ICSE Edition

TEACHER’S HANDBOOK
for
New Trends in

Biology
Class - 7

Latest Edition
 THEME 1. TISSUE
CHAPTER-TISSUES
A. 1. Cyton 2. Cardiac muscles 3. Chlorenchyma
B. 1. Apical meristem tissue is present in the growing tips of roots and stem.
2. Nervous tissue is responsible for the transmission of stimulus.
For Diagram see Book Page no. 23.
3. Epithelial Tissue : This tissue forms a continous sheet of cells that covers the external surface
of the body like skin as well as lines the cavities of internal organs like mouth, stomach,
intestine and wind pipe.
Function : It provides protection and prevents the entry of germs. It also prevents the under-

lying cells from injury.
4.
Plant Tissues

Meristematic Permanent
Tissue Tissue

Apical Intercalary Lateral Simple Complex

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

Xylem Phloem

C. 1. Connective tissue is the most aboundant tissue and it forms 30% of the total body parts. This
tissue connect one group of tissues to another in our body. The major function of this tissue
is : This serves the purpose of connecting different parts of the body. It is also called joining
tissue. It joins various organs of the body. That’s why it is different from other tissues.
2. Xylem is composed of vessels, tracheids, fibres and xylem parenchyma.
Function : They are involved in the upward transport of water and dissolved minerals from
the roots of the different parts of the shoot. They give mechanical strength to the plant body.
3. Connective tissue consists of cells of different kinds. They connect one group of tissues to
another. Bone, Cartilage ligament, tendon and blood are examples of connective tissue.
Bone : It is the hardest connective tissue that forms the skeleton of vertebrates. It is made of
matrix and cells.
It protects the internal organs like brain, heart and lungs. It serves as a reservoir of calcium,
phosphorus and proteins.
Cartilage : It is a specialised connective tissue. It occurs in the rings of windpipe, at the end of
bones of the fore and hind limbs, walls of respiratory passages such as nose tips, ear pinna,
[Teacher’s Handbook for N.T. in Biology–7] [3]
 epiglottis and lower ends of ribs. It gives support and provides elasticity to soft tissues.
Ligament : It is a cord like dense fibrous connective tissue of considerable strength and high
elasticity. It binds a bone with another bone. It allows bending and rotation movements over
a joint.
4.
ANIMAL TISSUES

EPITHELIAL TISSUE MUSCULAR TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

(Brain, spinal cord)

SQUAMOUS CILIATED COLUMNAR VOLUNTARY INVOLUNTARY

(thin and (cells bear cilia (long column MUSCLES MUSCLES
flattened cells) at their outer like cells) (Striated) CARDIAC (Non-Striated)
ends) MUSCLES
(Heart)
CUBOIDAL
(cube like
cells) CONNECTIVE TISSUE SKELETAL FLUID
PROPER TISSUE CONNECTIVE
TISSUE

D. It is a contractile tissue which possesses contractile proteins inside cells held together by
connective tissue. It consists of long, cylindrical cells called muscle cells or muscle fibres. It
occupies nearly 40% of the total weight of the body. It is found in every part of the body where
movement is involved.
Classification :
Muscle cells can be divided into three types based on their structure, function and location.
These are of three types :
(i) Striated Muscle (Voluntary or Skeletal muscle) : These muscles join the bones to each
other and are, therefore, called skeletal muscles. They are long, cylindrical and non-
tapering. The muscle fibres do not branch and run parallel to one another longitudinally.
(ii) Smooth Muscle (Involuntary or Unstriated) : These are spindle shaped, unbranched
muscle cells which are called smooth muscle fibres because they do not contain striations.
(iii) Cardiac Muscle (Specialised Muscle) : These are involuntary striated and non-fatigued
muscles fibres which occur in the wall of the heart. Performing rhythmic contraction and
relaxation continuously. They are composed of cylindrical, non-tapering fibres but shorter
than skeletal muscle fibres.
For Diagram See Book Page No. 22.
D. 1. Meristematic tissue
2. Cartilage
3. Xylem
4. Cardiac muscles
E. 1. Axon 2. Xylem and Phloem 3. Epidermis and soft tissues
4. Neuron 5. Meristematic

[4] [Teacher’s Handbook for N.T. in Biology–7]

F. 1. True 2. True 3. True
4. True 5. True
G. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c)
4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (b)
7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (d)
10. (b)
H. 1 ® (d) 2 ® (e) 3 ® (a)
4 ® (b) 5 ® (c)
I. 1.
Voluntary muscle Involuntary muscle Cardiac muscle
Shape • Striped, striated, long and • Unstriped, unstriated, • Cylindrical and
cylindrical, non- tapering spindle shaped (long branched
and unbranched. with pointed ends)
Action • Helps in the movement as • Controls movement • Helps in pumping the
they are attached to the of substances along blood (heartbeat)
skeleton tubes
Nucleus • Multinucleate • Uninucleate • Multinucleate
Location • Attached to the skeleton • Tubular organs, gut, • Present in the heart
reproductive system,
glands, bronchioles
Control • Voluntary (under individ- • Involuntary (not under • Involuntary, myogenic
ual’s will) individuals control) (self generating)

2.
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
1. Living cells with thin cell 1. Living cells with slightly 1. Dead cells with thick cell
walls. thick cell wall. walls.
2. Cells are uniformly thin and 2. Cells are elongated and 2. Cells are long and narrow as
are loosely packed with irregularly thickened at the the walls are thickened due
large intercellular spaces. corners with very little inter- to lignin (a type of cement-
cellular spaces. ing material). These walls
are so thick that there is no
internal space.
3. Cell wall is made-up of 3. Thickening around cells are 3. Thickening in the cell is due
cellulose. due to the deposition of to the deposition of lignin.
pectin and cellulose.

3.
Xylem Phloem
1. It consists of dead cells. 1. It consists of living cells.
2. The cell walls of xylem tissue are thick. 2. The cell walls of phloem tissue are thin.
3. It transports water and minerals from 3. It transports food from leaves to grow-
roots to different parts of shoot. ing regions of the plant body.

[Teacher’s Handbook for N.T. in Biology–7] [5]

 4.

Meristematic Tissue Permanent Tissue

1. Cells of this tissue divide throughout 1. They lose the ability to divide and to
their life. take up specific function.
2. They are located at specific region of 2. They are distributed throughout the
the plant, i.e., apical, lateral, intercalary. plant body.
3. Cells of this tissue are very active, have 3. They are vacuolated, vary in shape and
dense cytoplasm, thin walls and promi- size. Their cell wall may be thick.
nent nuclei. They lack vacuoles.
4. This tissue leads to growth of the plant. 4. This tissue causes differentiation of
cells.
5. Cell wall is cellulosic. 5. Cell wall is made-up of cellulose/lignin
suberin.

THEME 2. KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION

CHAPTER-KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
A. (a) Sedentary (b) Encystment (c) Nematods
(d) Osculum (e) Coelom
B. 1. Monerans are basically unicellular and the most primitive prokaryotes while Protista are the
acellular or colonial eukaryotes.
2. (i) Coelom : It is the internal body cavity or coelom in which well-developed body organs
can be accomodated.
(ii) Oviparous : The animals that lay eggs is called oviparous. e.g. Frog, Toad, Salamander
etc.
(iii) Viviparous : The animals that give birth to young ones is called viviparous. e.g.,
Kangaroos.
(iv) Haemocoel : It is the body cavity which is filled with blood.
(v) Classification : The method of arranging organisms into groups or sets on the basis of
similarities and differences is called classification.
3.
Vertebrates Invertebrates
1. Vertebral column is present. 1. Vertebral column is absent.
2. Brain box is present so called craniata. 2. Brain box is absent.
3. Heart is ventral. 3. Heart is absent or on dorsal or lateral
sides.
4. Epidermis is many layered. 4. Epidermis is single layered.

4. It is necessary to classify the living world because it makes the study of wide variety of
organisms easy. It proves the idea of common ancestry of all the living organisms.

[6] [Teacher’s Handbook for N.T. in Biology–7]

C. 1. Kingdom Animalia has been broadly classified into ten major phyla.
They are as follow :
(a) Phylum Porifera : They are exclusively aquatic in their habitat. They are sedentary and

lack locomotory organs. Examples : Sycon, Spongilla etc.
(b) Phylum Coelenterata : (cnidaria) (sac like animals). They are sac-like animals having

radially symmetrical body. They may be sedentary or free living in water. Mostly marine
but a few are freshwater species. Examples : Hydra, Aurelia etc.
(c) Phylum Tenophora : They are exclusively marine in habitat. They are diploblastic having

tissue level of organisation. Examples : Ctenoplana, Coeloplana etc.
(d) Phylum Platyhelminthes : They are flattened dorsoventrally forming a leaf like or ribbon

like body having bilateral symmetry. They are having organ system level of organisation
e.g. Planaria, Taenia solium.
(e) Phylum Nematoda : They are found in all types of habitat i.e., in fresh water, sea water

and soil. They are bilaterally symmetrical, unsegmented and cylindrical in shape. Examples
: Ascaris, Wuchereria
(f) Phylum Annelida : They may be marine, freshwater, terrestrial or parasitic in their habitat.
They have bilaterally symmetrical body. Examples : Earthworm, Nereis etc.
(g) Phylum Arthropoda : Arthropods are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic true coelomates

with organ system level of body organisation. Body is externally segmented and is
covered by an exoskeleton of cuticle made of chitin. Examples : Palaemon, Centipede.
(h) Phylum Mollusca : They are mostly marine or fresh water but few are terrestrial in habitat.

2. The body of molluscs is divisible into head, visceral mass and foot. Examples : Unio,
Snail, Octopus.
(i) Phylum Echinodermata : They are exclusively marine, may be free living or sedentary.

Body is either star shaped, cylindrical globular, flower like etc. Examples : Starfish, Sea
cucumber etc.
( j) Phylum Chordata : Presence of dorsal hollow nervous system. Presence of Tail in most

chordates. Examples : Sting ray, Scoliodon etc.
2. Uses of Bacteria :
(i) Bacteria promote the formation of curd and cheese.
(ii) Bacteria act upon fruit juices to produce vinegar and wines.
(iii) They are useful in the formation of compost and manures.
(iv) Bacteria are used to make antibiotic like streptomycin and vitamin B complex tablets.
(v) Some useful bacteria live in the large intestine of human beings and produce vitamin C,
Biotin and B12
Harmful effects of Bacteria :

(i) Bacteria cause diseases in plants. e.g. citrus canker, potato scab.
(ii) Diseases like cholera, plague, typhoid, pneumonia and tuberculosis are caused due to
bacteria in human beings.
(iii) Bacteria are responsible for spoilage of food, rotting of fruits, vegetables, meat etc.
(iv) Bacteria like Salmonella and Staphylococci cause food poisoning.
[Teacher’s Handbook for N.T. in Biology–7] [7]
 3. The main criteria for classification used by whittaker include cell structure (whether
prokaryotic or eukaryotic), Complexity of organisms (whether unicellular or multicellular) and
mode of nutrition (whether absorptive, autotrophic or heterotrophic). 4.
(i) Fungus (mould) is greenish-black coloured growth that appeared on bread.
(ii) Because bread provides a very desirable source of nutrients for mould.
(iii) Mycelium are the thread like structures.
D. 1. Fungi
2. Bacterium
3. Ostia
4. Planaria
5. Ascaris
E. 1. a fungus, blue-green algae or cyanobacteria
2. head, visceral mass, foot
3. Dorsal hollow nervous system, tail, two pairs of limbs, vertebral column
4. R.H. Whittaker
5. Kingdom Protista
6. Phylum Echinodermata
F. 1. True
2. False, reptiles are terrestrial
3. False : frog is a cold blooded animal.
4. True
G. 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d)
4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (a)
7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (d)
10. (a)
H. 1 ® (h) 2 ® (g) 3 ® (a)
4 ® (b) 5 ® (c) 6 ® (d)
7 ® (e) 8 ® (f)
I. 1.
Fungi Algae
1. They have absorptive mode of nutrition. 1. They have photosynthetic mode of
nutrition.
2. The cell wall is made-up of chitin. 2. The cell wall is made-up of cellulose.
2.
Vertebrates Invertebrates
1. Vertebral column present. 1. Vertebral column absent.
2. Brain Box present. 2. Absent
3. Heart is ventral. 3. Heart is either absent or lateral side.
4. Nerve cord is dorsal and hollow. 4. It is ventral and solid when present.

[8] [Teacher’s Handbook for N.T. in Biology–7]

 3.

Kingdom Monera Kingdom Protista

1. It comprises of microscopic, unicellu- 1. It includes unicellular organisms having
lar, prokaryotic organisms commonly eukaryotic cell.
known as bacteria.
2. Cell wall is present. 2. Cell wall is absent.
3. The nucleus is absent. 3. The nucleus is present.
4. Membrane-bound cell organelles like 4. Membrane-bound cell organelles like
nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic
reticulum are absent. reticulum are present.
4.
Amphibians Pisces
1. They may be aquatic or terrestrial. 1. Adapted to aquatic life and include all
fishes.
2. Heart is three chambered. 2. Heart is two chambered.
3. Respiration takes place through the 3. Respiration occurs through gills.
skin or lungs or lining of buccal cavity.
5.
Annelida Arthropoda
1. They have no distinct heads. 1. Body is divided into head, thorax &
abdomen.
2. Exoskeletons are absent. 2. Body is covered by chitinous exoskele-
tons.
3. They have no jointed appendages. 3. They have jointed appendages.
4. Excretion occurs through nephridia. 4. Excretion occurs through coxal gland or
malpighian tubules.
5. Respiration occurs through skin. 5. Respiration occurs through tracheae.

THEME 3. PLANT LIFE

3. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
A. 1. Chlorophyll 2. Stomata 3. Green plants
4. Photosynthesis 5. Starch
B. 1. It is a process by which green plants make their own food with the help of CO2, water and
chlorophyll in the presence of sunlight.
2. Plants use carbon dioxide, solar energy and water as the raw material.
3. Energy for the process come from the sun.
4. Chlorophyll converts light energy into chemical energy.
5. Factors affecting rate of Photosynthesis :
(i) light intensity (ii) concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere
(iii) temperature (iv) availability of water
[Teacher’s Handbook for N.T. in Biology–7] [9]
 6. Importance of Photosynthesis to living beings :
1. It is the primary source of organic food and energy for all forms of life either directly or
indirectly.
2. Photosynthesis helps to purify air and also maintains the balance of oxygen and carbon
dioxide in the ecosystem.
7. A plant is destarched before performing any experiment to prevent photosynthesis.
8. Functions of stomata :
1. Stomata helps in the exchange of gases between the leaves and the atmosphere.
2. It helps in the process of transpiration.
9. Usually the optimum temperature range of photosynthesis is 10-35°C, upto 30°C the rate of
photosyntheis is doubles with each increase of 10°C.
Extremely high temperature affect the activity of the enzymes and therefore the rate of
photosynthesis too decreases.
10. (i) Carbon dioxide is obtain from the atmosphere through stomata.
(ii) Water is obtain from the soil.
(iii) Solar energy is obtain from the sun.
C. For Answer see book page No. 47 Activity - 1.
3. For Answer See Book Page No. 50 Activity - 3
4. Essential raw materials needed for photosynthesis are :
(i) Carbon dioxide
(ii) Water and
(iii) Solar energy
(i) Carbon dioxide : It is used for the formation of glucose. Land plants obtain CO2 from the
atmosphere through stomata.
(ii) Water : Water is used for the process of photosynthesis. Plants absorb water from the soil

with the help of their root system. Other materials like nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and
magnesium are taken up from the soil.;
(iii) Solar energy : For the process of photosynthesis solar energy is needed. This energy is

trapped by the green coloured pigment chlorophyll present in the chloroplast.
5. Role of light in photosynthesis :
The rate of photosynthesis depends on the quantity and quality of light. It increases with the
increase in light intensity. In blue and red lights, the rate is maximum while in green light,
it is minimum. The intensity of light is low during mornings and evenings. Therefore, the
amount of CO2 released during the process of respiration is equal to the amount used during
photosynthesis. This state is called compensation point.
Light energy is needed for the reaction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water H2O into
carbohydrates, such as glucose (C6H12O6). It gets absorbed by the chlorophyll in the plant.
The full balanced chemical reaction for photosynthesis is :
light
6CO2 + 12H2O  ® C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

[10] [Teacher’s Handbook for N.T. in Biology–7]

 During photosynthesis, plants trap light energy with their leaves. Plants use the energy of
the sun to change water and carbon dioxide into a sugar called glucose. Glucose is used by
plants for energy and to make other substances like cellulose and starch.
D. 1. Nitrogen 2. Saprotrophs
3. Carbon dioxide 4. Iron
5. Carbohydrate
E. 1. Guard cell 2. Chlorophyll
3. Photosynthesis 4. Leaves
5. Carbon dioxide, Oxygen 6. Chloroplasts
7. Photosynthesis 8. Glucose
9. Turgidity of guard cells 10. Carbon dioxide, water, solar energy.
F. 1. True 2. False, (It occurs in the cell organelle—Chloroplasts.)
3. False 4. False, They called autotrophs.
5. True
G. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b)
4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (b)
7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b)
10. (a)
H. 1 ® (c) 2 ® (e) 3 ® (a)
4 ® (b) 5 ® (d)
I. 1. Chloroplasts : They are the organelles in the cells of green plants which contain chlorophyll
and where photosynthesis takes place.
Stomata : The tiny pores present on the surface of the leaves of the plants for the exchange

of gases are called as stomata.
2.

Autotrophs Heterotrophs
1. Autotrophs are those organisms which 1. Heterotrophs are those organisms
can obtain their food from in organic which cannot obtain their own food.
sources in the form of CO2 and water. They depend directly or indirectly on
e.g. green plants and some bacteria. the other animals.
2. Autotrophs use simple food material 2. Heterotrophs use complex substances
for obtaining energy. for obtaining energy.

3.
Xylem Phloem
1. Xylem consists of tracheids vessels, 1. Phloem consists of sieve tubes,
xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres. companion cell, phloem parenchyma
and phloem fibres.
2. They transport water and minerals 2. They transport food from leaves to
vertically from soil to aerial parts of the other parts of the plant.
plant.
[Teacher’s Handbook for N.T. in Biology–7] [11]
 4. Variegated leaves : Some plants whose leaves are partly green and partly white are the
variegated leaves.
Simple Leaves : Most of the plants have leaves which are totally green are the simple leaves.

5. (a) Stoma is the opening where as guard cells are the surrounding of the stoma.
(b) Guard cells and stoma are the part of stomatal aperture.
(c) Guard cells are the kidney or bean shaped cells that enclose an opening which is called
as stoma.

4. RESPIRATION
A. 1. Lenticels 2. Anaerobic respiration 3. Diffusion
4. Aerobic 5. Anaerobic respiration
B. 1. Anaerobic respiration produces an oxygen debt. This is the amount of oxygen needed to
oxidise lactic acid to CO2 and H2O.
2. Aerobic respiration released more energy.
3. Lenticels of the roots is involved in the exchange of respiratory gases.
4. Diffusion is the process by which plant parts like roots, stem and leaves get oxygen required
for respiration.
5. Cracks in the bark or through slits called lenticles are the areas in a woody stems where
respiratory exchange takes place.
C. 1. This is because the air between the soil particles surrounding the roots gets expelled by water
and fresh atmospheric oxygen required for aerobic respiration is unable to reach the roots.
Under these circumstances the root may respire anaerobically and produce alcohols but the
alcohol ultimately kills the plants.
2.
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
1. It is the process of breakdown of 1. It is the process of breakdown of
glucose in the presence of oxygen. glucose in the absence of oxygen.
2. Glucose is completely oxidised. 2. Glucose is incompletely oxidised.
3. The end products formed are CO2, H2O 3. The end products formed are CO2, ethyl
and energy. alcohol and energy in case of plants.
4. Energy released is more. 4. Energy released is less.
5. It takes place in all higher organisms. 5. It takes place in lower organisms like
yeast.

3. (a) Respiration in the Root : The roots of a plant take the oxygen required for respiration
from the air present in between the soil particles by the process of diffusion. The root
hair are in contact with the air in the soil. Oxygen diffuses into root hairs and reaches all
other cells of the root for the respiration.
(b) Respiration in Stem : The stems of most herbaceous plants have stomata. The exchange
of respiratory gases takes place through stomata. The oxygen from air diffuses into the

[12] [Teacher’s Handbook for N.T. in Biology–7]

 stem of a herb plant through stomata and reaches all the cells for respiration. The carbon
dioxide gas produced during respiration diffuses out into the air through the same
stomata. If the stem is woody then the gaseous exchange takes place through the cracks
in bark or through slits called lenticels.
(c) Respiration in leaves : The exchange of respiratory gases in the leaves takes place
by the process of diffusion through stomata. Oxygen from air diffuses into a leaf
through stomata and reaches all the cells where it is used in respiration. The carbon
dioxide produced during respiration diffuses out from leaf into the air through same
stomata.
4. In yeast, anaerobic respiration takes place, in which glucose is partially oxidised into lactic
acid or ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen.
In human beings, aerobic respiration takes place in which the oxygen enters the lungs and
then the cells of the body is used for oxidation of a glucose. In this process food is completely
oxidised to form carbon dioxide and water.
5. Importance of respiration in Plants : At night, when photosynthesis stops then the plant
only breaks down food by respiration. Then its leaves take in oxygen. In plants, respiration
takes place in different ways. Plants respire through their parts such as stem, roots, leaves etc.
Respiration in plants also involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. So respiration
is very important for plants.
D. 1. Bacteria 2. Anaerobes
3. Fermentation 4. Yeast
5. Diffusion
E. 1. Respiration 2. Lenticels
3. Anaerobic 4. Carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol, energy
5. ATP 6. Lenticles
7. Lactic acid 8. Aerobic respiration
9. Breathing 10. Mitochondria
F. 1. False, it occurs in the presence of oxygen.
2. False, less energy is released.
3. False, it is catabolic
4. False, it is CO2, H2O, Energy.
5. False, glucose incompletely oxidised during anaerobic respiration.
G. 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a)
4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (c)
7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (a)
10. (b)
H. 1 ® (d) 2 ® (b) 3 ® (e)
4 ® (a) 5 ® (c)

[Teacher’s Handbook for N.T. in Biology–7] [13]

I. 1.
Respiration Photosynthesis
1. It takes place in all living organisms. 1. It takes place only in green plants.
2. Seat of respiration is mitochondria. 2. Seat of photosynthesis is chloroplast.
3. It occurs during day and night. 3. It occurs only during daytime.
4. Breakdown of sugar takes place and 4. Synthesis of sugar takes place and oxy-
carbon dioxide is given out. gen is given out.

2.
Lenticels Stomata
1. Located on the stems and branches of 1. Located on the lower surface of
woody plants. dicot leaves, both surfaces of monocot
leaves.
2. Remain open every time. 2. Remain open during daytime.
3.

Cellular Respiration Breathing

1. It is the oxidative breakdown of 1. It is taking in of fresh air and giving out
glucose. of foul air.
2. It is a biochemical process. 2. It is a physical process.
3. It produces energy and stores in the 3. It consumes energy.
form of ATP.
4. It is an interacellular process. 4. It is an extracellular process.
5. A series of respiratory enzymes bring 5. No enzymes are involved.
about the oxidation.

4.
Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration
1. It is the process of breakdown of 1. It is the process of breakdown of
glucose in the presence of oxygen. glucose in the absence of oxygen.
2. Glucose is completely oxidised. 2. Glucose is incompletely oxidised.
3. The end products formed are CO2, H2O 3. The end products formed are CO2,
and energy. ethyl alcohol and energy in case of
plants.
4. Energy released is more. 4. Energy released is less.
5. It takes place in all higher organisms. 5. It takes place in lower organisms like
yeast.

5.
Respiration Fermentation
1. It is a fundamental process of energy 1. It is the partial oxidation of glucose in
release in all living organisms. the absence of O2 during ethyl alcohol
and CO2.
[14] [Teacher’s Handbook for N.T. in Biology–7]
 THEME 4. HUMAN BODY
5. EXCRETORY SYSTEM
A. 1. Nephron 2. Urination 3. Osmoregulation 4. Dialysis
B. 1. (a) Excretion is a process of removal of metabolic waste materials from the body.
(b) Micturition the passages of urineto the outside.
(c) Nephronthe functional and filtering units of kidneys.
(d) Osmoregulation is control of the levels of water and mineral salts in the blood. It is a
homeostatic mechanism.
2. Excretion is the removal of the waste products by an organism. Waste products such as
carbon dioxide, urine, sweat should be removed. If they are allowed to accumulate they cause
poisoning which slows down vital chemical reactions.
3. Kidneys are present just below the stomach, one on either side of the vertebral column.
4. Kidneys, skin, lungs, liver and large intestine are the excretory organs present in man.
C. 1. Urine formation : It involves three steps :
Stage-I : Filtration
Chemicals from the blood in the glomeruli are filtered into the capsules and then through
the thin walls of the capsules into the tubules. The filtrate contains no blood cells or proteins
but has wastes like urea in it.
Stage-II : Reabsorption
As the filtrate moves down the tubules, useful substances like sugars, amino acids, water and
salts are reabsorbed by the cells of the walls of the tubules so that the levels of chemicals in
the blood remain constant. This stage is controlled by hormones.
Stage-III : Secretion
The chemicals which are not reabsorbed stay in the nephrons and are excreted. They collect
the pelvis of each kidney and become urine.
2. For Diagram see Book Page No. 67.
3. Excretion in human beings and other mammals is also brought about by some additional
organs such as lungs, liver, skin and large intestine known as accessory excretory organs.
(a) Lungs : Lungs are also said to be the additional excretory organs. They help in the removal
of metabolic wastes of respiration, i.e., water and CO2.
(b) Liver : It helps indirectly in removing the nitrogenous wastes. i.e., it convert highly toxic
ammonia to less toxic urea, which in turn removed by the kidneys.
(c) Skin : The human skin possesses glands for secreting two fluids on its surface, namely
sweat from the sweat glands and sebum from sebaceous glands.
(d) Large intestine : It is responsible for transporting waste so it can be excreted.
4. Functions of Kidneys :
(i) Elimination of toxic substances.
(ii) Regulation of water balance.
(iii) Regulation of blood pressure.
(iv) Excretion of nitrogenous waste products.
(v) Helps in osmoregulation.
[Teacher’s Handbook for N.T. in Biology–7] [15]
 5. Common disorders of the Kidneys in man :
(i) Haematuria (Blood in urine) : In this disease blood is passed out along with urine. The
usual cause of this diseases is the toxin produced in certain types of fever and infection
in urinary tract, kidney stone or tumour.
(ii) Uraemia : In this disease excessive urea is retained in the blood because of the failure of
nephrons to extract urea from the blood.
(iii) Glycosuria (Glucose in the urine) : In this disease the level of blood sugar rises to a very
great extent.
(iv) Kidney stones : Kidney stones are formed by the precipitation of uric acid and salts like
calcium oxalate. They cause severe pain and blockade when present in the ureters, urinary
bladder or urethra.
6. Nephrons : The purpose of urine formation is the filtration of blood to eliminate all the
excretory substances. To filter all the impurities from the blood numerous clusters of
capillaries called glomeruli are present in the kidneys. These glomeruli are present in a cup
shaped Bowman’s capsules of nephrons which are the functional units of kidneys. Nephrons
filter the waste products from the blood. Blood is filtered in the nephrons to eliminate wastes
like salts, urea, uric acid and excess of water from urine.
D. 1. Lungs 2. Skin
E. 1. Urea 2. Dialysis
3. Urination 4. Haematuria
5. Nephrons
F. 1. True
2. False, these are nephrons
3. False
4. True
G. 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b)
4. (b)
H. 1 ® (c) 2 ® (e) 3 ® (b)
4 ® (d) 5 ® (a)
I. Differentiate between the following :
(i) Ureter and Urethra
Ureters : are a pair of long tubes which extend from kidneys. Ureters carry urine from the

kidneys to urinary bladder.
Urethra : is a small tube leading from the floorof the bladder to the exterior. The female

urethra serves as passage way for urine only whereas in males, it serves as a panogeway of
semen as well as urine.
(ii) Excretion and excretory organs : Excretion is a process of removal of metabolic waste
materials from the body.
Excretory organs : Excretion in human beings and other mammals is also brought about

by some additional organs such as lungs, liver, skin and large intestine known as accessory
excretory organs.

[16] [Teacher’s Handbook for N.T. in Biology–7]

 (iii) Filtration and Reabsorption :
Filtration : Chemicals from the blood in the glomeruli are filtered into the capsules and then
through the thin walls of the capsules into the tubules. The filtrate contains no blood cells or
proteins but has wastes like urea in it.
Reabsorption : As the filterate mones down the tubules, useful substances liek sugars, amino
acids water and salts are reasbsorbed by the cells of the walls of the tubuls so that the levels
of chemical in the blood remainconstant. This stage is controlled by hormones.
(iv)
Male Urethra Female Urethra
Length Its length is about 20 cm It is almost 4cm in length
Diameter 8-9 mm 6 mm
Parts It has four parts; pre-prostatic It has no specific regions.
region; prostatic region, membra-
nous and penial
Opening It opens at the top of the penis by It opens in front of the vaginal
the urinogenital aperture. aperture by the urinary aperture.
Role It transports urine as well as semen It transports only urine to the
to the exterior. exterior.
Common Diseases Kidney stones Urethritis and Kidney stones

6. NERVOUS SYSTEM
A. 1. Neuron 2. Cerebrum 3. Synapse
4. Meninges 5. Cerebrum 6. Cerebellum
7. Receptor 8. Cyton 9. Stimulus
10. Skull
B. 1. Stimulus : An agent or a change in the external or internal environment that induces reaction
in the body.
2. Functions of cerebellum :
(a) It helps to maintain the balance or equilibrium during movement.
(b) It controls and coordinates the muscular activity.
3. Brain is formed of grey matter and white matter. The grey matter is mainly composed of cell
bodies of neurons and forms the outer layer of the brain.
The white matter contains axons that joins to form nerves and forms the inner layer of brain.
4. It is the top portion of the skull, which protects the brain. The cranium includes the frontal,
pariental, occipital, temporal, sphenoid and ethmoid bones.
5. The functional junction between two neurons is called synapse.
C. 1. Different Parts of the Brain and Their Functions
Parts of the brain Functions
Forebrain
Cerebrum Conscious awareness of senses.
(cerebral hemispheres) Interpretation of sensory information. This is called
perception.
[Teacher’s Handbook for N.T. in Biology–7] [17]
 (largest part of the brain) Voluntary control of body’s muscles.
Memory, personality, intelligent thoughts, language and
speech.
Thalamus Directs impulses from the senses to the appropriate parts of
the cerebrum.
Directs impulses from the cerebrum to the appropriate parts
of the body.
Hypothalamus Regulates body temperature, heart rate, sexual development
and contains centres which cause feelings of hunger and
thirst.
Olfactory lobes They contain receptors which are the organs of smell.
Regulates growth.
Pituitary gland Controls reflex movements of head, neck and trunk in
response to visual and auditory stimuli.
Midbrain Controls wakefulness and sleep.
Hindbrain contains the cardiac and respiratory centres.
Regulates swallowing, coughing, sneezing and vomiting.
Medulla oblongata It regulates respiration
Pons Controls posture and balance.
Cerebellum Controls delicate muscle movements such as writing or
playing musical instrument.
2.
Parts of the Neuron Structure and Functions
Cell body The main part of the neuron consisting of cyto-
plasm and nucleus.
Dendrites Short, branched processes which receive nerve
impulses and transmit them towards the cell
body. They are grey in colour and make up the
grey matter of the brain and spinal cord.
Axon Single, longest, unbranched processes which
transmits impulses away from the cell body to
the targest cell. They are white in colour and
make up white matter of brain and spinal cord.

3. For Diagram see book Page No. 81 Activity 5.

4. (i) Cerebrum : Seat of intelligence, memory and control of voluntary activities.
Cerebellum : Co-ordinates muscular activities and maintain the body balance.
(ii) Spinal nerves : Spinal nerves arieses from spinal cord. They are 31 pairs.
Cranial nerves : Cranial nerves arises from brain. These are 12 pairs.
(iii) Cerebrum : Seat of intelligence, memory and control of voluntary activities.
Medulla oblongata : Concerned with respiratory movements, heartbeat and dilation of blood
vessels.
D. 1. Nerve impulse, it is not the part of neuron others are the parts of neuron.
2. Cranial nerve, it is not the part of brain others are the parts of brain.

[18] [Teacher’s Handbook for N.T. in Biology–7]

 3. Sneezing, it is an allergic disease but others are not diseases.
4. Dendrites are the parts of neuron but others are the parts of brain.
5. Axons, it is the part of neuron others are the parts of brain.
E. 1. Nerve cells 2. Spinal cord
3. Nerve 4. Cerebral hemisphere
5. Meninges 6. 31 pairs
7. Cerebrum 8. Cerebellum
9. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 10. Synapse
F. 1. False, it consists of brain and spinal cord.
2. True
3. False, Function of two neurons is called synapse.
3. False, it is cerebellum
4. False, carry message from brain and spinal cord to the body parts.
5. False
6. True
7. False, blood pressure, salivation and vomiting are controlled by the medulla oblongata.
8. True
G. 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b)
4. (b) 5. (c)
H. 1 ® (g) 2 ® ( j) 3 ® (f)
4 ® (b) 5 ® (a) 6 ® (e)
7 ® (c) 8 ® (i) 9 ® (d)
10 ® (h)

THEME 5 : HEALTH AND HYGIENE

7. ALLERGY
A. 1. Anaphylaxis 2. Contact dermatitis 3. Eczema
4. Allergen 5. Seasonal allergies
B. 1. An allergy is the hypersensitiveness of a person to some foreign substances entering the body
or coming in contact with.
2. Most common types of allergies are : Seasonal allergies and Perennial allergies. Seasonal
allergies just come and go with the seasons. Perennial are year round, indoor allergies to
things like dust, mould, cockroaches etc.
3 To find an allergy’s cause, allergiest usually do skin tests in one or two ways :
A drop of purified liquid form of the allergen is dropped into the skin and the area is pricked
with a small pricking device. If a person reacts to the allergen. The skin will swell a little in that
area.
A small amount of allergen is injected just under a skin. After 15 min if a lump surrounded by
a reddish area appears at the injection site, the test is positive.
4. During an allergic reaction, several parts of the body’s immune system are activated by and
help attack the allergen. Immune cells called lymphocytes produce large numbers of proteins
[Teacher’s Handbook for N.T. in Biology–7] [19]
 called antibodies. Antibodies combine with the allergen to cause the release of certain
substances from the body cells into the blood and other body fluid. The result of all these
actions is so called inflammatory response which is responsible for the symptoms such as
sneezing, or a rash coughing a even vomiting.
5. Most reactions aren’t serious, but some, like anaphylaxis, can be fatal. It can make you stop
breathing or cause your blood pressure to drop too low. Allergies can’t be cured, but there
are lots of treatments to relieve the symptoms. If you have severe allergy, see a doctor and
get it treated. Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs immediately upon
exposure to the allergen trigger. It affects the entire body. Histamines and other chemicals
are released from various tissues throughout the body, causing dangerous symptoms like :
l narrowed airways and difficulty breathing l chest pain and heart palpitations

l sudden drop in blood pressure and shock l slurred speech

l swelling of the face or tongue l loss of consciousness

l vomitting or diarrhoea.

6. An allergy is anything that causes your body to create an immune response that actually
harms you. When you come into contact with a substance you’re allergic to, your body treats
it like an invader and goes into defence. These reactions can be anythign from a mild case of
hives and headache to severe sinus or breathing issues, to something called anaphylaxis. Hay
fever is one of the most common allergy. e.g., Egg allergies are mostly common in children
and are usually outgrown but not always. The proteins that cause the allergic reaction are
actually only present in the egg white; however, all eggs must be avoided as it’s impossible
to not cross contaminate the egg yolk and white.
7. Most common allergens are Milk, eggs, peanuts, wheat and other pollen grains with gluten
including barley, rye and oats, fish shellfish etc.
C. 1. Antihistamines are the drugs that reduce the effects of histamines. Another helpful treatment
is desensitization which is done for those suffers who are allergic to insect venom or some
kind of pollens.
We can prevent allergies by applying following :
(i) Use of zippered covers on pillows and mattress.
(ii) Don’t let pets sleep with you.
(iii) Clean your bath tub frequently because the green stuff that is formed in the bath tub
may result in sneezing. Whleezing and other allergic reactions.
(iv) Wear a face mask for protection against air borne allergens and pollutants.
Remember, “Prevention is better than Curve”.
2. Anaphylaxis is a life treatening allergic reaction that occurs immediately upon exposure to
the allergen trigger. It affects the entire body. Histamines and other chemicals are relased
from various throughout the body, causing dangerous symptoms like narrowed airways, and
difficulty breathing.
3. Symptoms of Allergic Reactions : Allergies occur when the immune system produces
antibodies and sensitizes white blood cells.
Common symptoms at mild allergic reaction :
Sneezing, Nasal congestion, Inflammmation of the eyes, Watery, red eyes, Rashes
[20] [Teacher’s Handbook for N.T. in Biology–7]
 Symptoms at a moderate or severe reactions ;

(i) Abdominal pain, anxiety and cough
(ii) Chest discomfort, difficulty in breathing.
(iii) Nausea or vomiting
(iv) Redness of the face
(v) Swelling of the face, eyes or tongue
(vi) Difficulty in swallowing, dizziness or light headedness.
4. Entry Routes of Allergens
Allergens may be inhaled, ingested (eaten or swallowed), applied to the skin, or injected into
the body either as a medication or inadvertently by an insect sting.
Following are the routes of allergens :
(i) Allergens that come in contact with the skin : These cause reddening, itching or
blistering. This condition is called contact dermatitis. Skin reactions can also occur when
allergens enter the body through other routes such as mouth or nose.
(ii) Allergens that are in air : These can enter into the body through nose casusing
bronchitis, asthma, hay-fever or conjunctivities (pink eye).
(iii) Allergens in food can enter the body through mouth : These allergens can cause itching
and swelling of the lips and throat, cramps and diarrhoea. If they get entry into the blood,
the allergens can cause hives or more serious reactions. Hives are red, itchy blotches on
the skin.
(iv) Allergens through bites and stings or drug administration (injections) : In such cases,
all allergens go directly into the blood stream. They are then carried to other parts of the
body where they can exert their effects.
5. Following precautions should be taken to a prone person :
(i) Avoid triggers such as foods and medicines that have caused an allergic reaction in the
past.
(ii) If someone is allergic to food. He/she should be given single food items that too in small
amount so that can easily recognize an allergic reaction.
(iii) Carpets should be clean with anti-allergen treatments, it will reduce symptoms from this
huge allergy source.
(iv) Keep humidity levels down to 35-40% with dehumidifiers or air conditioners to reduce
the growth of mould and dust mite populations.
(v) If your child has asthma, make sure to create an Asthma Action Plan with medications and
doctor’s contact information to share with schools, caregivers and teachers.
(vi) Wear a face mask for protection against air borne allergens and pollutants.
D. 1. Animal dander
2. Hay fever
3. Retarded growth
4. Corn
5. Drug administration
[Teacher’s Handbook for N.T. in Biology–7] [21]
E. 1. Hey fever 2. Skin rash, headache etc.
3. Stimulate 4. Food allergens
5. Blood, skin 6. Protein
7. Allergen 8. Seasonal, perennial
9. Photosensitivity 10. Asthma
F. 1. False, Contact dermatitis is allergy of the skin.
2. False, They called antibodies not antigens.
3. False, Allergens are the antigens which include dust, pollen, certain foods, drugs or fur.
4. True
5. False, it is not same.
6. True
G. 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a)
4. (d) 5. (c)
H. 1 ® (e) 2 ® (d) 3 ® (a)
4 ® (b) 5 ® (c)
I. 1.
Antibody : An antibody is a protein made by a body’s immune system.
Antigens : Antigens are proteins or carbohydrates, but they do not normally belong to the
body.
Photosensitivity : Photosensitivity is not the same as sunburn. It occurs when body’s immune
2.
system reacts to light.
Sunburn : Sunburn occurs when the amount of sun or ultraviolet light exposure exceeds the
ability of the body’s pigment called melanin to protect the skin.
Seasonal allergies : They come and go with the seasons. The most common spring and
3.
summer allergies triggers are tree pollen, which crops up in April and May, grass in May to
July and ragweed from August to September.
Perennial allergies : These are year round, indoor allergies to things like dust, mould,
cockroaches, feathers and pet dander.
Allergy : It is the hypersensitiveness of a person to some foreign substances entering the body
4.
or coming in contact with.
Allergens : These are the proteins or carbohydrates but they do not normally belongs to the
body.
Anaphylaxis : Food allergens can also cause anaphylaxis which is a life threatening condition
5.
in which tissues swell up and begin to close the throat. A person may go into convulsion or
coma.
Asthma : A lung condition in which air ways (alveoli) become narrowed, causing coughing and
shortness of breathe.

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