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FLUID MECHANICS dynamic viscosity  

 v
2018 density  
cm 2
23 Sep 2019 (Morning Session) CGS unit = or stoke
sec
55. The unit of dynamic viscosity of a fluid is: m2
SI unit =
sec
(a) N.m/s 10–4 m2/s (SI) = 1 stoke

(b) N.m2/s 2018

(c) N.s/m2 23 Sep 2019 (Morning Session)

(d) N.s2/m 58. In which of the following units is the ki-

nematic viscosity of fluid expressed?
Sol: (c)
Dynamic viscosity is the property of a fluid in (a) m2/s
motion. (b) N.s/m

(c) N/m2.s
NS kg
Unit of = 2
or or pascal sec (SI) (d) N.s/m2
m m.s
Solution: (a)
Dyne  sec 2018
(CGS unit) or Poise
cm 2
NS
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23 Sep 2019 (Morning Session)
1 2 (SI) = 10 poise
m 36. An open tank contains 60 cm of water
covered with 30 cm of oil of specific grav-
56. A fluid which has shear stress is propor-
ity 0.8. The pressure intensity recorded at
tional to the rate of shear strain is called:
the bottom of tank is:
(a) Ideal fluid
(a) 8240.4 N/m2
(b) Real fluid
(b) 2354.4 N/m2
(c) Non Newtonian fluid
(c) 9430.6 N/m2
(d) Ideal plastic fluid
(d) 88290 N/m2
Solution: (d)
Solution: (a)
57. The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is ——
——.
(a) m/s2 Oil
(G s = 0.8) 0.3 m
2
(b) m /s
Water 0.6 m
(c) m3/s

(d) Unless A

Solution: (b)
For water Gs = 1.0
Kinematic viscosity =
PA = 0.8 × 9.81 × 0.3 + 1 × 9.81 × 0.6

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2
= 8.2404 kN/m 39. A pressure gauge fitted on the side of a
tank filled with liquid reads 50 kPa and
= 8240.4 N/m2
100 kPa at heights of 10 m and 5 m. What
2018 is approximates density of the liquid (kg/
m3)? (take g = 10)
23 Sep 2019 (Evening Session)
(a) 10
53. In gauge pressure, the atmospheric pres-
sure on the scale is marked as: (b) 5000
(a) 10 (c) 1000
(b) 1 (d) 100
(c) 0 Solution: (c)
(d) 100

Solution (c) A
pA = 50 kPa

2018
h Tank B p = 100 kPa
B
25 Sep 2019 (Morning Session) 10 m

38. Find the pressure intensity at the depth 5m

of 50 m below the free water surface.
Take specific weight of water equal to 9.81
kN/m3. Suppose tank is filled with unknown liquid of density
“p” upto height of “h”
(a) 550.50 kN/m2
(b) 490.50 kN/m2 CIVIL JUNCTION
p = (h – 10) A g

Given that pA = 50 × 103 pa

(c) 60.09 kN/m2
50 × 103 = (h – 10) × p × 10 ...(a)
(d) 390.50 kN/m2
pB = (h – 5)g
Solution: (b)
Given that pB = 100 × 103 pa
100 × 103 = (h – 5) × × 10 ...(b)

By solving above two equations

Z = 50 m
100 ´ 103 h- 5
=
50 ´ 103 h - 10

2(h – 10) = (h – 5)
From Pascal’s law 2h – 20 = h – 5
Pressure intensity, P = w.Z
h = 15 m
Pressure intensity = 9.81 × 50

= 490.50 kN/m2 Hence, put value of “h” in (1)

50 × 103 = (15 – 10) ×  × 10

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50 ´ 103
r = = 1000 kg / m3
5 ´ 10
h
Density of liquid in tank = 1000 kg/m3 x x
C.G.
For triangle.

40. Estimate the distance to the centre of b

pressure below the free surface, for a ver-

tical triangular plane are submerged in 2018
water (as in the given figure) with one
23 Sep 2019 Morning Session
side on the free surface vertex downward
and altitude h. 21. A floating body is said to be in stable equi-
librium if:
Free surface (a) Its metacentric height is zero
(b) Its metacentric height is a positive value
h
(c) Its metacentric height is a negative value
(d) Its centre of gravity is below the centre
of buoyancy

(a) h/2 Solution (b)

(b) 3h/4 CIVIL JUNCTION

Rotational Stability: When a small angular
displacement sets up a restoring couple, then stability
(c) h/3 is known as rotational stability.

(d) 2h/3
FB = Buoyant Force
Solution: (a)
B Couple (Restoring)
I sin 2 q
Centre of pressure h p = h + C.G
A.h G G
Here, q = 90° W
Submerged body
h Floating body
h=
3 Stable equilibrium G below B
M above G
Free surface
BM > BG

h GM = MB – BG = +Ve
Unstable equilibrium G above B
M below G

BM < BG
For Triangle
GM = MB – BG = –Ve

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Neutral equilibrium G & B coincide 21. The Continuity equation in fluid mechan-
M & G coincide ics:

GM = 0 (a) is based on the principle of thermodynam-

ics
22. An iceberg floats in sea water with 14%
of its volume projecting above the sea sur- (b) is based on the principle of conservation
face. If the specific weight of sea water is of mass
10400 N/m3, determine the specific weight (c) is a condition of equilibrium in the flow
of the iceberg in N/m3 units) patter
(a) 8944 (d) relates work and energy
(b) 9125 Solution (b)
(c) 8836 Continuity Equation: It is based on principle of
conservation of mass. Fluid mass can neither be
(d) 8314 created nor can be destroyed hence mass of fluid
Solution: (a) entering a fixed region should be equal to mass of
fluid leaving that fixed region in a particular time.
Various forms of continuity Equation:
Cartesian co-ordinate System:
14%
iceberg
(i) Steady Flow in 1-D  AV = Constant
1A 1V 1 = 2A 2V 2
86% of
V1 (ii) Steady Incompressible in 1-D A1V 1 =
A 2V 2

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22. In the case of a steady uniform flow of a
86% of iceberg is immersed in water (volume of wa-
fluid, the acceleration is:
ter displaced by iceberg) is
(a) Zero
Vw = 0.86Vi
(b) 1
Weight of iceberg (W0)= iVi
(c) Infinity
Weight of sea water displaced = w × Vw
(d) Any value greater than 1
= 10400 × 0.86 Vi
Solution (a)
For equilibrium
 Total Acceleration = Convective acceleration with
Downward force = Upward force respect to space + local acceleration with respect
to time.
iVi = 10400 × 0.86 × Vi
Convective Temporal
i = 8944 N/m3 Type of flow
Acceleration Acceleration
2018 Steady & uniform 0 0
Steady & non-uniform Exists 0
25 Sep 2019 (Morning Session)
Unsteady & uniform 0 Exists
Unsteady & non-uniform Exists Exists

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2018 Solution (b)

23 Sep 2019 (Morning Session) Bernoulli’s Equation: It is the integration of

Euler’s equation of motion along a stream line under
36. The Bernoulli’s equation refers to the con- steady incompressible flow conditions.
servation of: Assumptions:
(a) Mass (i) Along Stream line
(ii) effect of friction is negligible (Ideal flow)
(b) Force (iii) Steady and Incompressible

(c) Momentum 39. The coefficient of discharge for

venturimeter (Cd) ranges from ————.
(d) Energy
(a) 0.50 – 0.55
Solution (d)
(b) 0.61 – 0.69
 Energy equation can be used to find the pres-
sure at a point in a pipeline using Bernoulli’s eq. (c) 0.95 – 0.99
 Continuity eq. is used to find out the flow rate/
velocity two sections of tapering pipes. (d) 0.61 – 0.65
 Euler equation is based on momentum conser-
Sol.: (c)
vation while Bernoulli is based on energy con-
servation. 2. Venturimeter
 Impulse momentum principle is used to find out  To find discharge from a large diameter pipe
the force on a moving vane.
 Concept of moment of momentum (Angular
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momentum principle) is used in lawn sprinkler (2) h
problems. P1 P2
2018  
22° 5°–7°
23 Sep 2019 (Evening Session)
z1
37. If the fluid is ideal as per assumptions of z2 (2) Throat
Bernoullis theorem, it means that (1)
Datum
(a) Viscosity is zero
 Angle of convergence = 20° - 30° (Generally
(b) Flow is constant 22°)
 Angle of divergence = 5° - 7°
(c) Velocity is zero
1 1
 d   to  D , commonly d = D/2, where
(d) Pressure is constant 3 2
d = dia of throat
Solution: (a) D = dia of pipe
 Reduction in Area leads to increase in velocity
Viscosity is zero for ideal fluid
& decrease in pressure, this pressure decrease
38. Which of the following is an assumption for is noted & used in Bernoulli to calculate
Bernoulli’s equation? discharge.
V22 V12
(a) Flow is rotational Piezometric head difference h = 
2g 2g
(b) Flow is incompressible a1a2
 Qactual = cd 2 gh
(c) Fluid is ideal plastic a12  a22

(d) Flow is unsteady Where a1, a2 cross-sectional areas at section

1 and 2
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Leff = L – 0.1 nH
a1
n = Number of end contractions (It is
a2 = area ratio
4th in the above diagram)
cd  discharge coefficient 2 3/ 2
Q = cd 2 g L eff H
a1a2 2 g 3
, as this depends only on dimensions
a12  a22 2018
of venturimeter, it is called venturi-constant. 23 Sep 2019 (Morning Session)
h  hL Q actual 47. For which of the following tunnel losses is
 cd =  0.98 =
h Q theoretical Manning’s rugosity co-efficient used in the
2018 calculation of head loss?

23 Sep 2019 (Morning Session) (a) Frictional loss

Q. If H is the head over the crest of a rect- (b) Loss due to bend
angular weir, the discharge varies as: (c) Loss due to change of velocity in contrac-
(a) H tion

(b) H 0.5 (d) Loss due to change of velocity in expan-

sion
(c) H 1.5
Solution: (a)
(d) H 2.5
48. Identify the dimensionless parameter from
Solution (c) the following.
Rectangular sharp-crested Suppressed weir:
(a) Chezy’s co-efficient
 Suppressed – without end contraction.
Nappe
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(b) Specific weight
H (c) Reynolds number
Crest
H Outside (d) Kinematic viscosity
air supplied
Solution (c)
2 3/ 2
 Qactual = cd L 2g H , cd  0.62
3 0 is independent of Viscosity.
H  depth of water above crest level Dimension of C = L1/2 T-1, Dimension of n = L-1/3
 If velocity of approach (Va) is also considered T1
then
49. In a hydraulic jump, if the Froude number
Q V2 F1= 4.5 to 9.0, then the jump is called a/
Va = , ha  a , Q =
(H + H')L 2g an:

2 (a) Undular jump

c d 2 g L [ (H  ha )3/2  ha 3/ 2 ]
3 (b) Oscillating jump
 Effect of end contraction, if not suppressed L
is replaced by Left (c) Steady jump
1 2 3 4
(d) Weak jump
H
Solution: (c)
Types of Jump: It depends on the Froude’s

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number of the incoming flow (upstream end).
dA 2 dp
= r (1  cos 2)  2r
Fr EL/E1 Water d d
surface (1) For maximum velocity
Undular 1-1.7 0
Undulating 1 A 2/3 1/2 dv
v = 2/3
S , Put 0
nP d
Weak 1.7-2.5 5–18% S m a l l
rollers tan 2 = 2
form 2  257º 2756 d  0.81D
Oscillating 2.5-4.5 18–45% Wa t e r (2) For maximum discharge
moving in
random 1 A 5/3 1/2 dQ
Q = 2/3
S , Put 0
manner nP d
Steady 4.5-9 45–70% Roller & 2  302º 22 d  0.938D
j u m p
Special point: From Chezy’s equation
action  For condition of Maximum Discharge 2= 308°,
Strong 9  70% V e r y d
= 0.95
rough & D
choppy  For Condition of Maximum Velocity 2= 257°
d
2018 27’,  0.81
D
23 Sep 2019 (Evening Session) 51. In an open channel flow, the ratio of cross

50. For most economical section using

CIVIL JUNCTION sectional area to wetted perimeter of the
cross section is:
Chezy’s formula, depth of flow for maxi-
mum discharge through circular channel of (a) Hydraulic radius
diameter D is: (b) Hydraulic depth
(a) 0.3 D (c) Section factor
(b) D (d) Hydraulic exponent
(c) 0.5 D Solution: (a)
(d) 0.95 D Hydraulic radius (R) =
Solution: (d) Cross sectional area of flow (A)
Wetted perimeter (P)
Circular section
52. A rectangular channel will be the most eco-
nomical when the flow depth to bottom
D width is in the ratio:
r 2 r
(a) 1 : 2
d

(b) 2 : 1
A =
(c) 1 : 4
r2
(2  sin 2) P = 2r 
2 (d) 1 : 1

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Solution: (a)

2018

23 Sep 2019 (Morning Session)

32. What will be the capacity factor of hydro

power if a plant with a capacity of 10000
kW is to produce 400000 kWh when op-
erating for 100 hours?

(a) 25%

(b) 30%

(c) 50%
(d) 40%

Solution: (d)

Energy produced
Capacity factor= ´ 100
Capacity ´ Time

400000
= ´ 100 = 40%
10000 ´ 100

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