L T - R M: AB Esting Esilient Odulus
L T - R M: AB Esting Esilient Odulus
L T - R M: AB Esting Esilient Odulus
Version 1 ‐ June 2009
LAB TESTING – RESILIENT MODULUS
General Description
Resilient modulus (Mr) is a fundamental material
property used to characterize unbound pavement
materials. It is a measure of material stiffness and
provides a mean to analyze stiffness of materials
under different conditions, such as moisture,
density and stress level. Also it is a required input
parameter to mechanistic‐empirical pavement
design method. Mr is typically determined in
laboratory by measuring stiffness of a cylinder
specimen that is subjected to cyclic axle load. It is
defined as a ratio of applied axle deviator stress and
axle recoverable strain.
Jd
Mr =
Gr
Where:
Jd = applied axle deviator stress
Gr = axle recoverable strain
MnDOT Testing Protocol
Currently, Mn/DOT, in general, follows the testing protocol (NCHRP Research Results Digest 285)
recommended by the NCHRP 1‐28a project. However, some improvements have been made on
instrumentation and data quality control (see below).
Testing Setup and Data Quality Control
The following improvements have been made in MnDOT test configuration and data analysis
procedures:
1. The NCHRP 1‐28a protocol only uses two LVDTs, but Mn/DOT requires three on‐specimen LVDTs
to measure the specimen deformation (Figure 1). The three LVDTs are mounted between two
aluminum rings and equally spaced around the specimen to directly measure axial displacement
of the specimen. Also, two LVDTs located outside of the tri‐axle chamber (external LVDTs) are
used on the MnDOT testing system to measure external displacements. Figure 2 shows the
experiment setup. The 3 internal LVDTs are needed for test data quality control.
2. Mn/DOT recommends a minimum sampling rate of 400 points/second for data
acquisition. The baseline values for Mr calculation is determined by taking the average
load/deformation values of baseline from the last 60% of a time history cycle.
3. Data Quality Control: Due to non‐homogeneity of material, the specimen deformation is not
always uniform through the specimen height. Also, the testing system could contribute errors to
the results, such as system noise. Therefore, it is important to control data quality during data
analysis. Based on our testing data, Mn/DOT has developed a set of data quality control criteria
to replace the NCHRP recommended criterion (1.1 ratio of two vertical LVDT measurements).
The criteria are Angle of Rotation (AR); Signal‐to‐Noise ratio (SNR) and Coefficient of Variation of
resilient modulus (COV).
ANGLE OF ROTATION (AR)
AR is used as a measure to control specimen deformation uniformity.
R‐ radius of specimen
δi ‐ recoverable displacement of LVDT “i” (i= 1,2 ,3)
Limit: AR< 0.04o
A detailed documentation of AR criterion development can be found in Paper
SIGNAL‐TO‐NOISE RATIO (SNR)
Noise from measurement devices, such as LVDT, affects data quality, especially when the measured
displacement is small. SNR is used to control noise effects on Mr results. SNR is calculated from time
history data of each load and displacement measurement.
Peak – Peak values of load or LVDT from time history data.
Sdev(Baseline) ‐‐ standard deviation of baseline values
N
∑ (Y(n) - μ ) 2
SDev = 0
N −1
μ − mean of baseline values
Y(n) = value at point n
N = total data points
Limit: SNR >= 3, for each LVDT at each cycle of the last 5 cycles used to calculate Mr.
SNR >=10, for load at each cycle of the last 5 cycles used to calculate Mr.
The following are the examples of SNR:
1200
SNR=98.8
1000
800
Load (lbs)
600
400
200
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (sec)
3300
3200
SNR=5.8
3100
Displacement (inches x 10E-6
3000
2900
2800
2700
2600
2500
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (sec)
COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION (COV)
Mr is calculated using each cycle data
of the last five cycles in each
sequence. Mr values for the last five
cycles should be similar. Therefore, it
is important to control the variation
for each sequence. COV of resilient
modulus values is defined as:
Sdev – Standard deviation of Mr
values during the last five cycles in
each sequence.
Average – Average Mr value of the
last five cycles.
Limit: COV < 10% Figure 1 ‐ LVDT configuration
Figure 2 ‐ Experiment Setup
MATERIAL INDEX TESTS
The following index tests are generally conducted associated with resilient modulus test:
Gradation
Proctor test for obtain optimal moisture content and maximum density
Mn/DOT material classification
For fine‐grained soils, the following index are also obtained:
Liquid limit; Plastic limit; Plasticity index; % silt; % clay, and AASHTO group.
RELATED PUBLICATIONS
http://www.mrr.dot.state.mn.us/research/pdf/200705.pdf
Resilient Modulus and Strength Of Base Course With Recycled Bituminous Material
http://www.mrr.dot.state.mn.us/research/pdf/2003MRRDOC008.pdf
Resilient Modulus of Minnesota Road Research Project Subgrade Soil
http://www.mrr.dot.state.mn.us/research/pdf/199621.pdf
Resilient Modulus Testing of Materials from MnROAD, Phase I
Data Process and Storage
Raw load and deformation time history data collected from the testing machine are directly loaded to an
Oracle database. The data are automatically processed in the database, first to perform data quality
control to eliminate bad data, then to determine necessary parameters such as, deviator stress,
recoverable strain to calculate resilient modulus. The raw time history data and calculated resilient
modulus along with other parameters are stored in the database. The time history format and the
database structure are presented below.
Time History Data Format
EXT_LVDT1_MIC‐ EXT_LVDT2_MIC‐ INT_LVDT1_MIC‐ INT_LVDT2_MIC‐ INT_LVDT3_MIC‐
POINT TIME_SEC INT_LOAD_LBS IN IN IN IN IN EXT_LOAD_LBS STROKE_IN CONF_PRES_PSI
1 0.002 17 38572 40460 20868 9585 28447 ‐468.6 ‐0.722 2.9
2 0.004 17 38595 40483 20883 9563 28493 ‐468.8 ‐0.722 2.9
3 0.006 17 38587 40483 20891 9501 28485 ‐468.8 ‐0.723 2.9
4 0.008 18 38564 40498 20868 9532 28447 ‐468.8 ‐0.723 2.9
5 0.01 18 38587 40506 20921 9501 28500 ‐468.7 ‐0.723 2.9
6 0.012 19 38618 40514 20914 9501 28485 ‐468.5 ‐0.723 2.9
7 0.014 23 38709 40659 20906 9570 28462 ‐468.4 ‐0.722 2.9
8 0.016 24 38978 40805 20921 9532 28477 ‐468.5 ‐0.722 2.9
9 0.018 25 39162 41004 20914 9532 28546 ‐468.4 ‐0.722 2.9
10 0.02 29 39277 41157 20906 9593 28630 ‐468.6 ‐0.722 2.9
11 0.022 32 39430 41242 20937 9570 28745 ‐468.7 ‐0.722 2.9
12 0.024 31 39598 41395 20929 9578 2760 ‐468.7 ‐0.721 2.9
13 0.026 33 39729 41602 20898 9685 28768 ‐468.6 ‐0.721 2.9
14 0.028 38 39890 41709 20914 9700 28845 ‐468.6 ‐0.721 2.9
15 0.03 38 40066 41854 20929 9708 28974 ‐468.4 ‐0.721 2.9
16 0.032 41 40212 42046 20898 9769 28936 ‐468.5 ‐0.72 2.9
17 0.034 45 40380 42238 20875 9815 28989 ‐468.6 ‐0.72 2.9
18 0.036 47 40595 42414 20921 9807 29081 ‐468.7 ‐0.72 2.9
19 0.038 51 40832 42713 20937 9838 29150 ‐468.8 ‐0.72 2.9
20 0.04 55 41085 43034 20993 9876 29234 ‐468.8 ‐0.719 2.9
21 0.042 57 41407 43272 21098 9868 29341 ‐468.8 ‐0.719 2.9
22 0.044 61 41599 43456 21166 9906 29440 ‐468.6 ‐0.72 2.9
23 0.046 64 41714 43686 21182 9968 29817 ‐468.5 ‐0.719 2.9
24 0.048 64 41928 43770 21243 9975 29616 ‐468.5 ‐0.719 2.9
25 0.05 65 41990 43800 21235 9983 29593 ‐468.4 ‐0.719 2.9
26 0.052 65 41959 43869 21220 10044 29601 ‐468.5 ‐0.719 2.9
27 0.054 65 42005 43816 21235 10044 29624 ‐468.7 ‐0.719 2.9
28 0.056 64 42036 43839 21243 10036 29616 ‐468.6 ‐0.719 2.9
29 0.058 65 42013 43869 21189 10090 29578 ‐468.6 ‐0.719 2.9
30 0.06 65 42005 43839 21228 10090 29631 ‐468.6 ‐0.719 2.9
31 0.062 64 42043 43831 21235 10036 29646 ‐468.4 ‐0.719 2.9
32 0.064 64 42013 43877 21189 10105 29608 ‐468.4 ‐0.718 2.9
33 0.066 64 42020 43908 21228 10075 29624 ‐468.5 ‐0.718 2.9
34 0.068 64 42005 43862 21120 10067 29669 ‐468.5 ‐0.719 2.9
35 0.07 64 41997 43869 21197 10059 29646 ‐468.7 ‐0.719 2.9
36 0.072 65 41990 43885 21205 10067 29646 ‐468.8 ‐0.718 2.9
37 0.074 64 41997 43869 21235 10014 29669 ‐468.8 ‐0.719 2.9
38 0.076 63 41990 43854 21228 10029 29646 ‐468.7 ‐0.719 2.9
39 0.078 63 41928 43831 21243 10044 29616 ‐468.6 ‐0.719 2.9
40 0.08 62 41944 43777 21258 10036 29616 ‐468.5 ‐0.719 2.9
41 0.082 59 41867 43701 21258 10059 29570 ‐468.4 ‐0.72 2.9
42 0.084 60 41767 43670 21189 10067 29501 ‐468.5 ‐0.719 2.9
43 0.086 58 41760 43586 21266 10052 29524 ‐468.6 ‐0.719 2.9
44 0.088 57 41706 43548 21235 10059 29509 ‐468.7 ‐0.719 2.9
45 0.09 59 41675 43609 21182 10090 29440 ‐468.7 ‐0.719 2.9
46 0.092 57 41706 43555 21220 10075 29486 ‐468.7 ‐0.719 2.9
Resilient Modulus Database Format
Several tables are created in the database to store various data from resilient modulus testing and
associated material index test results. Fig. X shows the database tables. The raw time history data
containing both load and displacement are stored in the table “Mr_Time_History_28A”. The material
specification and conditions, such as density and moisture content of results of the tested specimen
along with locations where the material was taken are stored in Mr_LOG table. The table Mr_AGG_LAB
contains material index test results for aggregate bases associated with resilient modulus testing
specimen, while Mr_SOILS_LAB contains index results for fine grained subgrade soils.
MR_LOG MR_TIME_HISTORY_28A MR_DATA MR_K123
FILE_NAME FILE_NAME FILE_NAME FILE_NAME
TEST_DATE SEQUENCE SEQUENCE K1
MNDOT_SPECIFICATIONS ELAPSEDTIME_SEC STATUS K2
MATERIAL_TYPE LOAD_LBS BULKSTRESS_PSI K3
LOCATION TRXLOAD_LBS OCTASTRESS_PSI K123_R_SQ_PCT
RESEARCH_OBJECTIVES CPRESSURE_PSI CONFSTRESS_PSI MIN_BULKSTRESS_PSI
MOISTURE_PCT EXVDFRM1_MIC DEVISTRESS_PSI MAX_BULKSTRESS_PSI
DRY_DENSITY_PCF EXVDFRM2_MIC MR_PSI MIN_OCTASTRESS_PSI
SPNUM INVDFRM1_MIC EXT_MR_PSI MAX_OCTASTRESS_PSI
ROUTE INVDFRM2_MIC SDEV_MR_PSI K4
RP_BEGIN INVDFRM3_MIC SDEV_EXT_MR_PSI K5
RP_END LOAD_DATE ROTATION_DEG K6
STA_BEGIN K456_R_SQ_PCT
STA_END MIN_CONFSTRESS_PSI
OFFSET MAX_CONFSTRESS_PSI
SAMPLE_DEPTH_IN MIN_DEVISTRESS_PSI
SAMPLE_TYPE MAX_DEVISTRESS_PSI
DIAMETER_IN N_TESTS
LVDT_SPACING_IN
MR_SAMPLE_HEIGHT_IN
OPERATOR
PROTOCOL
TEST_SITE
COMMENTS
MR_AGG_LAB MR_SOILS_LAB
FILE_NAME FILE_NAME
SAM_ID LAB_ID
MNDOT_CLASS MNDOT_CLASS
OPT_MOIST AASHTO_CLASS
MAX_DENS_PCF AASHTO_GI
D10 OPT_MOIST
D60 MAX_DENS_PCF
PP_75MM PP_50MM
PP_63MM PP_25MM
PP_50MM PP_19MM
PP_37_5MM PP_9_5MM
PP_31_5MM PP_4_75MM
PP_25MM PP_2MM
PP_19MM PP_850UM
PP_16MM PP_425UM
PP_12_5MM PP_250UM
PP_9_5MM PP_150UM
PP_4_75MM PP_075UM
PP_2_36MM SILT_PCT
PP_2MM CLAY_PCT
PP_1_18MM LIQUID_LIMIT
PP_600UM PLASTIC_LIMIT
PP_425UM PLASTIC_INDEX
PP_300UM
PP_150UM
PP_075UM
For more information:
For more information about MnROAD and the Road Research program at Mn/DOT:
Shongtao Dai John Zollars
Minnesota Road Research Minnesota Road Research
Office of Materials Office of Materials
Phone: 651‐366‐5407 Phone: 651‐366‐5520
E‐mail: shongtao.dai@dot.state.mn.us Email: john.zollars@dot.state.mn.us
www.dot.state.mn.us/mnroad