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    Laboratory Report CHM 153 (Inorganic Chemistry)

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    Muhd Mirza Hizami
    The laboratory report summarizes experiments on the transition metals chromium, cobalt, and nickel. Key reactions and observations are described for each element, including: 1) Chromium forms different colored layers when reacted with sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonia. It turns green when reacted with zinc. 2) Cobalt forms pink and purple solutions and precipitates when reacted with sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and ammonia. It turns maroon with hydrogen peroxide. 3) Nickel forms green and blue precipitates when reacted with sodium hydroxide and ammonia. It turns blue with hydrogen peroxide.

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    Laboratory Report CHM 153 (Inorganic Chemistry)

    Uploaded by

    Muhd Mirza Hizami
    2K views9 pages
    The laboratory report summarizes experiments on the transition metals chromium, cobalt, and nickel. Key reactions and observations are described for each element, including: 1) Chromium forms different colored layers when reacted with sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonia. It turns green when reacted with zinc. 2) Cobalt forms pink and purple solutions and precipitates when reacted with sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and ammonia. It turns maroon with hydrogen peroxide. 3) Nickel forms green and blue precipitates when reacted with sodium hydroxide and ammonia. It turns blue with hydrogen peroxide.

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    exp 1 chm153

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    The laboratory report summarizes experiments on the transition metals chromium, cobalt, and nickel. Key reactions and observations are described for each element, including: 1) Chromium forms different colored layers when reacted with sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonia. It turns green when reacted with zinc. 2) Cobalt forms pink and purple solutions and precipitates when reacted with sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and ammonia. It turns maroon with hydrogen peroxide. 3) Nickel forms green and blue precipitates when reacted with sodium hydroxide and ammonia. It turns blue with hydrogen peroxide.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    2K views9 pages

    Laboratory Report CHM 153 (Inorganic Chemistry)

    Uploaded by

    Muhd Mirza Hizami
    The laboratory report summarizes experiments on the transition metals chromium, cobalt, and nickel. Key reactions and observations are described for each element, including: 1) Chromium forms different colored layers when reacted with sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonia. It turns green when reacted with zinc. 2) Cobalt forms pink and purple solutions and precipitates when reacted with sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and ammonia. It turns maroon with hydrogen peroxide. 3) Nickel forms green and blue precipitates when reacted with sodium hydroxide and ammonia. It turns blue with hydrogen peroxide.

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    of 9

    LABORATORY REPORT

    CHM 153
    (INORGANIC CHEMISTRY)
    1. MUHAMMAD MIRZA HIZAMI BIN RAJIEI 2019289394
    2. LUQMAN AL HAKIM BIN EMLIR 2019211818
    3. NIGHTANGEL JANA ANAK FRANKIE 2019272822

    PROGRAMME : AS115 2A
    NO. AND TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : Elements Of The First Transition Series

    DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 09 / 4 / 2020


    DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION : 30 / 4 / 2020
    NAME OF LECTURER : Rabuyah Binti Ni

    Laboratory Report Marking Scheme:


    Criteria Full Marks (to be filled by
    Mark(s) lecturer)
    Objective of the Experiment
    Introduction
    Experimental Procedure
    Results and Observations
    Calculations
    Discussion
    Conclusion
    Answers to Questions
    References
    Format
    Total Marks
    Objective:
    To gain familiarity with some of the acid-base, oxidation-reduction and complexation
    reactions of the elements of the first transition series

    Introduction:
    Transition metal is an element whose atom has a partially filledd sub-shell, or which can give
    rise to cations with an incompleted sub-shell. This metal can be found in nature such as rocks
    and minerals. The colour of many gemstones is due to the presence if transition metal ions.
    As example, rubies are red due to the Cr and sapphires are blue due to presence of Fe and
    Ti.Transition metals and their compounds have many useful applications such as Fe is used to
    make steel and stainless steel, Ti is used to lightweight alloys and so on.To understand the
    uses and applications of transition metals and their compounds, we need to understand their
    chemistry.For this experiment, we will focusing on three elements of transition metal in the
    first series.The elements is chromium, cobalt and nickel.

    Procedure
    :a) Reaction of Chromium :
    1) An excess of 2 M NaOH was slowly added, to 2 ml of chrome alum solution. Then,2 ml of
    6% hydrogen peroxide was added and warm it. The any colour changes or evolution of gases
    was took careful note.
    2) 2 M aqueous ammonia was slowly added to 2 ml of chrome alum solution. Any colour
    changes was noted.
    3) Excess 1 M sodium carbonate solution was added to 2 ml of chrome solution .The results
    of this experiment was compared with those of experiment 1 and 2.
    4) 2 ml of 6M HCl and granular zinc was added to 2 ml of the chromium (III) chloride
    solution. The solution was warm until it was effervescing vigorously. Any change colour was
    noted.The liquid was quickly decanted into 4 ml of a saturated solution of sodium
    acetate.Any colour changed was noted carefully.
    5) 2 ml of 6 M HCl (concentrated) and a granular of zinc was added to 2 ml of
    the chromium(III) chloride solution and was warm until the solution effervesce
    vigorously. The solution was cooled and the test tube was rotate while the
    solution spreads in a thin layer over the wall.Thecolour changes occur was
    noted.
    6) 2 M sulphuric acid drop was added wisely to 2 ml of potassium dichromate
    solution until ph was about 4 (test with pH paper). Then 2 M NaOH was
    dropped wisely about ph was about 9. Then 2 M sulphuric acid was added to
    bring the ph back to about 4. The colour changes was noted.
    7) A few drops of 0.1 M BaCl2solution was added to 2 ml of potassium
    dichromate solution and the observation was recorded.

    b) Reaction of Cobalt:
    1) 4 ml of water was added and 4 ml of 2 M NaOH solution was added slowly to
    2 ml of the cobalt (II) solution.
    2) 4 ml of 2 M NaOH was added slowly to 2 ml of the cobalt (II) solution. The
    result was compared with the result from steps 1.
    3) 4 ml of 1 M sodium carbonate solution was added to 2 ml of the cobalt (II)
    solution. The result was compared with those in step 1 and 2.
    4) 4 ml of 4 M aqueous ammonia was added slowly to 2 ml of the cobalt (II)
    solution. The result was compared with the result of steps 1 to 3. Then, about 4
    drops of 6% hydrogen peroxide and 2 ml of 2 M NaOH was added and was
    boiled gently.
    5) a) 1 ml of 2 M potassium thiocyanate solution and 1 ml of pyridine was
    added to 1 ml of the cobalt (II) solution.
    b) 1 ml of 2 M potassium thiocyanate and 1 ml of pyridine was added to 1 ml of
    saturated zinc sulfate solution
    c) 1 ml of 2 M potassium thiocyanate and 1 ml of pyridine was added to a
    mixture of 1 ml of the cobalt (II) solution and 1 ml of saturated zinc sulfate
    solution.
    6) 1 ml of the cobalt (II) solution was acidify with acetic acid and a ¼ spatula of
    solid potassium nitrite.Any changes was noted.
    c) Reactions of Nickel:
    1) 4 ml of 2 M NaOH was added to 2 ml of the nickel (II) solution and the
    solution was boiled.
    2) 4 ml of 4 M aqueous ammonia was slowly added to 2 ml of the nickel (II)
    solution.The result was compared with the first part of experiment 1.About 4
    drops of 6% hydrogen peroxide was added.Then,4 ml of 2 M NaOH was added
    and boiled gently.The corresponding reaction of cobalt(II) was compared.
    3) 4 ml of 1 M sodium carbonate solution was added to 2 ml of the nickel (II)
    solution.The result was compared with those of the first parts of experiments 1
    and 2.
    4) 2 ml of 2 M potassium thiocyanate solution was added to 2 ml of the nickel(II)
    solution.A few drops of pyridine was added.

    Data and Result:


    EXPERIMENT CHROMIUM COBALT NICKEL
    1 -dark purple - 3layer -pink solutions -white precipitate
    of colours formed 2 layers
    -light green
    -layer 1: clear brown -layer 1: dark blue
    -layer 2: yellowish -layer 2: pale pink
    green -after a few
    minutes,solution
    -layer 3: green-grey become clear and a
    precipitate pale red precipitate
    is formed
    2 -colour changes to -becomes a pale pink -green precipitate
    dusty green and solution
    -colour changes
    form green
    -after a few from blue-green
    precipitation
    minutes,solution
    -green precipitate become clear and a
    turns into 3 layer of pink precipitate is
    colours formed
    -layer 1: clear purple
    -layer 2: dusty grey
    -layer 3: grey
    precipitate
    3 -colour changes to -pink to purple -no colour changes
    cloudy blue-
    -after a few -green precipitate
    grey,formed 2 layer
    minutes,pinkish
    of colour
    solution and a purple
    -layer 1: dusty blue- precipitate are
    grey formed
    -layer 2: blue-grey
    precipitate
    4 -colour remains the -pink to dark maroon -colour changes
    same after adding 4M of from green-light
    aqueous ammonia blue
    -granular of zinc
    solution
    completely dissolved -blue precipitate
    -silver mirror
    effect,clear
    solution(slightly
    brownish) and black
    precipitate formed
    after being boiled
    5 -colour changes to a. cloudy pale pink
    algae green
    -after a few
    -granular of zinc is minutes,clear
    not completely solution and purple
    dissolved precipitate formed
    b. changes occur
    after adding pyridine
    and blue precipitate
    formed
    c. 2layer
    -layer 1: cloudy pale
    pink with a little
    blue
    -layer 2: red wine
    solution
    6 -after 10 drops of -before being
    H2SO4, the pH of shaken, the solution
    solution turns to 4 colour is orange and
    and after 30 drops of dark green
    NaOH the pH
    -turns yellowish
    becomes 9
    brown after being
    shaken, brown
    -10 drops of H2SO4 precipitate formed
    is needed to turn the with a strong scent
    pH back to 4
    -colour remain
    unchanged
    7 -colour changes to
    neon orange after 5
    drops of BaCl2
    -yellow precipitate is
    formed

    Discussion:
    a) Reaction of Chromium:
    An excess of sodium hydroxide added to chrome alum solution to produce a
    green hexahydroxocromate (III) ions.

    [Cr(H2O)6]3+ → [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] → [Cr(OH)6]3-

    This is then being oxidized with hydrogen peroxide solution and turn into bright
    yellow solution containing chromate (VI) ions.The ammonia acts as both a base and a ligand.
    With a small amount ofammonia, hydrogen ions are pulled off the hexaaqua ion exactly as in
    thehydroxide ion case to give the same neutral complex.

    [Cr(H2O)6]3+ → 3NH3 → [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3NH3+

    If you add sodium carbonate solution to hexaaquachromium (III) ions, you get
    exactly the same precipitate as if you added sodium hydroxide solution or
    ammonia solution. This time, it is the carbonate ions which which remove
    hydrogen ions from the hexaaqua ion and produce the neutral complex.

    2[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 3CO32- → 2[Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3CO2 + 3H2O

    Dichromate ions can be reduced to chromium (III) ions and then to chromium
    (II) ions using zinc and hydrochloric acid. Hydrogen is produced from a side
    reaction between the zinc and acid. This must be allowed to escape, but need to
    air out of the reaction. Oxygen in the air rapidly re-oxidises chromium (II) to
    chromium (III).

    b) Reaction of Cobalt:
    We used 0.5 M cobalt (II) chloride as the solution. This solution gives pink
    colour. The first reaction are with water and NaOH that form dark blue and pale pink
    precipitate. When excess 4 M NaOH was added to the light pink cobalt solution,
    a bright blue precipitate was formed, like in part 1. As the NaOH shifted
    towards being in excess, the mixture became pink/grey cloudy mixture; less
    dark than part 1.

    2NaOH + CoCl2 2NaCl + Co(OH)2

    When excess NaCO3 is added to the pink cobalt solution, a purple precipitate
    was formed. Compared to reaction number one, the reaction of the cobalt did
    not proceed as far due to the carbonate being a weaker base.

    Na2CO3 + CoCl2 CoCO3 + 2NaCl

    When excess aqueous NH3 was added to the pink cobalt solution, the color
    change only formed a bright royal blue solution. Adding 4 drops of H2O2 (6%),
    a green solution was obtained. Adding excess 4 M NaOH, a dark black/green
    solution was obtained. The mixture was placed on the heat which yielded a
    black precipitate formation.

    CoCl2 +6NH3 [Co(NH3)6]Cl2


    [Co(NH3)6]Cl2 + H2O2 [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 + 2OH-(aq)

    When 1 mL of 2 M ammonium thiocyanate was added to 1 mL of cobalt


    solution, the solution changed color to a purple/red grape juice color. Upon
    addition of 1 mL of pyridine, a milky, pink solution was formed, with a white
    precipitate.

    Adding 1mL of 2 M ammonium thiocyanate (clear, colorless) to 1 mL of


    saturated zinc sulfate (clear, colorless), then adding 1 mL of pyridine, a milky
    solution with a white precipitate was obtained.

    To a light pink mixture of 1 mL of cobalt(II) solution and 1 mL of saturated zinc


    sulfate solution, 1 mL of 2 M ammonium thiocyanate solution was added, forming a darker
    pink mixture, then 1 mL of pyridine was added, forming a pink/blue precipitate.

    Acidifying 1 mL of the cobalt (II) solution with clear, colorless acetic acid, no
    change was observed. Adding a little solid potassium nitrate resulted in a
    yellow precipitate being formed.

    c) Reaction of Nickel:
    Nickel that used in this experiment is 0.5 M nickel (II) chloride solution that
    gives green colour. When nickel (II) chloride solution (NiCl2) react with
    sodium hydroxide (NaOH), a light green precipitate was formed. No particular
    change of the solution when heated. The equation of reaction as shown below:

    NiCl2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) --> Ni(OH)2(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

    That goes the same with the reaction of nickel(II) solution and aqueous
    ammonia. The green precipitate was formed. With alkaline aqueous sodium
    carbonate solutions, nickel(II) ions produces a precipitate of green precipitate of
    nickel(II) carbonate.

    Ni2+(aq) + CO32–(aq) ==> NiCO3(s)


    The reaction of nickel (II) solution with potassium thiocyanate formed
    white precipitate in the solution. Nickel is a transitional metal, but
    which unlike most metals of this family, it does not form many coloured
    precipitate or complex solutions.

    Question :

    1. The common oxidation states and electron configuration of chromium, cobalt and nickel:

    a) Chromium:
    [Ar]3d84s2
    +6 = [Ar]3d4
    +3 = [Ar]3d7
    +2 = [Ar] 3d8

    b) Cobalt :
    [Ar]3d74s2
    +3 = [Ar]3d6
    +2 = [Ar]3d7

    c) Nickel:
    [Ar]3d54s1
    +2 = [Ar]3d4

    2. Interpret the result of the reactions carried out, write balance equations whenever possible.

    [Cr(H2O)6]3+ → [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] → [Cr(OH)6]3-

    [Cr(H2O)6]3+ → 3NH3 → [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3NH3+

    2[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 3CO32- → 2[Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3CO2 + 3H2O

    2NaOH + CoCl2 2NaCl + Co(OH)2

    Na2CO3 + CoCl2 CoCO3 + 2NaCl

    CoCl2 +6NH3 [Co(NH3)6]Cl2

    [Co(NH3)6]Cl2 + H2O2 [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 + 2OH-(aq)

    NiCl2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) --> Ni(OH)2(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

    Ni2+(aq) + CO32–(aq) ==> NiCO3(s)


    Conclusion:
    As a conclusion, transition series is full of elements with colour. It has many
    uses in our life. That’s why we need to know this series well to produce many
    benefits in our life.

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