable building materials. Straw consists of the plant portion
(oats, wheat, barley) that is non‐living and left over after harvesting. Since it is otherwise a
waste material used for livestock bedding, it is an excellent, inexpensive building material.
Straw bales also provide insulation of approximately R30‐R45 (or 30‐45 ̊Fahrenheit square feet
hours per Btu) for the structure. A concrete/stucco covering on the bales provides a high
resistance to fire.
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structure and structural system will be compensated for in the lifetime savings of sustainable
and energy efficient materials.
Performance based design is another consideration to take when thinking of the life
cycle cost of a building project. Performance based design is a design strategy where the level
of acceptable damage is assessed in the design stage as well as the necessary degree of
functionality or occupancy of the building in the event of a major earthquake. As a result, the
necessary structural system is designed to perform in this way. Ultimately, an owner or financer
hopes to save money in the future by eliminating a certain amount of damage by providing an
adequate structural system regardless of the provisions in the building code. While a larger
initial investment might be made in the beginning, it is saved in the future.
Additional information and descriptions of various LEED projects and sustainable
properties is shown below. The following list is available through US Green Building Council.
LEED Gold:
Byron G. Rogers U.S. Courthouse (Denver, CO)
Wayne L. Morse Courthouse (Eugene, OR)
NOAA Satellite Operations Center (Suitland, MD)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Science and Technology Center (Kansas City, KS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency New England Regional Laboratory (Chelmsford,
MA)
Carl T. Curtis Midwest Regional Headquarters of the National Park Service (Omaha, NE)
Department of Homeland Security/INS (Omaha, NE)
Potomac Yards 1 and 2/EPA (Arlington, VA)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Regional Headquarters (Denver, CO)
LEED Silver :
Social Security Administration Teleservice Center (Auburn, WA)
Department of Transportation Office Building (Lakewood, CO)
CIS Nebraska Service Center (Lincoln, NE)
Scowcroft Building Renovation (Ogden, UT)
OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center (Sandy, UT)
Veterans Affairs Regional Office (Reno, NV)
U.S. Department of Agriculture Service Center (Manhattan, KS)
LEED Certified:
Howard M. Metzenbaum U.S. Courthouse (Cleveland, OH)
Frank J. Battisti and Nathaniel R. Jones Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse
(Youngstown, OH)
Annex Building for Social Security Administration (Woodlawn, MD)
Child Care Building for Social Security Administration (Woodlawn, MD)
Shared Port‐of‐Entry, (Sweet Grass, MT; Coutts, AB)
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John Duncan Federal Office Building (Knoxville, TN)
(GSA, 2008)
In addition there are several case studies available through U.S. General Services
Administration discussing the following projects:
Arizona State University Biodesign Institute: a new standard for research facilities.
Tim and Karen Hixon Visitor Center : A visitors center used to collect and save water for
a drought prone area.
University of California: A research center for students encouraging sustainable
perspective.
Zhong Xiao Pavilion: a garden and sustainable office space in the city
of Taipei .
(Green Source, 2008)
Students in Sustainability
Finally, as students we are encouraged to get involved with
activities that peak our interests. Students are encouraged to be
innovative and curious. Thinking outside the box is what
sustainable design requires and new methods and ideas are being
tested and welcomed into sustainability.
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In closing, it is clear that the way we live our lives, and more importantly, the way we
build our future will have an effect on our health and well being. It is our responsibility to do
what we can to preserve our surrounding environment. The first step to this action is to
understand the need and importance and knowing how we can make our contribution to the
built environment as inhabitants, students and engineers. Only a few of many ideas have been
mentioned above as ways we can consciously consider the effects of our buildings on the
environment. This is a developing study that depends on the support and inquisition of a new
generation.
Works Cited
(n.d.).
AEA: Architectural and Environmental Associates. (2006, August 4). Straw Bale Construction. Retrieved
March 7, 2008, from A Source Book for Sustainable Design:
http://www.greenbuilder.com/sourcebook/strawbale.htm
American Society of Civil Engineers. (2007, April 24). Retrieved February 24, 2008, from ASCE:
http://www.asce.org/pressroom/news/policy_details.cfm?hdlid=60
ASE. (2005). Alliance to Save Energy. Retrieved January 15, 2008, from About Green Campus:
http://www.ase.org/content/article/detail/3037
Baum, M. (2006). Green Building Research Funding: An Assessment of Current Activity in the United
States. US Green Building Council Research Committee.
California Academy of Sciences. (n.d.). California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved March 7, 2008, from
Our Green Practices: http://www.calacademy.org/academy/building/our_green_practices.php
diamondmountain. Mason at Work. flickr.
Enterprise Community Partners. (2006, September 9). The Frederick P. Rose Architectural Fellowship.
Retrieved March 7, 2008, from Project Profie: Hopi Elder Housing Prototypes:
http://www.rosefellowship.org/work/bycity/hotevilla/hopielderhousingprototypes/
Green Source. (2008). Retrieved March 4, 2008, from Featured projects:
http://greensource.construction.com/projects/
GSA. (2008, February 29). Retrieved March 4, 2008, from U.S. General Services Administration:
http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/channelView.do?pageTypeId=8195&channelId=‐16863
Headwaters Incorporated. (n.d.). Fly Ash and the Environment. Retrieved April 7, 2008, from Headwaters
Resources: http://www.flyash.com/flyashenvironment.asp, http://www.flyash.com/performance.asp
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Kang, Grace S., SE, LEED AP; Kren, Alan, SE, LEED AP. (2007, September 10). Structural Engineering
Strategies Towards Sustainable Design. SEAOC Proceedings 2006 , pp. 473‐490.
(2005). LEED for New Construction and Major Renovation. US Green Building Council.
Zoruba, S., & Grubb, K. A. (2003). Do you 992? Modern Steel Construction , 43.
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