HAPTER 4 The Present Perfect and the Past Perfect CONTENTS 4-1 Past participle +6 4-2. Forms of the present perfect aq 4-3 Meanings of the present perfect 4-4 Simple past vs. present perfect 48 4-5 Using since and for 4-9 — —— | Present perfect progressive Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect Using already, yet, still, and anymore | Past perfect Cl EXERCISE 1. Review and preview: present and past verbs. (Chapters 1, 2, and 4) Directions; Complete the sentences with the w tenses that will be studied in this chapter: the Discuss the form and meaning of the new ter There may be My name (#2) is Surasuk Jui ‘Thailand. Right now I (sty) 3 at this school sin January 6, Since I (com) any things, and T (meet) toap. some of the Thai, so 1 (practice, not) 2 thac might, ‘There (62) cher students from Thailand at the party, Of course, we (9pe cords in parentheses. Some of the mmpletions review verb tenses studied mn Chapters I and 2. Some of them preview verb present perfect and the past perfect ore than one possible correct completion cukanyaprateep. 1 (be) from z English at this school. T (4e) the beginning of January. I (arrive) ses (begins) 7 here, I (de) a any people. Last week, 1 au my fevend’s house. I Oneet) my Bnghsh only people from Thailand at the party 83However, since I (come? a loc af other people, 100. 1 (meet) _ Aftica, the Middle Bast, and Asia. [ enjoy meeting people from other countries came hore, I (meet, never) or Bolivia, Now I (know) (Become) __ ere, I (meer) 16 ___. people from Latin America, Before I anyone from the Ukraine co ___ people from both these places, and they my friends. PAST PARTICIPLE MPLE SIMPLE PAST. FoR vast PARTICIMLE, [ascran finist finished — Alnished ves stop scoped stopped wait wained waited, see save seen make made made put put put “ve past participle salso use in ths pose. See Chapter 10 CD EXERCISE 2. Past participle. (Chart 4-1) Directions: Weite the past participle finish finshed _Fixishe a 2, see sew seen ___ 3. go went a 4. have had _ 6. call called _ 7. fall fell = 8. do did asa 9. know knew am 10. ay flew 84 CHAPTER 4 Tre pase ngriite wene of prinena ers | Be eae eS eS Ine ps puller et eae SRP RSS aS fon eas) parenicirte 11, come came 12, study studied 13. say stayed V4. begin begun 15, starr starred 16, write wrote 7. eat ate 18, cut cut - os 19, read read 20, be wasiwere4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT (a) have finished my work. (b) The students have finished Chapter 3. (o)_ Jim has eaten unch, boc ced STATEMENT: havelhas + past participle {€) Foe'Vou've We've! They've cater hunch (©) She'stte’s caren lunch, | te) tes beon cold for whe las theee days: CONTRACTION ‘pronoun ~ have pronoun + has ®) co) Thave not haven't) finished my work Ann has not (hasn't) eaten \unch Have you finished your work? Has Jim eaten torch? How lang have you fived here? ‘A: Have you seen that movie? B. Yis, have. on No,! haven't A: Has Jim eaten lunch? B: Yer lis has, on No, he hasn't oasuane fe cold tod (104 Fe ee city Bes been cold since December. (ts NEGATIVE: havethas + not * past participl NEGATIVE CONTRACTION have + not = haven't has + not ~ hasn't QUESTION: havethas + subject + past participle HORT ANSWER: have/haven’t or hasihasn't Note: The helping verb in the short answer is not contracted with the pronoun, INCORRECT: Yes, ee. OR Yes, he’s ha tas bon ol nce Dacember) © EXERCISE 3. Forms of the present perfect. (Chart 4-2) Directions: Complete the dialogues with the words in parentheses, Use the present perfect. 1. A: Gow, eat, ever) B: No,I __hayew't __. f (eat, 2. A: Gow stay, ever) B: Yes,1 lots of umes «EG (yous, mee, ever) No, 1 a movie star, 4A As (Tom, esis, ever) Br Yes, he of umes, (Aim, be, ever) No, she Mexico. She (be, not) countries. Have you ever eaten = She (be, never) newr) ye never eaten seaweed. at a big hotel? at a big hotel a movie star? __ you at your house? me lors in Mexico? _ in any Spanish-speaking The Present Perfect and the Past Perfect 85rm MEANINGS RESET PERFEC OF THE PR! Jim has eaten lunch (a) Jim has already eaten bunch 5) Ans hagn’t eaten lunch vet 3NT PERFECT 1 MEANING #1: SOMETHING HAPPENED SEFORK NOW AI’ AN UNSPECIFIED TIME “The PRESENT PERFECT expresses an activity cor situation that accarred (or did not 86 CHAPTER 4 | Gf) We'ee been in class since zen o'eloch thas morning |G) Thave known Ben for tes | 7 sears, T met him en years | ago T still knw him today We are friend PRESENT PERFECT, MEANING #2: A SITUATION BEGAN IN THE #8ST AND CONTINUES TO THE PRESENT. When the present perfect is used with since 0 for, 1Lexpresses stations that Jhegan in the past and continue to the present In (f), Class started at en, We ate sill in class now, at the moment of speaking We ave im elass since ten Begone : F In (@) Jim's lunch occutred before the q For the speaker che ony portant 2 fufermaton is that Jars neh ooturned in ihe pas somettne before tom + 2 @) Pete has eaten at that wn acti may be peated be befor | |(i EXERCISE 4. Present perfect. (Chart 4-3) Direcrans: When speakers use the present perfect, they often contract have and has with nouns in everyday speech. Listen to your teacher say these sentences in normal contracted speech and practice saying them yourself. Discuss the meaning of the present perfect. Bob has been in Montreal since last Tuesday. (“Bob's been in Jane has been out of town for two days ‘The weather has been warm since the beginning of April ‘My parents have been active in politics for forty years Mike has aircady eaten breakfast, ‘My frieads have moved into a new apartment. My roommate has traveled a lot. She's visited many differ ‘at countries ‘My aunt and uncle have Lived in the same house for twenty-five vears. 8, 4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFE SIMPLE Past In (@); I finished my work at a specific time in the (@) [finished my work mo hours ago past (to hours agw) SINT PERFECT In (b) I finished my work ae an unspecttiod time | ) Lhave alread) inished my wor — | The sisi vast expresses an activity that SIMPLE Past fccurzed ar a specific time (ar times) in che past, (c) Fwas in Europe fast searthree years agovin sin (a) and (e). 199m 1995 and 199Vivhen T ar ten years old | Phe sesster peAKECY expresses an actiity hat PRESENT PERFECT boscurred at an unspecified nme (or times) in the (@) Thave been in Europe many timesisoveral nesta | pasts as in (b) ad In {(): In sentences with for or since, the present (£) Bob has been in Miami jor eo weeks since May firs. _| ane continues to the present } perfect expresses an setiviy shat began in the past Vor move infarrasion about afpeady, see Chart 48, p. 102 1 EXERCISE 5. Simple past vs. present perfect. (Chart 4-4) Directions: Discuss the meanings of the verb tenses. 1. All of the verbs in the following talk about past time, but the verb in (a) is different fros the other three verbs, What is the difference? 1 have had several bicycles in my lifetime (b) I had a red bicycle when I was in elementary school (©) Thad a blue bicycle waen I was a teenager. ‘ Thad a green bicycle when I lived and worked in Hong Kong. ‘The Presont Perfect and the Post Perfect 87What ate the differences in the ideas the verb tenses express? (e) Thad a wonderful bicyele last year (D I’ve had many wonderful bicycles. 3. What are the diffe (g) Ann had a ved bike for two years saces in the ideas the verb tenses express? (h) Sue has had a red bike for nwo 4. Who is still alive, and who is dead: (i) In his lifetime, Uncle Alex had several red bicycles, (i) In his lifetime, Grandpa Aas had several red bicycles EXERCISE 6. Simple past vs. present perfect. (Chart 4-4) Directions: Look at the verb in italics. 1s it simple past, or is it present perfect? Check the box that describes whether the verb expresses something that happened at a specified time in che past or at an unspecified time in the past. SORCIRED UNSPECIETED TIME INTIME IN Oo w 1. Ms. Parker has been in’Tokyo many times. (+ present perfect) Pa a 2. Ms. Parker was in ‘Tokyo last week. (-+ simple past) o a 3, T'be mer Ann's husband, He's a nice guy. a a 4. Tmet Ann's husband at a party last week. Oo a 5. Mr. White toas in Rome three times last month. a a 6, Mr, White has deen in Rome many times, a a I like to travel. I’ve been in more than thirty foreign counties oO a 8. T was in Morocco in 2001 o a 9, Mary has never been in Morocco. a (10. Mary wasn’r in Morocco when I was there in 2008 C1 EXERCISE 7. Simple past vs. present perfect. (Chart 4-4) Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use the present perfect or the simple past 1, As Have you ever been in Europe? B: Yes, 1 have. Fe) _hewe een _ in Europe several times, In fact, 1 (60) was in Europe last year: 2. A: Axe you going to finish your work before you go to bed? B: 1 Ginsh, already") have aleady finishea st. I (finish) — Cinishea my work two hours age. in informal spoken English, the simple paste sometimes uted with already. Practice using the present perfect with already his exercise BB CHAPTER 43. A: Have you ever eaten at Al’s Steak House? Be Yes 1 1 feat) there many times, In fact, my wite and 1 there last night 4. Ar Do you and Erica want to go to the movie at the Palace Theater with us tonight? B: No thanks, We (see, already) it, We (see) it last week, When are you going to write your report for Mr. Goldberg? BT rite, alread ) it. 1 (erite) it nwo days ago and gave it to him, 6. A: (Antonio, have, ever) __ 1a job? B Yes, he _ He (have) lots of part-time jobs. Last summer he (have) a job ar his uncle’s waterbed ston 7. A: This is a good book. Would you like to read it when I'm finished? B: Thanks, but I (read, aiveady) 1 (read) it a couple of months ago. S.A: What European countries (sow, est) Be > B: I (visit) Hungary, Germany, and Switzerland. 1 (visi) Hungary in 1998, 1 (be) _ i Germany and Switzerland in 2001 (EXERCISE 8. Simple past vs. present perfect. (Chart 4-4) Direcvions: Ask and answer questions, using the present perfect and the simple past Speaker A: You are the questioner. Ask a question using the present perfect, and chen immediately follow up with a related question that prompts the use of the simple past. Ask two or three people the same question. ‘Work as a class with dhe teacher as Speaker A or in groups with one person selected to be the leader. Example: SPEAKER A: (.. .), what countries have you been in? SPEAKER 6: Well, I’ve been in Norway, and I've been in Peru, SPEAKER A: Oh? When were you in Norway? SPEAKER B: I was in Norway three years ago. SPEAKER a: How about you, (...}? What countries have you been in? SPEAKER c: P've never been in Norway or Peru, bur I've been in ere. ‘The Present Perfect and the Past Perfect 891. What countries have you been in? When were you in... ? 2, What cities (im Canada, in When were you in... ? United States, ec.) have you been in? 3. What are some of the things you have done since you came to (this city)? When did you... ? 4, What are some of che things we've done in class since the beginning of the term? When did ? 5. Whar are some of the most interesting or unusual shings you have doz lifetime? When did you ...? (1 EXERCISE 9, Present perfect. (Charts 4-2 > 4-4) Directions: Ask and. answer questions using the present perfect, Work in pais. Speaker A: Use ever in the question, Ever comes between the subject (sou) and the Speaker B: Give @ short answ: Srst and then a complete sentence answer, many times lots of times several times a couple of times once in my lifetime Use in the complete sentence. Example: be in Florida** sPeaxtR a: Have you ever been in Florida? SPEAKER B; Yes, I have, I've been in Florida many times, 08 No, Ihaven’t, I've never been in Florid: Switch roles 1. be in Europe 10. be in (ame of a city) 2. be in Africa 11. be im (name of a staceiprociince) 3. be in Asia 12, be in love 4. eat Chinese food 13. play soccer 5. eat Italian food 14, play chess 6, eat (a certain kind of) food 15. play a video game 7. ride a horse 16, walk to (a place in this city) 8. ride a motorcycle 17. stay up all night 9. ride an elephant 18, buy something on the Internet "rWhen vain the present perfect, seal er might a fom be t0 (2 places Have sow cue hen to Bln? 90 CHAPTER 41 EXERCISE 10. Irregular verbs. (Chart 2-5) Directions; Write the simple past and the past participles. You will use these irregular verbs: in the next exercise (Exercise 11) 1. see saw seen 2, eat 3. give fall take shake drive ride 10. bite LL, hide 1 EXERCISE 11. Practicing irregular verbs. (Charts 2-5 and 4-2 > 4-4) Directions> In ovser fo practice using the past participles of irregulae verbs, ask and answer questions that use the present perfect. Work in pairs, in groups, of asa class Speaker A: Ask a question beginning with “Have you ever... Speaker B: Answer the question, using the present perfect. Add another sentence about the topic if you wish. Example: eat at the srodent cafeteria SPEAKER A: Have you ever eaten at the student ca SPRARER B: Yes, Ihave, I've eaten there many times. In fact, I ate breakfast there this morning. o& No, I haven’t, Luswally eat all my meaig at home take a course in chemistry ride in ¢ hot-air ballooi 1 3. write a poem 4. give the teacher an apple 5. 6 shake hands with (...} ite mo an apple that had g worm inside ht roles if seorking in pairs.) 7. drive a semi (a very large truck) 8. cat raw fish 9. hide money under your mattress 10, fall down stairs 11. see the skeleton of a dinosaur The Present Perfect and the Post Pertect 91CIEXERCISE 12. Irregular verbs. (Chart 2-5) Directions: Write the simple past and the past participles, 1. break, é 8. throw 2. speak 9. blow 3, steal yo fy 4. ger Lh drink 5. wear 12. sing — 6. draw — 13. swim 7. grow 14. g0 1 EXERCISE 13. Practicing iegular verbs. (Charts 2-5 and 4-2 + 4-4) Directions: Ask questions beginning with “ITave you ever > and give answers (Sevitch roles if working in pairs.) speak (0 (...} on the phone wear a costume to a party 12, 3B. 14. blow drink go to a costume parry CIEXERCISE 14. Irregular vertos. (Chart 2-5) ‘Directions: Write che simple past and the past participles, fly a private plane 8. get a package in the mail ‘break your arm 9. steal anything draw a picture of a mountain 10. grow comatoes swim in the ocean 11. sing (mame of a son carrot juice throw a football a whistle 1. have 8. lose ee 2. make 9. sleep 3. build 10, feet 4. lend LL. meet 5. send 12. sit 6. spend 13. win sa 7. leave 14, hang* ee “Hang is 0 regula: Hang is 20 srreglae verb shen refers 0 suspending a thing on 3 a 92 CHAPTER A ang, hanes, hang when means to kill a person by putting s sone srownd haber neck m4 cosct, 088 hook, te1 EXERCISE 18. Practicing irregular verbs. (Charts 2-5 and 4-2 ~ 4-5) Directions: Ask gueshions beginning with “Have you ever ...?” and give answers, (Switch roles if ccorking in pairs.) 1. lose the key to your house 8. spend one whole day doing nothing 2, meet (...) 9, lend ¢...) any money 3. have the fu 20, sleep ia a tent 4. feel terrible about somethin » feel terrible about something sesnsyuso™ 5, send a telegeam ye 6. leave your sunglasses at @ restaurant open 7, sit om a cactus “ah 11, make a birthday cake 12, build sand castles 13. win money at a rac 14, hang a picture on the wall CO EXERCISE 16. Irregular verbs. (Chart 2-5) Directions: Write the simple past and & ast participles. 1. sell _ 9. think _ 2 tell _ 10. seach, 3. hear etch 4. hole cut 5. feed Be 6. read. 14, quit 7 7. find oe 15. pur - — 8. buy Quit con be used esa vegolar ver in Bush English: gai, gure, qt The Present Perfect and the Post Perfect 93C1] EXERCISE 17. Practicing irregular verbs. (Charts 2-5 and 4-2» 4-4) ‘Directions: Ask questions beginning with “Have EXERCISE 18. Preview: SINCE vs. FOI Directiouss Complete the sentence expres T have been her L 2, 3. wen 9. 10) u 12 B u teach a child to count « hold a newborn baby find any money on the sidewalk cut your own hair unk about th hear strange noises at read Ton Sawyer by Mark Twain feed pigeons in the park ns for two months, 9, siyce September 10, 1998, i last year. 1 two years 8 ___ last Friday 14 . ___ 9:30. 15 three days le, 94 CHAPTER A uw ever... ? and give answers, roles if corks tell a litte white fie guit smoking buy a sell a car igerator it another person with your fist pur off doing your homework catch a fish (Chart 4-5) T have been here > Use since or for with the given the first of January, almast four months. the ginning of the term, he semester started a couple of hours. fifteen minutes, yesterday about five weeks.siuvce | 7 since cighto'losk since Toesdey since May 098 ) since January |) Thave beer hese 2003 since yesterday ce last month, o CORRCE I have fined here since Mi CORRECT: [have been kere since M: CORRECT: Ham Being hare since May INCORRECE 1 live here since May Litged here ince May SINCE CLAUSE {simple past (present perfect) (6) I have tived here G) Al has met many people | | | | | row for tea minutes. for two hours, for five days Gh) Lhave been here { for about three weeks. for alnnost six months for mary years for a long ume, since [was 8 child since he came here ‘Since is followed by the m; ‘point in times a hous, a Since expresses the ielea thar something ‘began at a specific time in the past and, ‘continues 10 the present. tion of a specific 1a month, a year, “The present pore is used i se since In (The present progressive ts NOF used, In (a): The simple present is Nor used In (e): The simple past is NOT used ences with Since may also introduce a time claus a subject and vero may follow since: Nonige in the examples: The preseat perfect is used in the main clause; the simple past is used in the since-clause For followed by the mention of »foeh of | me: io tines three hours fost dass, five woeks, ee | Note’ ff the noun ends ins pours dees, te.) se for in Dae me expression, — | two years ago, and I stil live here. @ Lived in Athens for 19 years Athens now T don't live in *AES0 CORRECT I hae been Hiving here shes Mas. Sse Che CI EXERCISE 19. SINCE vs. FOR. (Chart 4-5) Directions; Complete the sentences. @ Thave lived here for 10 years. Lmoved here | In (The wse of the present perfect in & sentence with for * a length of ine means that the action began in the past and ‘continues to the present, In (jj: The use of the simple past means that the action began and ended in the past 1 1 109, fora dacussion ofthe ent perect progeessive 1. Pve been in this building face sine elcleck this wievning. . for __27 minutes, —_. as 2. been in class biden Ine The Present Perfect and the Pas! Perfect 95I've had this book since for C1 EXERCISE 20. SINCE vs. FOR. (Chart 4-5) Directions: Answer the leader’s questions, Only the leader's book is open. Work as a class or in groups. Speaker A. Use since in your answer Speaker B: Use for. Example: LEADER (book open) How long have you had this book? SPEAKER A (book clased): I've had this book since (the beginning of the term) LEADER Ta 8 (bovk open): How long has (Speaker A) had this book? SPEAKER & (Baok closed): S/He has had this book for (five weeks). How long have you been in (this countrycity)? How long have you been at (this sitoo!}? How long have you been up today? ‘How long have you known ( ...)2 ‘Where do you live? How long have you lived there? How long have you had your wristwatch? Who has a carvbicycle? How long have you had it? How long have you been in this room today? Who is wearing new clothes? What is new? How long have you had itthers? Who is married? How Jong have you been married? (1 EXERCISE 21. Sentences with SINCE-clauses. (Chart 4-5) Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Put brackets around the since-clauses, 1, I (now) have known — Mark Miller Lever since* we (be) weve. an college. J 2. Pedro (change) his major three times since he (stare) school 5. Ever since (be) a child, T be) afraid of snakes 4. 1 can’t wait to get home to my own bed. I (sleep, nos) well since I (leave) home three days ago. *Bver since has the same meaning a since 96 CHAPTER A5. Byer since Danny (ner) Nicole, he (be, now) e's in love able to thin about anything or anyone else 6. Otto (have) a lot of problems with his ever since he (b19)) it. Tes a lemon, A: Whar G0 eat) up this morning? B: I (eat) a banana and some yogurt. That’s al Pin eighteen, [have a job and am in school, My life is going okay now, but I (haze) a miserable home life when | ( a young fifteen, I (take) id. Ever since I (leave) home at the age-o} care of myself, I (have) some, hard times, but I (learn) __ how to stand on my own two feet.” EXERCISE 22. SINCE vs. FOR. (Chart 4-5) Divecrions: Describe yourself, orally or in writing, using since, for, or never with the present perfect Examples have (a particular kind of watch) > Fue hail my Seiko quarts ewatch for to ears. OR > I've had my Seiko quarte teatch since my eighteenth birthday. :xamiple: smoke cigars/cigarettes/a pipe ~+ ’ve never smoked cigarettes. OR ~+ I've smoked cigarettes since I was seventeen, 1. know (@ particular person} live in (his city) 3. study English 4, be in this classiat this schoolwith this company have long hair/short hain/a mustache wear glassos/eontact lenses have (a particular article of clovking) bbe interested in (a particular subject) be married 10. have a driver's license "To stand on one's own tn leet" is an ilom meaning robe abe wo take cas of enesel nd be independent The Present Perfect and the Past Perfect 97Al and Ana ate in thei ear right now. They are driving home, ICis now four o'clock. (a) They have been driving since evo o'clock ©) They have been driving for ‘wo hours “They wi be home soon Jor, asin (b), are frequently used with this tense. The PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE talks about hot Jong an activity has been in progress before sow. Note:Time expressions with since, as in (a), and STATEMENT: havelhas + been ~ ~ing (©) How long have shey been driving? (QUESTION Fora havethas + subject + been + -ing COMPARE the present progressive and the peesent perfect 1 progressive “The mrramer PROONGAIIVE describes an aetvity hat isin progress eight now, asin (a). It does not discuss duration (length of ume), INCORRECT: Po has Boon sitting in class right none Po is siting at his desk in class, He sat down ab nine o'clock. Ie is now “The PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE expeesses the i neti dluraion tenglr ate ofan wee hes been sitting wn tae | seus baa inthe pa 2 2 since nine o'clock, vin paces a Sa} | Hi ensign cso | BER sar nt e thirty minutes. een ee et @ cOMICH 1 hmow¥bo (0 COWRECT: Thue mown Yoro fortwo yar, | I. Mit non-acton verbs @ weonnscr 1 hove ben ning bo for eo | svsaon at begat the pak end soning vo the po pent *Sce Chart 16 (Non Acooe Vere, 1 98 CHAPTER 4J EXERCISE 23, Present progressive vs. present perfect progressive. (Charl 4-6) Directions: Complete the sentences. Use the present progressive or the present p ct progressive. 1 1 Git) awa sitting _ in class right now. 1 Gi) _havebeen sitting — here lock. Kate is standing at the corner. She (wait) for the bus. She (own) _ for the bus for nwenty minutes Scott and Rebecca (talk) on the phone right now. They (talk) __ on the phone for over an hour Right now we're in class. We (0) _____ an exercise. We do) this exercise for a couple of minutes. A: You look busy right now, What (vow, do) = B: I (cork) on my physies experiment. It’s a long and difficult experiment A: How long Givi work) on ie Br I started planning ig last January. 1 (ore) on it since then Co EXERCISE 24, Present perfect progressive. (Chart 4-6) Dircetions: Answer the questions. Only the teache’s book is open. Where are you living? RESPONSE) I'm living in an apartment on Fourth Avenue ‘TEACHER: How long have you been living there? RESPONSE: ve been living there since last September. Right now you are sitting in class, How long have vou been sitting here? When did you first begin 10 study English? How long have you been studying Enslish? Tbegan to teach English in ( -ar), How long have I been teaching English? J began to work at this school in (month or war), How long have I been working here? What are we doing right now? How long have we been doing it? (.-.)s Tsee that you wear glasses, How long have you been wearing glasses? Who drives? When did you first drive a car? How long have you been driving? Who drinks coffee? How old were you when you started 10 drink coffee? How long. have you been drinking coffee? The Present Perfect and the Pas! Perfect 99PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE The PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE expresses the (@) Rita and Josh are talking on the phone. duration of present activities that are in They have been talking on the phone for progress, using action verbs, as an (a), ‘twenty minutes, PRESENT PERFECT “The PRESENT PERFECT expresses th) Rita has called to Josk on the phone many times | (1) repeated activities that occur at unspecified (before now) times in the past, 8 i9 (b), 0° (Ce) mxconnaccr: Rita hae been taling to Josh on the ‘phione many sinnes (a) Ria has known Josh for sw0 years (2) the duration of present situations, 36 in (©) mnconnact: Rita has been knocuine doch for 09 years, | (dl)s using aon-action verbs, Sx months, OF sth (f) Ehave been living he: | (@) Thave fved here for six mer Fer some (not all) verbs, duration can be expressed by either the present perfect or the present perfect progressive. (f) and (g) have (hb) Al has been wearing glasses since he was essentially the same meaning, and both are Al has worn glasses since he was ten Otten cithor tonse can be used with verbs that express Lie duration of usual or habitual activities situations (tings that happen daily et regularly), eg. lite, stork, teach, smoke, rear glasses, ‘lay chess go 10 school read the same newspaper bocy moriting, ete (Toe been going to school ever since L was five |” years old. “on | T’ve gone ta school ever since I was five years old 1 EXERCISE 25. Present perfect vs. the present perfect progressive. (Chart 4-7) Directions: Complete the sentences, Use the present perfect or the present perfect progressive, In some sentences, either form is possible, 1. A: Pmeized, We Gait) _have been walking for more than an hour Let's stop and rest for a while B: Okay. 2. A: Ts the post office far from here? B: Not at all. I (wath) have walked there many times, 100 CHAPTER 4ee epee Do you like it he | (tive) have been living/have livea _ here for only a shore while, 1 don’t know yet T (read) this chapter in my chemistry text three times, and I stil don’t understand it! ‘Maybe I can help My eves are getting tired, 1 (read) for nwo hours. 1 think Pll ake a break. ‘Why don’t we go for a walk? Do you like the Edgewater Inn? sich. I (stay) there at least a dozen times, I's my favorite hotel. The baby’s crying. Shouldn't we He's all right. Are you sure? He (ery) for almost ten minutes Okay. I'Tk go into his room and see if anything's wrong, ‘Who's your dauginter’s new teacher? ‘Mrs. Jackson. ‘She's one of the best teachers at the elementary school. She (teach) kindergarten for twenty years. Ed (play) tennis for ten years, but he still doesn’t have a good backhand. Neither do I, and L (play) nis for twenty’ years. Where does Mr. Alvarez work? At the power company. He (scork) there for fifteen years, He likes his job. What about his neighbor, Mr. Perez? He's currently unempfoyed, but he'll find a new job soon. What kind of job experience does he have? _ for a small manufacturing firm, telephone company, and at two of the world’s leading software companies. With all that work experience, he won’t have any trouble finding anather job. ‘he Present Perfect and the Pas! Perfect 1014-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE auxeapy | (a) ‘The mail came an hour ago. Idea of afready: Something happened before ‘The mail is already here ‘now, before this time [ Position madientence * ver @) expected the mail an hour ago, Tea of ver Something did not happen before | ‘put it hasn't come yer ‘now (up to this nme), but it may happen in the ature. Position: ond of sentence {) Wwas cold yesterday Tis stiff cold | [dea of still A situation continues to exist rom - - today, We still need to wear coats. | past ro present without change (4) I could play the piano when Iwas a | Position: muldsentence,* id. Tean still play the piano. (©) The mail didn’t come an hour azo The mail stil! hasn’t come Anyone | (f) I lived in Chicago ewo years ago, but | Idea of anymore: A past situation does not then I moved to another city | continae to eas at presenta past station has | Tdon’t live in Chicago anymore. | changed. Anymore has the same meaning 95 any longer. Position: end of somone. Note: Already is used in affirmative sentences Yer and anymore ave used in negarive sentences Still's used in either affirmative oF negatice sentences. “See Chart 13, po. A mideentenceacvesd (1) precedes a simple present verb: stil need 6 seo coats @) follows am i £8) comes ber fo, de ai col aa helping verb and a main vet; Bob has already arrived. ') precedes a negative helping verb: xn sil hasn't follows the sublect ina question: Hate you already sh that wii? C1 EXERCISE 26. ALREADY, YET, STILL, ANYMORE. (Chart 4-8) Directions: Complete the sentences with already, yet, still, or anymore. 1. Is 1:00 Pat. Pm hungry. I haven’teaten lunch ___ yet 2. Ivy LOO nM. Pm not hungry. T've __ eaten lunch. 3. Bric was hungry, so he ate a candy bar & few minutes ago. But he’s Ihungey, so he’s going to have ahother candy bar 4. Tused to eat lunch at the cafeteria every day, but now I bring my lunch to school in a paper bag instead. I don’t eat a the cafeteria _ 5. 1 don’t have to st iy tonight. T've finished all my homework ©, Istarted ah to my parents yesterday, but I haven’t finished it Til finish it later today and pur it in the mail 102 CHAPTER 47. [started a letter to my parents yesterday. I thought abou finishing it last night betore I went to bed, but I didn’t, 1 haven't finished it* 8, A: Is Mary home B: No, but I'm expecting her soon, 9, A: Ts Mary = in class? B: Yes, she is. Her class doesn’t end until 11:30. 10, A: Has Rob found a new job > No. He works at the bookstore. A: When is your sister going to come 10 visit you? B: She's _ here. She got here yesterday, 12. A: Do you live on Pine Avenue? B: No, 1 don’t live there I moved to another apartment closer to school C7 EXERCISE 27. ALREADY, YET, STILL, ANYMORE. (Chart 4-8) Dirzctions; Complete the sentences with your own words. Example: 1... not... because I've already + Tm not haowgry because I’ve already eaten. OR = Dim not going to g0 10 the movie because I’ve already seen it. OR * Idon't have wo rake the English est because P've already taken it 1. Lused to... but... anymore 2. Tean't... because T haven't. yet 3. Are... still. ..? 4... because I've already 5. Idon't... anymore, but... still Cl _EXERCISE 28. Verb tense review. (Chapters 1, 2, and 4) Directions: Compate the different meanings of the verb tenses. Identify which sentences express duration. 1. a. Rachel ds takeing English classes, Nadia has been taking English classes for cwo months Ann has been in Jerusalem for two years, She likes it there, Sue has been in Jerusalem. She's also been in Paris. She’s been in New York and ‘Tokyo, She's besn in lots of cities, She rravels a lor. in gtinewentences, still dyer expeest suite monies: The meanings oF Fav’ vied itt an Dll Rave edi age sae. ‘he Present Perfect and the Past Perfect 1033. a, Jack has visited his aunt and uncle many omes. b. Matt has been visiting his aunt and uncle for the 1 three days 40a. Jack ds salting on the phone. b. Jack talfes on the phone 2 lot Tack Aas been talking to his boss on the phone for half an hour. Jack has talked 19 his boss on the phone of times. Ms. Woods walks his dog in Forest Park every day Mr. Woods has walked bis dog in Forest Park many times. Mr. Woods walked his dog in Forest Park five ti st week. Mz, Woods is walking bis dog in Forest Park right now, fe. Mr. Woods has been walking his dog in Forest Park si ITDEXERCISE 29. Verb tenses. (Charts 4-2 + 4-8) Direcrions: Make sentences about your life using the given time expressions, Use the simple past, present perf sent perfect progressive. Example: for the last two we had a cold for the last two wwe 1. since Twas a child since last Tuesday 2. for a long time 8, for a number of years* 3, ewo years ago 9. aweek ago today 4. so far today 10, for the last ten minutes 5. many times in my lifetime 11. already ..., dur... yet 6. never 12. still... but... anymore a mumber of yas 104 CHAPTER 41 EXERCISE 30. Review of verb tenses. (Chapters 1» 4) Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses, 1. As Gow, have) Do you have any plans for vacation? B: Yes; Ido. 1 (plan) aw plawuing 10 g0 10 Toronto As Gen be, ever) there before? Bi Yes, Fave. 1 (te) jn ‘Toronto two months ago. My brother (live) so T (go) there often. 2. A: Where's Jessica? B: She (study) — at the library. As When (she, ge) = back home? B: Inan hour or so. Probably around five o'clock, A: How long (she, saudy} - atthe library? Br Since two o'clock this afternoon, As (he, seudy) a the library every day? B: Not every dav, but often 3. A: Shhh. Irene (rol) oon the phone long-distance B; Who (she, tale) 0? As Her brother, They (talé) for almost an how I think her brother is in some kind of eouble Be ‘That's oo bad, I hope it’s nothing serious 4. A: Gow, know) ‘Abdullah's new address? B: Not off the top of my head. But I (have) it at home in my computer. When I (get) hhome this evening, I (call) and (sive) sou his address A; Thanks. Or you could e-mail ir to me. B: Okay. I (ito) that. 5. A: Where's Juan? He (be) __ absent from class for the last three days. (anyone, see) him lately? B: Thave. 1 o) him yesterday, He has a bad cold, so he (bs) home in bed since the weekend. He (be, probably) bback in class tomorrow 6. A: How long (you, wear) - glasses? B: Since I @e) ten years old. AL (01 be) nearsighted or farsighted? B: Nearsighted The Present Perfect and the Past Perfect 105See eee Beer Pe we we 106 CHAPTER 4 Let's go to a restaurant conight. Okay. Where should we go? om like) _ Thai food? Idon’t know. I (eat, never) any, What's it like? I's delicious, but it can be pretty hot! That’s okay. 1 (love) really hot food There (be) a That restaurant downsown. 1 (g) ‘ere a couple of times. ‘The food! is excellent Sounds good. I (be, never) _ waThai restaurant, $0 it (be) _____ s new experience for me, After we ey there, can you explain the menu to me? Sure. And if I can’t, our waiter or waitress can Ge, smoke) ? Yes, I do. How long (sou, smoke) er TTEOTaTITTY J Well, let me see. I (smoke) __ since I (6) seventeen. So I (smoke) for almost four years, Why (Gew start) Because I (be) ____ a dumb, stupid kia. G00, ewan) to quit? Yes. I (plan) to quit very soon, In fact, T (ecide) ___ to quit on my next birthday. My twenty-first birthday is ewo weeks from now. On that day, I (intend) 0 smoke my last cigarette. ‘Thav’s terrific! You (feel) much better after you (sup) __ smoking, (ou, smoke, ever) — — No, T haven't, i (note, never) cigarette in my life. When I (be) n years old, I (smoke) cone of my uncle's cigars. My sister and I (steal) a couple of his cigars and (go) bein the garage to smoke them. Both of us (get) sick. 1 (have, no) anything to smoxe since then ‘That's smart.Cl EXERCISE 31. Error analysis. (Charts 4-1 > 4-8) 1 u tions: Correct the ertors. Most of the errors are in verb usage, but some are llaneous (e.g., capitalization, word order, spelling, agreement, etc.) studying © s Lave veer SALI Ena for eit year’ but Isl have ax wo lest, I want to learn English since I am a child (Our class has have three tests since the beugining of che term. Thave started the English classes since three weeks ago a \d Tam learning some English since that time, Thave been thinking about how to improve my English abili ¢ L came here, but 1 still don’t find a good way. Atl of us has tearn many ching since we were chitazen When I was at my sister's house, we had an argument, Since then I didn’t talk to her for three days Since I was very young, I like animals, Thave been study english since dhree and @ half month Tike very much the English. Since I was young my father found an American girl te teach my brothers and me English, but when I move to another city my father hasn’t find one for five ears. Now I'm living here and studying in this English program L almost die in an automobile accident five year ago. Since that day my life changed completely In my country, women are soldiers in the army since the 1970s, The Present Perfect and the Past Perfect 10713. Imeet Abdul in my first English class |: friends since that day. 14, My favorite place in the world is my hometown, [ live there for ewenty years. 15. My wife and I have been in Italy two weeks ago. We went there 10 ski 16, My wife broke her leg while she was skiing, in Italy, Now she’s heme, bur she can’t walk without help. A lot of our friends are visiting her since she has broken her leg. T was busy every day since I arrived at this city 18, I haven’t to eaten any kind of chinese food for a week. I miss it alot! C EXERCISE 32. Verb tense review. (Chapters 1 -> 4) Dirzetions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses, Dear Adam, Hil Remember me? (Just a joke!) I (write, ot) ___neew't witten, to you for at least six months, but that's not long enough for you to forget me! T think abour writing to you often, but I Be, not) a good correspondent for the last few months. You (hear, not) srom me for such a really busy. For the last long time because I (be) __ (esork) fulltime a shoe store and (go) 6 months, 1 to school at the local community college to study business and computers. When I (write) to you six months ago—tast April, T think —I (go) to the university full-time and (study) _ of chings (happen) since then. 108 CHAPTER 4 anthropology. A lotAt the end of the spring semese last June, my grades (be) r terrible. As a result, I (lose) : my scholarship and my parents’ support. I really (mess) : cup when I (ges) those bad grades. When I (show) . ray grade report ro my parents, they (refs. - 10 help me with my living expenses at schoo! anymore They (feel) ; thas T was wasting my time and their money, so they (el) me to get a job. So last June 1 (stars) working © w at a shoe store: Imperial Shoes at Southcenter Mall. T (work) there ever since Fe no) a bad job, but Ht (be, no) - wonderful either. Every day, 1 (ech) a shes from the back r90m for people t0 try on, boxes and boxes of shoes, all day long. I (meet) r some pretty weird people since T (tard thinjob. A couple of weeks ago, « mid! nto the store, He ged man (come) % (wan) to try on some black leather loafers. I (bring) the loafers, and he (pur) them on, While a a he (walk) around to see if they fit okay, he (pul) from his pocket a little white mouse with pink eyes and (rary) talking to it. He (ook) right a: the = x mouse and (say) ‘George, (you, like) as this pair of shoes?” When the mouse (truitch) ins nose, the man cs (say) ___ “Yes, so do L” Then he (:urm) tome = ke them.” Can you believe that!? and (say) Weill a The Present Pertect and the Past Perfect 109Most of the people I meet are nice—and normal. My favorite customers (be) people who (now) what they wane when they (enter) the store, They ( ___ at one pair of shoes, politely (tel) size, (ory) the shoes on, and then (buy) _ thers, just like that, ‘They (agonize, nos) which pair to buy 1 (learn) one important thing from working at the @ shoe store: I (vant, not) __ to sell shoes sa career. 1 (need) a good education tha me fora can enjoy for th of my life, And sn though I love stu ing anthropology, 1 (decide) that degree in business and computers will a provide the best care er opportunities 110 CHAPTER 4Now I (work) part-time at the shoe store and (go) to school at the same time. I (scant, aleaays) to be completely independent and self-reliant, and now I (be) 1 (have) to pay every penny of my tuition and living expenses now, Ever since I (lose) my scholarship and (make) m w my parents mad, I (be) completely on my own. I’m glad to report that my grades at present (be) excellent, and right now 1 a (enjoy, realy) my work with computers. In the cy future, 1 (continue) to take courses in anthropology a whenever I can fit ther into my schedule, and [ (seuidy) _ anthropology on my own for the rest of my life, but I (purse) e a career in business. Maybe there is some way I can combine anthropology, business, and computers. Who knows? There. 1 elt) you everything I can think of that is at all a important in my life at the moment. I think T (grow) upa % lot during the last six months. I (wnderseand) __ that my education a is important. Losing my scholarship (make) my life more difficult, “ but I (believe) that I (take, finally) 7 7 charge of my life, It’s a good feeling Please write. I'd love to hear from you Jessica The Present Perfect and the Past Perfect 111