A Control Method for Battery Energy Storage System

Based on MMC

Ren Bin, Xu Yonghai, Lan Qiaoqian

State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources
North China Electric Power University
Beijing, China
Contact email：371008737@qq.com

Abstract—A battery energy storage system based on modular voltage are discussed, which is in the topology combined with
multilevel converter is proposed in this paper, which has many MMC and BESS [6]. The optimal parameters design of MMC
advantages, including easy expansibility, simple structure and topology used in energy storage system is introduced in [7].
high reliability. The system is capable of compensating active Comparison of cascaded H-Bridge and MMC for BESS
and reactive power simultaneously, applied for high capacity application is researched in [8].
and high power situation. The mathematical model of system is
built and its circulating current suppressing control method is However, the circulating current and suppressing strategy
introduced in this paper. The circulating current is analyzed in of the combined system is not discussed so far. The
situation of different power output, and circulating current mathematical model of system is built and its control method
suppressing method is proposed. The simulation model of the is introduced in this paper. The circulating current is analyzed
system is built in PSCAD/EMTDC, the feasibility of proposed in situation of different power output, and its suppressing
control method is validated by simulation results. method is proposed. The feasibility of proposed control
method is validated by simulation.
Key word—modular multilevel converter, battery energy storage
system, circulating current, control method. II. BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM BASED
ON MMC
I. INTRODUCTION The topology of battery energy storage system based on
A large scale wind power, solar and other new energy modular multilevel converter (MMC-BESS) is shown in Fig. 1,
integration challenge the safety and stability of power system L0 is arm reactor of MMC. The storage units are connected to
because their randomness and intermittent [1]. Using large each sub-module in a distributed way, by a bidirectional DC-
energy storage system can smooth out the fluctuation of wind DC converter. The bidirectional DC-DC converter consists of
power and solar power, and solve the problem of low voltage two IGBT and two anti-parallel diodes. LDC _ bat is the link
ride through (LVRT), which can achieve the goal of new
energy access to the grid friendly and their coordination inductor of bidirectional DC/DC, ubat is DC voltage of the
control [2]. energy storage unit, R is internal resistance of the battery.
MMC is mainly used in DC transmission in the past
research and engineering applications. The hotspots of MMC
are coordinate control scheme of MMC-HVDC, voltage
balance of sub-module capacitor and circulating current
suppressing strategy. BESS has advantages of high energy
density, mature technology and low-cost [3]. Besides, BESS
can increase the capacity through casing lots of battery packs,
and high control flexibility make it more suitable for the
system of higher power and higher capacity. Because of the
advantages of MMC converter and BESS, the combination of LDC _ bat R

them is applied in some studies [4]. Active power balance

control of MMC converter with BESS is carried out. And I

simulations under balanced and unbalanced battery voltage are

conducted [5]. The voltage balance control scheme of sub-
module capacitor and operation under unbalanced system
Figure 1. Topology of MMC-BESS

This paper is funded by the National High Technology Research and

Development of China（863 Programme: 2011AA05A113）.
 III. ANALYSIS ON MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND MMC discussed before in stationary frame. And the
CIRCULATING CURRENT OF MMC-BESS transformation matrix is the T shown in equation (3).
A. Mathematical Model of MMC-BESS
The equivalent circuit of MMC-BESS is shown in Fig. 2. ⎡ 2π 2π ⎤
⎢cos θ cos(θ −
3
) cos(θ + ) ⎥
3
⎢ ⎥
2⎢ 2π 2π ⎥
T= sin θ sin(θ − ) sin(θ + ) (3)
3⎢ 3 3 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 1 1
1
i pa i pb i pc udc ⎥
2
L0 ⎢⎣ 2 2 2 ⎥⎦
R0
Ignoring the zero-sequence component of MMC output,
and the relationship of MMC AC output under dq frame can
be conducted after the rotation transformation applied in (2)
which is shown in equation (4).

ina inb in c 1
udc
2 d ⎡isd ⎤ 1 ⎡ R −ω L ⎤ ⎡isd ⎤ 1 ⎡usd ⎤ 1 ⎡ucd ⎤
⎢ ⎥= ⎢ ⎥ + ⎢ ⎥ − ⎢ ⎥ (4)
dt ⎣isq ⎦ L ⎢⎣ω L R ⎥⎦ ⎣isq ⎦ L ⎣usq ⎦ L ⎣ucq ⎦

In (4), isd, isq, usd, usq, ucd and ucq are instantaneous value of
dq component of MMC AC side current, system voltage and
Figure 2. Equivalent circuit of MMC-BESS
equivalent voltage of MMC AC side output respectively.
Applying KVL to the AC side of MMC, equation (1) can Introducing the differential operator s to (4), equation (5)
be derived. can be conducted as follow.

⎧ 1 1 1 ⎡ucd ⎤ ⎡ − sL + R −ω L ⎤ ⎡isd ⎤ ⎡usd ⎤

⎪uca = 2 udc − u pa = una − 2 udc = 2 (una − u pa ) ⎢u ⎥ = ⎢ ⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥ (5)
⎣ cq ⎦ ⎣ ω L − sL + R ⎥⎦ ⎣isq ⎦ ⎣usq ⎦
⎪
⎪ 1 1 1 (1)
⎨ucb = udc − u pb = unb − udc = (unb − u pb )
⎪ 2 2 2 According to Instantaneous Power Theory and regardless
⎪ 1 1 1 of the loss, the active power of BESS must be equal to the
⎪ ucc = 2 udc − u pc = unc − 2 udc = 2 (unc − u pc ) active output of AC side, as shown in equation (6).
⎩

In (1), ucx is the equivalent output voltage of MMC AC

side, udc is voltage of MMC common bus, upa, una are voltage pac = usa ia + usb ib + usc ic = ∑ usm ibat = pdc (6)
of upper and lower arm respectively.
After the dq rotational transmission of (6), equation (7) can
Then the output of AC side can be described with equation
be conducted.
(2).

3
⎧ dia p ac = u sd isd = ∑u i
d bat (7)
⎪ L dt + Ria = usa − uca 2
⎪
⎪ dib The relationship of ibat of BESS and the d-axis component
⎨L + Rib = usb − ucb (2)
⎪ dt of MMC AC side can be revealed in (7).
⎪ dic
⎪ L dt + Ric = usc − ucc B. Analysis of Circulating Current under Different Power
⎩
Situation
In (2), L is the equivalent value of MMC connection The MMC topology is symmetrical strictly, and the current
reactor, L = 0.5 L0 . L0 is the value of MMC arm reactor. R is of upper and lower arm is equal to half of AC side current [9].
So, the internal circulating current can be shown as equation
the equivalent value of MMC arm resistance, R = 0.5 R0 .usx (8).
are voltage of grid, ix are current of grid, and x=a, b, c.
In order to design the control system, the rotation
transformation should be conducted in mathematical model of
 ⎧ isx = inx − i px ⎧ UdcIdc
⎪
⎨ i px + inx (8) ⎪⎪Ppa(t) =upa(t)ipa(t) = 6 (1−msinωt) ⎡⎣1+k sin(ωt +ϕ)⎤⎦
(13)
⎪ izx = ⎨
⎩ 2 ⎪P (t) =u (t)i (t) = UdcIdc (1+msinωt) ⎡1−k sin(ωt +ϕ)⎤
⎪⎩ na na na
6 ⎣ ⎦
According the KVL, the relationship of voltage and
current can be conducted as shown in equation (9). The total instantaneous power of phase a can be calculated
as equation (14),

⎧ 1 di px
⎪⎪ usx = U dc − u px − L0 − R0i px
(9) Pa =
U dc I dc mkU dc I dc
− cos ϕ +
mkU dc I dc
cos ( 2ωt + ϕ ) (14)
2 dt
⎨ 3 6 6
⎪u = − 1 U + u + L dinx + R i
⎪⎩ sx 2
dc px 0
dt
0 nx
The DC component of the instantaneous power must be
zero, otherwise the MMC will be unstable. And the first two
The equation (10) is obtained by adding and subtracting terms of (14) are DC component, their sum is zero. So the
two equations of (9) above. total power of phase a arm can be shown as equation (15).

⎧ L0 disx R0 u − u px mkU dc I dc (15)

WPM _ AC (t ) = ∫ Pa (t )dt = sin ( 2ωt + ϕ )
⎪⎪ + isx = usx − nx 12ω
2 dt 2 2 (10)
⎨
u +
⎪ L dizx + R i = U dc − nx u px According to (15), the total voltage of phase a must
⎪⎩ 0 dt 0 zx contain twice the fundamental frequency component, which
2 2 can excite the circulating current. It is a negative sequenced,
frequency- doubled current. So, the current expression must
The first equation of (10) shows the output current is only
be corrected as equation (16).
related to the AC output voltage and the difference value of
upper and lower arm voltage. And the second equation of (10)
shows the three phases circulating current is only related to the ⎧ 1 1 1
⎪⎪i pa = 3 I dc + 2 ia = 3 I dc ⎣⎡1 + k sin (ωt + ϕ ) ⎦⎤ + I 2 f sin ( 2ωt + ϕ 2 f )
(16)
DC voltage and total voltage difference of one phase. In
⎨
summary, the energy unbalance of three phases is the major ⎪i = 1 I − 1 i = 1 I ⎡1 − k sin (ωt + ϕ ) ⎤ +I sin ( 2ωt + ϕ )
reason for the circulating current. ⎪⎩ na 3 dc 2 a 3 dc ⎣ ⎦ 2f 2f

As an example, the voltage and current of upper and lower In (16), I 2 f is the peak value of frequency-doubled
arm of phase a can be expressed as equations (11) and (12)
respectively. circulating current. ϕ 2 f is the initial phase angle of I 2 f .

To analysis the peak of harmonic circulation, duty-cycle

⎧ 1 1 mode description is used, the duty is approximate as
⎪⎪u pa = 2 U dc − usa = 2 U dc [1 − m sin(ωt ) ]
(11)
⎨
⎪u = 1 U + u = 1 U [1 + m sin(ωt ) ] ⎧ 1
⎪⎩ na 2 dc sa
2
dc ⎪⎪d pa = 2 ⎡⎣1 − m sin (ωt ) ⎤⎦ (17)
⎨
⎪d = 1 ⎡1 + m sin (ωt ) ⎤
⎪⎩ na 2 ⎣ ⎦
⎧ 1 1 1
⎪⎪i pa = 3 I dc + 2 ia = 3 I dc ⎡⎣1 + k sin (ωt + ϕ ) ⎤⎦ (12) Then equation (19) is obtained from equation (18) which
⎨ duty-cycle is used [10].
⎪i = 1 I − 1 i = 1 I ⎡1 − k sin (ωt + ϕ ) ⎤
⎪⎩ na 3 dc 2 a 3 dc ⎣ ⎦
⎧ d u cp a
Among (11) and (12), m, k, ϕ and ω are voltage ⎪C = d pa i pa (18)
⎨ dt
modulation index, current modulation index, power factor ⎪ u p a = d p a N u cp a
⎩
angle and system angular frequency.
The instantaneous power of upper and lower arm can be
conducted from (11) and (12), as shown in equation (13). ⎧ 1
⎪⎪u pa = d pa N C ∫ d pai pa dt (19)
⎨
⎪ u = d N 1 d i dt
⎪⎩ na C∫
na na na
 In (18) and (19), ucpa is voltage of sub-model, N is number current meet the maximum. And when the MMC-BESS
of sub-models, C is capacitance value of sub-model. generates active and reactive power at the same time, the peak
value of frequency- doubled circulating current is between the
From (17), (18) and (19), ignoring higher harmonic maximum and minimum.
components, the total second voltage fluctuation component of
phase a is obtained as follow. IV. CONTROL METHOD OF MMC-BESS
The major control schemes of the MMC-BESS include
dual-loop control of MMC, PWM control on DC/DC part and
∑ N ⎡ mkI m2I ⎤
u a = ⎢ dc sin ( 2ωt +ϕ) − dc sin ( 2ωt ) ⎥ − control on inner circulating current suppression of MMC-
C ⎣ 8ω 12ω ⎦ (20) BESS. Among the dual-loop control of MMC, the outer
control loop aims to power and voltage and the inner control
2
N 2m + 3 loop is adopted decoupled control scheme.
I2 f sin ( 2ωt +ϕ2 f )
C 12ω A. Inner Current Decoupling Control of MMC-BESS
It is indicated in (20) that, the second voltage fluctuation The direct current control algorithm under dq frame is
component is related to modulation index, power factor, Idc applied in current loop of MMC AC side. According (5), the
and I2f. (20) can be rewrited as components of d-axis and q-axis have coupling relationship.
The mathematical relationship what is used to decoupling two
components in PI regulator is shown as equation (25).
N ⎡ mkI dc jϕ m2 I dc ⎤ j 2ωt
u2 fa = − j ⎢ e − ⎥e +
C ⎣ 8ω 6ω ⎦ ⎡ Ki ⎤
(21) ⎢− K p − s ⎥
N 2m 2 + 3 ⎢ ⎥
jϕ 2 f j 2ωt ⎡ucd *⎤ ⎡isd * isd −isq ⎤ ⎢ K i ⎥ ⎡usd ⎤
j I2 f e e ⎢u *⎥ = ⎢i * i ⎥ Kp + + ⎢ ⎥ (25)
C 12ω ⎣ cq ⎦ ⎣ sq isd ⎦ ⎢ s ⎥ ⎣usq ⎦
sq
⎢ ⎥
The second voltage fluctuation component is also as ⎢ ωL ⎥
equation (22). ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

In (25), ucd*, ucq*, isd*and isq* are respectively the d-axis

u 2 fa = j 2 ( R 0 + j 2ω L0 ) I 2 f e
jϕ 2 f
e j 2ω t (22) and q-axis component of MMC AC side voltage and reference
current value.
From (21) and (22), equation (23) is obtained as follow B. Current Control of Bidirectional DC-DC Converter
[11].
When the BESS is in a state of releasing energy, the
bidirectional DC-DC converter works in buck mode. The buck
converter includes the switch of half-bridge module upper arm
mkI dc jϕ m 2 I dc
− e + T3, the diode of lower arm D4 and the inductance LDC _ bat . In
I2 f e
jϕ2 f
= 8ω 6ω (23)
4 R0C ⎛ 8ω L0C 2m 2 + 3 ⎞ contract, when the BESS is in a state of energy absorption, the
+ j⎜ − bidirectional DC-DC converter works in boost mode. The
N ⎝ N 6ω ⎟⎠ boost converter includes the switch of half-bridge module
lower arm T4, the diode of upper arm D3 and the
Then the peak value of frequency- doubled current is inductance LDC _ bat . The control diagram of the bidirectional
obtained as follow.
DC-DC converter is shown in Fig. 3.

9+( m4 −6m2 ) cos2 ϕ (24) *

I2 f = NIdc ibat
d
0 − N ( 3+ 2m ) ⎦
2
576ω2R02C2 + ⎡⎣48ω2LC 2
⎤ GPI PWM
ibat
The modulation index m meets the condition of
0 ≤ m ≤ 1 . In equation (24), so m 4 − 6m 2 < 0 can be
conducted. We can conclude that the peak value of circulating Figure 3. Control diagram of DC-DC converter
current is related to power factor. The peak value of
frequency- doubled circulating current meet the minimum
C. Circulating Current Suppression of MMC-BESS
when the MMC-BESS only generates active power.
Conversely, when the MMC-BESS only generates reactive According to Section III, the inner current idiffj of three
power, the peak value of frequency- doubled circulating
phases can be expressed as equation (26).
 ⎧ The control diagram of total system is shown in Fig. 5.
I
⎪ idiffa = dc + I2 f sin( 2ωt +ϕ0 )
⎪ 3 (26) I b*a t Ki
⎪⎪ Idc ⎡ ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎤ Idc ⎛ 2π ⎞
Pr e f 16NUsm_ref Kp +
s
⎨idiffb = + I2 f sin ⎢2⎜ωt − ⎟ +ϕ⎥ = + I2 f sin⎜ 2ωt +ϕ0 + ⎟ I bat _ sm
⎪ 3 ⎣ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎦ 3 ⎝ 3⎠
⎪ Idc ⎡ ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎤ Idc ⎛ 2π ⎞ ∑U I
sm bat _ sm

⎪idiffc = + I2 f sin ⎢2⎜ωt + ⎟ +ϕ⎥ = + I2 f sin⎜ 2ωt +ϕ0 − ⎟ 1.5Ud

⎩⎪ 3 ⎣ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎦ 3 ⎝ 3⎠ udc
idref ud
It is shown in (26) that circulating current of three phases Udcref
−K p _ udc +
K i _ udc
Kp +
Ki
+ ud_M
Ua _ M
s s
flows back and forth in accordance with the order of phase a- i sd
−
−
dq
Ia ωL Ub_ M
c-b. So the frequency- doubled circulating current can be Ib abc
changed into two DC components after negative sequenced Ic dq ωL
isq − Uc_ M
and frequency- doubled rotation transformation. The − Kp +
Ki − abc
s uq_M
transformation matrix is obtained when θ = 2 ω t is applied + uq
to (3). And the phase sequence of transformation matrix is a-c- iqref
Q ref 1 1.5ud
b. i px

in x
The udiffx can be combined with the (10). We can get the
inner voltage and current equation of MMC as shown in (20) Figure 5. Control diagram of MMC-BESS
di
after applying udiffx equal to L0 zx + R0izx .
dt V. SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF MMC-BESS
A 25-levels simulation model of MMC-BESS is built in
PSCAD/EMTDC. Assuming AC system is a single infinite
⎡udiffa ⎤ ⎡idiffa ⎤ ⎡idiffa ⎤ system, the rated voltage is 10kV, and the rated DC voltage
⎢ ⎥ d ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ (27) is U dc = ± 10.2 kV .Some important parameters of model are
⎢ udiffc ⎥ = L0 dt ⎢idiffc ⎥ + R0 ⎢ idiffc ⎥
⎢udiffb ⎥ ⎢idiffb ⎥ ⎢idiffb ⎥ listed below:
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Number of sub-model N=24;
Applying (26) into (27), and multiplied by transformation Rated voltage of sub-model is 0.85kV;
matrix, equation (28) can be conducted as follow.
Arm inductance L0=6.3mH;

⎡udiffd ⎤ d ⎡i2 fd ⎤ ⎡ 0 −2ωt ⎤ ⎡i2 fd ⎤ ⎡i2 fd ⎤ Sub-model rated voltage of BESS ubat=1kV;
⎢u ⎥ = L0 ⎢i ⎥ + ⎢ ⎢i ⎥ + R0 ⎢i ⎥ (28)
⎥
dt ⎣ 2 fq ⎦ ⎣2ωt 0 ⎦ ⎣ 2 fq ⎦ Sub-model inductance of charge and
⎣ diffq ⎦ ⎣ 2 fq ⎦
discharge LDC _ bat = 0.03H ;.
In (28), udiffj is the inner unbalanced voltage ; udiffd , udiffq , The waveform of power and circulating current under one
i2 fd and i2 fq are respectively the d-axis and q-axis situation of different power output of MMC-BESS is shown in
Fig. 6. The system generates only active power 10MW before
components of udiffj and inner current under negative 1.1s, and the system generates active power 10MW and
reactive power 10Mvar at the same time after 1.1s. Then the
sequenced and frequency- doubled rotating reference frame.
circulating current control is started at 1.4s. It can be found in
The frequency- doubled circulating current can be changed Fig. 6 that circulating current increases at 1.1s when the
into two DC components after negative sequenced and system begins to generate reactive power. Circulating current
frequency- doubled rotation transformation, which is will lead to more loss and reduce efficiency, it also has impact
beneficial to design of the control [12]. The control diagram of on output of MMC-BESS. Through the circulating current
circulating current suppression control (CCSC) is shown in control at 1.4s, circulating current is suppressed to a smaller
Fig. 4. value.

i2 fd _ref = 0 +
P/ MW,Q/ Mvar

Ki
Kp +
i pj s
i2 fd
− dq
2ω L0 udiff _ ref
abc
iza
dq 2ω L0
in j i2 fq −
iza / kA

− Kp +
Ki abc
s
i2 fq _ ref = 0

Figure 4. Control diagram of CCSC Figure 6. Output power and result of CCSC
 Similarly, the waveform of power and circulating current integrated with large scale wind farms,”. Proceedings of the CSEE,
under the other situation of different power output of MMC- 2007,31:45-51.
BESS is shown in Fig. 7, The system generates active power [2] Jiang Ping and Xiong Huachuan, “A control scheme design for
smoothing wind power fluctuation with hybrid energy storage system,”
10MW and reactive power 10Mvar at the same time before Automation of Electric Power System, 2013,01:122-127.
1.1s, and the system generates only reactive power 10Mvar [3] Li Jianlin, “Key technologies of wind/ photovoltaic/storage in smart
after 1.1s Then start up the circulating current control at 1.4s. grid,” Beijing: CHINA MACHINE PRESS,2013
It can also be found in Fig. 7 that circulating current increases [4] Trintis I, Munk-Nielsen S, and Teodorescu R, “A new modular
at 1.1s when the system begins to generate reactive power. multilevel converter with integrated energy storage,” IECON 2011 -
Through the circulating current control at 1.4s, circulating 37th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2011,
current is suppressed to a smaller value. 7(10): 1075-1080.
[5] Schroeder M, Henninger S, Jaeger J,Ras A, Rubenbauer H, Leu H,
“Integration of batteries into a modular multilevel converter,” Power
Electronics and Applications (EPE), 2013 15th European Conference on,
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2013, 1(12): 2-6. K. Elissa, “Title of paper if known,” unpublished.

P/ MWQ

[6] Vasiladiotis M, Rufer A, “Analysis and control of modular multilevel

converters with integrated battery energy storage,”. IEEE Transactions
on Power Electronics, 2015, 30(1): 163-175.
i za
[7] Hillers A, Biela J, “Optimal design of the modular multilevel converter
for an energy storage system based on split batteries,” Power
iza / kA

Electronics and Applications (EPE), 2013 15th European Conference

on, 2013:1-11.
[8] Baruschka L, Mertens A, “Comparison of Cascaded H-Bridge and
Modular Multilevel Converters for BESS application,” Energy
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Figure 7. Output power and result of CCSC
[9] Tu Qingrui, Xu Zheng, Zheng Xiang, et al, “Mechanism Analysis on the
Circulating Current in Modular Multi level Converter Based HVDC,”
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increases when the system begins to generate reactive power. [10] Zhou Yuebing, Jiang Daozhuo, et al, “Analysis of Sub-module
This is consistent with the theoretical analysis. And supposed Capacitor Voltage Ripples and Circulating Currents in Modular
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VI. CONCLUSION
[12] Tu Qingrui, Xu Zheng, Guan Minyuan, et al, “Design of Circulating
A system combined with BESS and MMC is discussed in Current Suppressing Controllers for Modular Multilevel Converter,”
this paper, which can achieve the integration of active and Automation of Electric Power System, 2010, 18: 122-127.
reactive power compensation. The mathematical model of
system is built and its control algorithm is introduced in this
paper. The circulating current is analyzed in situation of
different power output, and circulating current suppressing
method is proposed. The peak value of frequency- doubled
circulating current meet the minimum when the MMC-BESS
only generates active power. Conversely, when the MMC-
BESS only generates reactive power, the peak value of
frequency- doubled circulating current meet the maximum.
And when the MMC-BESS generates active and reactive
power at the same time, the peak value of frequency- doubled
circulating current is between the maximum and minimum.
In addition, it can be concluded that MMC-BESS system
can response to the power command fast and accurately. The
system can improve the power quality and reliability of grid
with new energy, which is conducive to new energy accessing
to the grid friendly.
Limitation of this paper is only tested by simulation.
Further research work will be the actual verification of the
proposed control method in an experimental platform.

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