Present Continuous Present Past simple Past Past Perfect

Simple Perfect Continuous

ever/never now ever/never ago when 1st in past

always at the moment the first time yesterday while
sometimes always- criticism before (last) last year
everyday tonight since in 1995
usually temporary just last night
frequently still already
rarely today for 2 weeks when
often so far
yet I used to
recently
lately

Future- am going Future-will Future Future Perfect Future Words

to (plan) continuous
decide now by next June about to
tomorrow predictions by this time by this time next are bound to
tomorrow year
in a week I hope am to
I think am about to
I believe due to
soon on the point of
next year
10 years from
now
in a week

Time Expressions Use present tense after these expressions

It’s time you left. It’s time to go. When I get home, I’ll call you.
It’s high time you did your homework. As soon as I reach New York, I’ll send you can e-mail.
Once I finish, I’ll take a break.
I wish I had a million euros. (now) Unless it rains, we’ll go on a picnic tomorrow.
I wish I had gone to Mykonos last summer. After I finish the book, I’ll give it to you.
(past) ****************
If only I had more time. (now) Infinitives in Passive:
If only I had listened to my mother. (past)
He is believed to live/to be living in Athens.
I wish he would get lost. He is believed to have lived/to have been living on Bali in the
I wish it would snow tomorrow. 1980’s.

I hope you have a good time. 25 Y is thought to be the answer.

I’d rather stay here. Smoking is known to cause heart attacks.

I’d prefer to play basketball. Asbestos is known to have caused serious illness.

You’d better go to bed early.

Conditional sentences

1
Zero: Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.
First: If I feel better, I will go to the party tonight .
Second: If I had a helicopter, I would travel everywhere in it.
Third: If I had remembered my umbrella, I wouldn’t have got wet

VERBS with to VERBS with ING Both

 agree to  admit  like

 advise (him) to  avoid  love
 afford to  congratulate (him)  hate
 allow (me) to on  begin
 appear to  consider  continue
 arrange to  delay  start
 attempt to  deny
 ask (him)to  detest
 choose to  dislike
 dare to  enjoy
 decide to  fancy EXCEPTIONS
 demand to  finish
 deserve to  imagine He admitted to + ING
 encourage (me)  I am used to/get
 expect to used to I object to + ING
 fail to  involve
 forbid (her) to  like In addition to + ING
 happen to  mention
 hope to  mind
 intend to  miss
 invite (me) to  postpone
 learn how to  practice
 manage to  recommend
 neglect to  risk
 offer to  suggest
 persuade (her) to  It’s not worth
 plan to  I can’t stand
 pretend to  I can’t help
 promise to  It’s no use
 remind (me) to  feel like
 require to  give up
 refuse to  keep on
 seem to  I look forward to

2
  I am supposed to  put off can’t stand
 threaten to  spend time
 want to  There’s no point in
 warn (them) to  waste time

VERBS- 2 DIFFERENT MEANINGS

TO ING

1. I forgot to lock the door. 1. I’ll never forget visiting Paris.

2. I must remember to call the doctor. 2. I’ll always remember spending the
summers in Spain.
3. She tried to open the door.
3. Why don’t you try hitting it with a
4. I meant to call him last night. hammer.

5. We regret to inform you that your flight 4. That’s means getting up early.
is delayed.
5. He regrets spending all his money on
6. She stopped to tie her shoelace. cars.

6. He stopped smoking last year.

MODALS: Present Past

 Have to – I have to study now.  Had to- I had to study last night.
 Didn’t have to- I didn’t have to
 Don’t have to- not necessary study because my teacher is sick.

 Could
 Can
 Should have + 3rd. I should have
 Should- advice. You should eat fastened my seat belt.
less
 Ought to have- You ought to have
studied for the test.
 Ought to- You ought to study for
your math test.  Must have + 3rd. He must have
known the correct answer.

3
 Must- rules/laws. You must be
quiet in school.
 Mustn’t- forbidden You mustn’t
smoke here

 Must- (I think) That must be John.

 Can’t have + 3rd – That’s can’t

 Can’t-(I don’t think). No that’s have been John, he’s in London.
can’t be him, he’s in New York.
 Needn’t have + 3rd- I did it
 Needn’t- You needn’t take your anyway. I needn’t have brought
passport with you. my umbrella, because it didn’t
rain.
 Had better- advice. You had
better hurry up.
 Didn’t need to- I didn’t need to
pack tonight.
 Need to- it’s necessary. I need to
get ready now.  May have been/might have been

 May/might- possibility

SUBJUNCTIVE

I demand that he answer the question.

We insist that she take her passport with her.

The suggested that he take the early train.

MAKE and LET

4
  She made me clean my room.

 My parents let me stay out

late on Fridays.

Stative Verbs- don’t use ING

 believe
 belong to
 contain
 doubt
 fit
 know
 like
 love
 matter
 need
 own
 prefer
 seem
 suppose
 understand
 want
 wish
 depend

INVERSIONS

 Not only did he lose his watch, but he also lost his passport.
 Never had Jennifer ever seen such a beautiful dress.

5
  Rarely do children behave all the time.
 Seldom have they known what they were doing.
 No sooner had I opened the door, than a bat flew in my face!
 Only after I got home, did I remember that I had forgotten my umbrella. ****** 2nd
 Under no circumstances, are you to open that door.
 At no time are you allowed to smoke during class.
 Not until I had finished the exam, did I realize that I was in the wrong class! ***2nd

Reported Speech

Change from -> To

Present Simple -> Past simple

Present Continuous -> Past continuous

Present Perfect/Past Simple-Past Perfect Past Perfect

->

Will/can -> Would/could

Tomorrow/yesterday -> The day after/the day before

Note: In reporting questions, we don’t change the word order.

He wondered why she was always late.

She asked how often she goes to the movies.

Prepositions

6
  absorbed in  afraid of  in advance
 accuse him of  ashamed of  in any case
 am concerned about  aware of  in charge of
 am used to + ing  am capable of
 apologize for  am fond of  in comparison with
 appeal to  am full of  in comfort
 argue about  am jealous of  in demand
 benefit from  annoyed about  in the end
 blame (him) for  anxious about  in favour of
 boast about  certain about  in good condition
 charged with  excited about  in jeopardy
 coincide with  pleased about  in harmony
 collide with  serious about  in response to
 complain about  sorry about  in short
 concentrate on  upset about  in theory
 confess to  angry with  in time
 convicted of  annoyed with  in trouble
 deal with  bored with  in turn
 depend on  good at  with regard to
 devote myself to  happy with  at any rate
 differ from  obsessed with  at first sight
 discuss about  pleased with  at the end
 expel from  bad at  at large
 glance at  surprised at  on a regular basis
 insist on  keen on  on behalf of
 insure against  addicted to  on good terms
 involved in  grateful to  on the market
 pay (for)  kind to  on purpose
 prefer (x) to  married to  on the verge of
 pride myself on  engaged to  beyond belief
 protest about  shocked by  by coincidence
 protest against  surprised by  by mistake
 react to  early for  by the time
 refer to  eligible for  by surprise
 see to  famous for  for life
 specialize in  late for  for the time being
 succeed in  liable for  out of breath
 suffer from  ready for  out of control
 translate from->into  responsible for  out of danger
 write about  interested in  out of doors
 is known as  absent from  out of the ordinary
 is regarded as  different from  out of practice
 is described as  deprived of  out of stock
 room for  ban on  under control
 responsible for  comment on  under pressure
 have an effect on  under stress
 influence on  under suspicions
 access to  without exception
 an exception to  without a word
 a solution to  after all
 craving for
 cure for
 recipe for

Phrasal Verbs

 Break down- Her car broke down.  Le me down- Why do you always let

7
  Break off relations- Greece and me down? I can never count on you.
Turkey broke off relations.  Look into- The police are looking into
 Carry out (orders)- You must carry the matter.
out the General’s orders.  Make out- I can’t make out his name
 Come about- How did that come on the bell.
about?  Make up- He’s always making up
 Come out – His new book comes out crazy stories.
next month.  Pull off- Greece managed to pull of
 Come up against- I’ve never come the most successful Olympics ever!
up against such a situation before.  Put across- He is not able to put his
 Come up with- find an answer ideas across.
 Drop in- visit on the spur of the  Put off- They put off their wedding
moment for a month.
 End up- He end up in prison for life.  Put me up – Can you put me up
 face up to life’s challenges when I’m in London next week?
 fall for the wrong man  Put up with- I can’t put up with nosy
 Fall through- plans fell through people.
 Get across- He couldn’t get his ideas  Rip off- That restaurant really ripped
across. us off- 200 euros for a hamburger and
 Get at- What are you getting at? fries!
 Get down to- Let’s get down to  Run into- Yesterday I ran into Dimitri
work. in Kifissia.
 Get over- It took him a month to get  Run over- He ran over a cat.
over the flu.  See (her) off- We’re going to see
 Get round to- Be patient- I’ll get grandma off to the airport tomorrow.
round to it one of these days.  Set out for- He set out for London on
 Give away- He gave away all his foot.
money.  Stand for- The flag stands for Greece.
 Give up- I give up- what’s the  Take in- Don’t tell me you were taken
answer. in by the gypsies again!
 Go off- The bomb went off  Take over- Vodafone is going to take
unexpectedly. over OTE.
 Go on- He went on talking for hours.  Take up- He took up skiing when he
 Have it in for- My new boss has it in was 60 years old.
for me.  Tell off- You shouldn’t tell your
 Hit it off- We hit it off immediately teacher off.
and became fast friends.  Turn down- He turned down the
 Hold up- The robbers held up the offer.
National Bank last night.  Turn up- Don’t worry your missing
 Keep up- Keep up the good work! ring will turn up somewhere.

Odds and Ends

Too/Enough Has gone to/has been to

He is too short to play basketball. Where’s your mom? She gone to the
He isn’t tall enough to play basketball. supermarket.

8
 My mother has been to Paris many
times.

By/Until
Such a/Such/So
The doctor will be in his office
until 6 o’clock. Such a thrilling sport- singular
The report is due by Monday and countables
the 16th. (the latest)
Such awful food /such ugly
shoes- uncountable or plural

She’s so happy. He played so

In spite of/despite
well.

In spite of the snow, we Although/even though

drove to school.
Even though he got lost on the way,
In spite of the pouring rain, he had a good time at the party.
they played the football
game. (complete sentence after even though)

Although she is the smartest math

Despite having a bad cold,
student in the class, she failed her
she took her math exam.
first math test.

Despite a terrible headache, (complete sentence after although)

she finished her homework.

Causitive- someone does something

for you (have/got + 3rd column verb)

I got my hair cut. I had my hair cut.

We had our house painted.
He had his car serviced.