Wireless Communications: Multipath Fading

Wireless Communications
Lecture 9
Propagation Modelling
Multipath Fading
Quiz
1) Propagation models that characterizes the rapid fluctuations of
the received signal strength over very short travel distances or
short time durations are called Small scale propagation models
2) Propagation models that predicts the mean signal strength for an
arbitrary transmitter-receiver (T-R) separation distance are
called large scale propagation models
3) Isotropic antenna is an ideal or theoretical antenna which
radiates equal power in all directions with unity gain
4) In free space transmission, the signal attenuation increases

a) proportionally with distance
b) proportionally with the square distance
c) proportionally with distance cube
Quiz
5) When transmitting over a perfectly reflecting, smooth, plane earth,
the path loss tends to increase
a) linearly with distance
b) with the square of distance
c) with distance cube
d) with the fourth power of distance
6) Consider a cellular operator, who must select an appropriate

frequency reuse distance. If radio propagation attenuation
increases rapidly with distance, his cellular systems will be
a) relatively inefficient.
b) relatively efficient
7) In space wave approximation the

Received field strength = LOS + Ground reflected wave
Quiz
8) The path difference ∆ in two ray model is given by
2hthr/d
9) EIRP is given by Pt x Gt
10) Propagation around a corner’ is due to the
Diffraction mechanism.
11) Total path length increases by λ/2 for successive
circles in fresnal zone geometry
12) Majority of power reaching the receiver is contained in
first Fresnal zone
Quiz
13) diffraction loss will be minimal when 55% of first fresnal
zone is clear
14) Write down the relation for hsurf. hsurf < λ/(8sin(θi))
15) In terms of hsurf. When is the surface rough ? When
hsurf > λ/(8sin(θi))
16) the ref coefficient for rough surfaces must be
modified by Γrough= Γ ρs
17) Log-distance model is given by
Path Loss(dB)~PL(d0)+10 n log(d/d0)
Write down what each variable represents?
PL is the path loss to a reference distance d0(measured)
d is the distance between r/r and d0
n is path loss exponent and depends upon the environment
Quiz
18) The difference between area mean power and local mean
power is area mean power is an average over 100 m - 5 km
whereas local mean power is an average over 40 λ (few meters)
19) The instantaneous power is related to the manufacturer
Whereas the area mean power and local mean power are
related to the operator
20)The okumara model is represented by
L50(dB)=LF + Amu(f,d) – G(hte) – G(hre) – Garea
Write down what each variable represents.
LF= free space loss, Amu(f,d)= median attenuation (urban), G(hte)=
effective transmitter antenna height Gain, G(hre) = effective
receive antenna height Gain, Garea = gain due to area
(geographical)
Quiz
21)Okumara developed set of curves which gives
median attenuation relative to free space in an urban
area Amu. Where ht=200m & hr=3m These curves are
plotted both as a function of frequency and distance
between the base station and mobile terminal.
22) Hata model is valid for frequencies 150 – 1500 MHz
whereas okumara’s model is valid for frequencies
150-1920MHz(extrapolated to 3000MHz)
Assignment 1
Assignment 1
A radio link has a base station transmitter power of 100
Watts, with a transmitter antenna gain of 20dBi with a
connecting cable of length 2m connecting the
transmitter antenna to the transmitter. The cable has
a loss of 0.1 dB per meter. The receiving end of the
link has a receiving antenna gain of 3.2 dBi with the
receiver cable length 2m.
If the system operates with a 1 GHz carrier frequency
develop the link budget in tabular form for transmit to
receive path lengths of
1)10 Km
2) 36000 Km
Solution
Given data
Pt = 100 Watts = 20 dB
Gt = 20dBi
Lt= 2 x 0.1 = 0.2 dB
Lr= 2 x 0.1 = 0.2 dB
Gr=3.2 dBi
F= 109 Hz
λ=c/f =0.3 m assume ht= 30m and hr= 10m
1) Link budget is given by
Pr,= Pt-Lt+Gt+20Log(4πR/λ)+Gr-Lr+F
Where F=(2+2cos(phase diff))1/2
Phase diff = path difference x 2π/λ
For path difference we have
∆= 2 ht hr/d
so phase difference = 0.06 x 2π/λ = (0.4 π) rad
phase diff = 0.4 π x 180/ π = 72˚
F=1.61
so
Pr = 20 – 0.2 + 20+ 20log[(4π x 10000)/0.3] + 3.2 – 0.2 + 1.6 = 157.65 dB
Do the same for part 2)
Doppler spread & Coherence Time
These are the parameters which describe the time
varying nature of the channel in a small scale region.
Doppler spread
• Range of frequencies over which the received
Doppler spectrum is non-zero.
• Components are fc + fd, fc – fd ; where fd is Doppler
spread.
• Depends on relative velocity of the mobile and angle
θ.
Doppler spread & Coherence Time
Coherence time
• Describe the time varying nature of the frequency
dispersive ness.
• A statistical measure of the time duration over which
the channel impulse response is essentially invariant.
• Coherence time is the time duration over which
received signals have a strong potential for amplitude
correlation.
• Tc = 1/fm inverse relation b/w Tc and doppler spread.
• Tc=9/16πfm for 0.5 time correlation function.
• Tc=0.423/fm popular equation used in modern digital
communication ; geometric mean of the first two.
Example
Determine the proper spatial sampling interval to make
small-scale propagation measurements which
assumes that consecutive samples are highly
correlated in time. How many samples will be
required over 10m travel distance if fc= 1900 MHz
and v= 50 m/s. How long will it take to make these
measurements, assuming they could be made in real
time from a moving vehicle, what is the doppler
spread.
Assignment 2
Q1)Determine the maximum and minimum spectral
frequency received from a stationary transmitter that
has a centre frequency of exactly 1950 MHz,
assuming that the receiver is travelling at speeds of
a) 1 km/hr
b) 5 km/hr
c) 1000km/hr
Q2) describe all the physical circumstances that relates
to a stationary transmitter and a moving receiver
such that the doppler shift at the receiver is equal to
a)0 Hz , b) fdmax, c) – fdmax and d)fdmax/2

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Wireless Communications

4) In free space transmission, the signal attenuation increases

6) Consider a cellular operator, who must select an appropriate

7) In space wave approximation the

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