Indian Journal of Physics

MOTION AND THEORY OF SEPARATIONAL FORCE

--Manuscript Draft--

Manuscript Number:

Full Title: MOTION AND THEORY OF SEPARATIONAL FORCE

Article Type: Original Scientific Research

Keywords: RELATIVITY; CLASSICAL MECHANICS; GRAVITATION; ASTROPHYSICS;

PLASMA PHYSICS

Corresponding Author: SWARNAV MAJUMDER

Mansur Habibullah Memorial School
kolkata, WEST BENGAL INDIA

Corresponding Author Secondary

Information:

Corresponding Author's Institution: Mansur Habibullah Memorial School

Corresponding Author's Secondary

Institution:

First Author: SWARNAV MAJUMDER

First Author Secondary Information:

Order of Authors: SWARNAV MAJUMDER

Order of Authors Secondary Information:

Funding Information:

Abstract: It will provide us information about motion and theory of separational forces

Suggested Reviewers: swarnav majumder

student, mansur habibullah memorial school
aegis.rightways@gmail.com
for my benefit

baby majumder
student, mansur habibullah memorial school
aegis.rightways@gmail.com
benefit of mine

Gautum Bose
teacher, mansur habibullah memorial schhol
aegis.rightways@gmail.com
benefit of mine

SANTA MAJUMDER
TEACHER, MANSUR HABIBULLAH MEMORIAL SCHOOL
aegis.rightways@gmail.com
SHE IS MY TEACHER

RAHUL MAJUMDER, B.Sc

TEACHER, MANSUR HABIBULLAH MEMORIAL SCHOOL
aegis.rightways@gmail.com
HE IS A SCIENTIST

Manuscript Classifications: 10: Plasma physics; 1: Astrophysics, atmospheric and space physics; 2: Atomic and
molecular physics; 7: Nuclear physics; 8: Optics and spectroscopy; 9: Particle physics;
11: Relativity and cosmology

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Manuscipt Click here to access/download;Manuscript;MASS CHANGES
DURING REFRACTION.docx
Click here to view linked References
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MASS CHANGES DURING REFRACTION
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REFRACTION:-
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13 Refraction is the bending of light towards
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or away from the light when light travels
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from one optical medium to another
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optical medium of different optical
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26 densities.
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55 i=angle of incidence
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r=angle of refraction
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 1
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Moreover, during Refraction velocity and
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wavelength of light also changes.
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12 GENERAL & SPECIAL THEORY
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OF RELATIVITY AND
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REFRACTION:-
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According to General theory of
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Relativity, light has its own gravitational
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pull. That’s why it bends towards the
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Sun. Then a substance which has its own
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gravitational force should have a mass
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39 how small it can be.
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43 According to Special theory of
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Relativity, a body has two types of mass
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rest mass and a mass during its motion.
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We all know that mass decreases with
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increase in velocity and vice-versa. Then,
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the mass of light will also change will
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travelling from one medium to other of
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different optical densities.
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12 Mathematically:-
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16 Let the mass of light in medium1 be m1
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and in medium2 be m2.
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Velocity of light in medium1 be v1 and
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velocity of light in medium2 be v2.
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The light passes from medium1 (rarer) to
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medium2 (denser). Like the below
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figue:-
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Change in mass = ∇m=m2-m1 [since v1>v2]
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Change in velocity=∇v=v1-v2
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Momentum of light in
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16 medium1=p1=m1v1
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Momentum of light in
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medium2=p2=m2v2
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Since, the mass is very small, so
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31 momentum depends on velocity since
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v1>v2 .
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... Change in momentum

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 ∇p=p2-p1=m2v2-m1v1
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 Dividing v2 on both sides,
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 ∇p/v2=m2v2/v2-m1v1/v2
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 ∇p/v2=m2-m1*1n2 [ since, 1n2=v1/v2]
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50  We know, ∇p=∇(mv)= ∇m*∇v
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52  (∇m*∇v)/v2-m2=-m1*1n2
 ((m2-m1)(v1-v2)-m2v2))/v2=-m1*1n2
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 (m2v1-m2v2-m1v1+m1v2-m2v2)/m1v2=-1n2
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58  (m2/m1)*1n2-(m2/m1)-1n2+1-(m2/m1)=-1n2
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60  (m2/m1)*1n2-2*(m2/m1)=-1
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62  (m2/m1)*(1n2-2)=-1
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64  (1n2-2)=- (m2/m1)
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 -(m2/m1)=1n2-2
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 (m2/m1)=2-1n2
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 (m1/m2)=1/(2-1n2)
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11 m2=m1/(2-1n2)
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CONCLUSION:-
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19 The above formula states that mass of
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light changes during refraction. The
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change of mass is also a cause for
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refraction. The unknown mass of light
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32 either is second or first medium can be
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found out by this. It also agrees that mass
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changes with change in velocity. Thus,
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the Special Theory of Relativity is
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satisfied.
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NOTE:-Mass of photon=1*10-18eV/c2
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in vacuum
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Manuscript Click here to access/download;Manuscript;motion
mechanics.docx
Click here to view linked References
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5 MOTION:MECHANICS AND THEORY
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8 OF SEPARATIONAL FORCE
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12 According to Newton’s first law of motion,
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15 if a body is in a state of rest, it will remain
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18 in the state of rest and if it is in the state
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21 of motion, it will remain moving in the
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24 same direction with the same speed unless
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27 an external force is applied on it.
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31 The above law deals with inertial reference
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34 frame. But have we ever imagined that a
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37 body which we call at rest does it actually at
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40 rest. The apparent view is yes but if we
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43 imagine that the molecules which is
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46 constituted inside the body is at motion.
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Then how can a body is said to be at rest?
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Suppose in an electric circuit, an observer
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says that the circuit is at rest but if there is a
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flow of electricity inside then, does the
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whole thing at rest?
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According to surrounding the body is at
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rest but according to itself its outer visible
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surface is at rest but its inner constituents
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molecules or sub-atomic particles are in
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motion. Hence, the body is in a state of
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18 partial rest-motion state.
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A body is said to be in partial rest motion
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state when the body is apparently viewed
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appears to be at rest but its constituent
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31 molecules appear to be at motion.
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This partial rest-motion occurs in a body
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till the body does not absolute zero
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41 temperature. As, absolute zero temperature,
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44 the molecules stop vibrating at their
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47 positions and the body is said to be at total
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50 rest state(or normal rest state).
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54 A body is said to be in total rest state when
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57 the apparent view of the body and its
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60 constituent molecules appears to be at rest.
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 1
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This state is possible when the temperature
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is absolute zero.
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A body undergoes total motion state when
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the body along with its constituent
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molecules is appeared to be in motion.
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Imagine a clock with a second’s hand. If

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we ask a observer that whether the second’s

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hand is moving or not, the observer will say
the second’s hand is in motion and if he
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thoughts about my concept then he will
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answer that the body undergoes total motion
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state. But if we observe it carefully then we
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41 can see the whole body of the second’s hand
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44 is not in motion the part of body which is
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47 fixed to clock that small part is in rest. Here,
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50 the constituent molecules are in motion, the
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53 second’s hand is in motion but the fixed
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56 point of the second’s hand though it is a part
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59 of the moving hand is not moving or is hot
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62 changing its position. This type of motion in
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which outer visible part is related is known
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as Surface rest-motion state. See the
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below mentioned figure:-
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31 CONCEPT OF UNIVERSE AS A
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34 SINGLE BODY:-
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38 Now, if we imagine Universe as a body and
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41 planets, asteroids, and other heavenly bodies
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44 as its constituent particles then two cases
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47 evolves:-
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51 Case 1:- If universe only expands and it
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54 does not move neither on its axis nor it
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57 revolves then it undergoes a state of partial
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rest-motion state.
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 1
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Case 2:- If Universe moves on its axis or it
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revolves on its axis then it undergoes a state
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of total motion state.
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Now, if case 2, is true then another concept
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comes into existence that is Universe has its
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own Gravitational Pull. That is if the
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Universe rotates on its axis then the galaxies
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and other heavenly bodies would fly away
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from the universe. So, there must be equal
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31 and opposite force acting on the bodies. This
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34 force can be centripetal or gravitational
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37 force or both but it’s value is very small.
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40 That’s why does not cause any effect on the
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43 bodies.
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47 GRAVITATIONAL FORCE AND
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50 COLLISION
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54 Let there be two bodies of mass m1 and m2
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57 separated from each other with a distance r.
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 1
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12 The gravitational force acting between them
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15 is
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19 F=Gm1m2/r2
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23 In the above relation G, m1, m2 are
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26 constants.
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30 Hence,
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34 f∝ 1/r2
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This means, the shorter the distance

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41 between the greater the gravitational
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44 force will act between two bodies. Now
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47 let the bodies are pushed towards each
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other then a point will reach when they
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will meet each other.
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 In this case r=0 and gravitational force is
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∞ but after collision they move away from
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each.
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This is because of a hidden force is

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present in between them and it is

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Separational Force (f’) whose value is

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greater than gravitational force.

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F’>f(G.F.)
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F’>∞
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Hence, the value of f’ is

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45 ∞+n , where n>0, n belong to real numbers
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48 F’=(∞+n)
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51 If f’=f
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54 ∞+n=∞
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n=∞+∞
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
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 n=0
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 RELATION BETWEEN
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GRAVITATIONAL FORCE AND
SEPARATIONAL FORCE:-
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Gravitational force is the force that

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attracts two bodies towards each
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other. But separational force is the
force that provides a repulsion
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between two bodies.
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According to Newton’s third law of
motion, to every action there is always
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an equal and opposite reaction. Hence,

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Gravitational force and Separational
force is an action-reaction pair.
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Mathematical relation:-
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Let gravitational force be f and
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separational force be f’ .
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 According to Newton’s third law of
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motion,
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F=f’
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f’=f
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

f’=-Gm1m2/r2
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18 
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... The formula for separational force
is:-
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F=-Gm1m2/r2
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Negative sign denotes the force is opposite
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in nature.
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Qualitative analysis:-
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Put two of mass m1 and m2 beside each
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other at a distance r from each (where there
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is no friction and no air resistance)
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Now, due to gravitational force m1 and m2
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should come together but they does move
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towards each other due to the Separational
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force is present in between them.
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Thus,
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Separational force=-Gravitational Force
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SEPARATIONAL FORCE AND
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27 CONCLUSION :-
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When bodies say m1 and m2 come
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towards velocity v1 and v2 they collide
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with each other and gets separated due
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separational force. But we know
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44 separational force and gravitational force
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47 are equal and opposite but after collision
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separational force get an extra supporting
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which is the molecules exact.
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In the above case, when m1 and m2 strikes
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against each other they but after collision
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20 the force obtained from the collision of m1
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until the last molecules provides an extra
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force.
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This force is exacted outwards by the
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molecules. We know Separational force
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extra force which is added to separational
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10 As,f1=f2=f
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14 Force=2f.
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18 Now, separational force
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22 f’=Gm1m2/r2 + 2f----------------(i)
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26 Now,
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30 Let find the force exacted by the
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molecules.
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Let the mass of an atom present in that
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molecule be m and velocity v.
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p=mv
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... momentum of molecule
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p=nmv
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f=dp/dt
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 1
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putting the value of f in equation (i) we
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10 f’=Gm1m2/r2+2[dp/dt]
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14 multiplying both sides by dt
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18 f’dt=Gm1m2/r2dt+2dp
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22 integrating both sides
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26 f’∫dt=Gm1m2r2∫dt+2∫dp
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29 f’t=Gm1m2/r2*t+2p
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32 f’t=Gm1m2/r2*t+2nmv------------------------------------------(ii)
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Hence,
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Impulse of separational
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force=Separational force+2n
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47 momentum of 1 atom.
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VERIFICATION OF EQUATION (II)
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DIMENSIONALLY:-
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Dimension of impulse of force= [MLT-1]

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Gravitational force of impulse= [MLT-1]

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 1
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Momentum of molecule= [MLT-1]
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7 After, writing the dimension on the
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equation (ii) we get
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[MLT-1]= [MLT-1]+ [MLT-1]
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According to principal of homogeneity,
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[MLT-1]= [MLT-1]
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Hence, verified.
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31 APPLICATION OF
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SEPARATIONAL FORCE:-
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Some few applications of separational
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force are:-
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 Due to the presence of separational

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force the planets does not collide
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with each other. Otherwise, as they
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both attract each other, they would
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come closer and closer and finally
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they would collide with each other.
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  In General Theory of Relativity, it
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is said that the gravitational force
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is formed when a heavy mass is
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put on the space-time it provides a
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depression as it forms on fibre
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when a heavy mass is put on it.
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But the lighter mass that is moon
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because of Separational force is
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present between them.
 In our daily life when we put two
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bodies beside each other they do
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not collide each other due to the
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presence of Separational force is
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49 present between them.
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 In atoms thought there is force of
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attraction between protons and
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 1
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fall into nucleus due to the force of
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separation.
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-Swarnav
Majumder
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Mansur
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Habibullah
Memorial
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School
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Class-XII
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s/o-Sudeb
Majumder
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Address-
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Kamrabad,Mandirtala,Sonarpur,Kolkata
-700150,West Bengal,India
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