Substation Automation Products

Transformer protection RET670

Overexcitation protection

1MRG019263
 Chapter 07
Contents

 Application
 Operating characteristics
 Logical diagram
 Settings
 Monitored data

© ABB Group
September 10, 2015 | Slide 2
 Chapter 07
Application overexcitation protection function

 The overexcitation is not an internal transformer

fault, although it can lead to one

 The peak flux density Bmax is directly proportional

to induced voltage E, and inversely proportional to
frequency f, turns n and area A
E = 4.44 × f × n ×Bmax× A

 Overexcitation results from excessive voltage or

below-normal frequency or a combination of the
two, such that the volts/Hz exceed rated
values
 Overexcitation of a transformer can occur whenever
the ratio of the pu voltage to pu frequency (V/Hz)
exceeds its rating of 1.05 pu on transformer base at
full load or 1.1 pu at no load

© ABB Group
September 10, 2015 | Slide 3
 Chapter 07
Overexcitation of power transformers
Application

 Overexcitation will cause

 overheating
 increase in magnetizing
currents
 increase in vibration and
noise
 IEC 60076-1
 Continuously 10% above rated
voltage at no load and rated
frequency

© ABB Group
September 10, 2015 | Slide 4
 Chapter 07
Overexcitation protection function
Application

 The function is measuring the terminal voltage and current. It uses the
fundamental frequency components.
 Calculates the relative Volts per Hertz ratio.
 Two operate characteristics (IEEE / Taylor made)
 Operating range:
 Uph-ph > 70% of rated value (if below, the algorithm is not calculating the
overexcitation) and
 33< f <60 Hz in 50 Hz system or 42< f <75 Hz in 60 Hz system

 Binary inputs to
 empty heat content
 block the function
© ABB Group
September 10, 2015 | Slide 5
 Chapter 07
Overexcitation protection function
Application

 Number of instances: < 2

24 U/f>
OEX PVPH  Analog measurements must not be taken from a
SMAI
Y
Y
∇ winding where OLTC is located
 Measures input voltage
 Single phase-to-phase voltage or three
phase voltage (positive sequence)
 Calculates the induced voltage E if the
Σ
SMAI

SMAI
leakage reactance (and current) is known
Y
24 U/f>  otherwise the terminal voltage is used
Y OEX PVPH
∇

 The current measurement should have the same

component selection as voltage (positive
sequence or delta current)
24 U/f>
SMAI
OEX PVPH

Y SMAI
Y
∇

© ABB Group
September 10, 2015 | Slide 6
 Chapter 07
Overexcitation protection function
Operating characteristics

Delay

tMax  The relative excitation M (relative V/Hz) is

expressed as:

harmful

under -
overexcitation
excitation  If M < V/Hz> then the transformer is not
tMin
overexcited (< 1.0)
0 Mmax - V/Hz> Overexcitation M-V/Hz> V/Hz>: the maximum continuously allowed
M=V/Hz> V/Hz>> Excitation M no-load voltage at rated frequency, set as
V/Hz> Emax E (only if f = fr = const) a % of UBase/fr (default: 110 %)
 The relative overexcitation is thus defined

© ABB Group
September 10, 2015 | Slide 7
 Chapter 07
Overexcitation protection function
Operating characteristics – IEEE curve

Delay  Operate characteristic

tMax

inverse delay

under -
overexcitation
excitation
 tMax: Maximum cut-off operate time at low
tMin
degree of overexcitation
0 Mmax - V/Hz> Overexcitation M-V/Hz>

M=V/Hz> V/Hz>> Excitation M

 tMin: Minimum cut-off operate time at high
degree of overexcitation
V/Hz> Emax E (only if f = fr = const)
 Beyond M = V/Hz>> the operate time
will always be tMin

© ABB Group
September 10, 2015 | Slide 8
 Chapter 07
Overexcitation protection function
Operating characteristics – Tailor made curve

Delay  The interval between M = V/Hz> and

tMax M = V/Hz>> is automatically divided into
5 equal subintervals
 6 operating time points has to be defined
 Straight line between the points to
under-
overexcitation calculate operating time
excitation

 tMax: Maximum cut-off operate time

tMin
Overexcitation M-Emaxcont
0 Mmax - Emaxcont Excitation M  tMin: Minimum cut-off operate time
V/Hz> V/Hz>>
 Beyond M = V/Hz>> the operate time
will always be tMin

© ABB Group
September 10, 2015 | Slide 9
 Chapter 07
Cooling and alarm
Operating characteristics

Delay

tMax  Overexcitation causes overheating

 An exponential cooling feature is
implemented
harmful
 i.e. shorter operating time if the transformer
has been exposed for overexcitation before
under -
overexcitation and not yet reached normal temperature
excitation

tMin  tCooling: Time constant (default setting

0 Mmax - V/Hz> Overexcitation M-V/Hz> 1200 seconds (20 minutes))
M=V/Hz> V/Hz>> Excitation M
 Alarm
V/Hz> Emax E (only if f = fr = const)
 Per cent of operate level (heat content,
THERMSTA)
 Time delay

 Reset input to clear heat content

© ABB Group
September 10, 2015 | Slide 10
 Chapter 07
Overexcitation protection function
Simplified logical diagram

BLOCK
AlarmLevel
ALARM
t>tAlarm &
t
RESET Heat
content tAlarm
M>V/Hz>
t>tMin TRIP
tCooling t &
U3P
V/Hz> tMin
Calculation
of internal k
M= M
I3P induced Ei M
(Ei / f) IEEE
voltage Ei
(Ur / fr)
START
M t ≥1 &
Xleak Tailor-made
M>V/Hz>> tMax

V/Hz>>

© ABB Group
September 10, 2015 | Slide 11
 Chapter 07
Overexcitation protection function settings
Overview
First instance of
OEX PVPH

Advanced
settings

© ABB Group
September 10, 2015 | Slide 12
 Chapter 07
Overexcitation protection function settings
General

Voltage and current selection:

ph-ph or positive sequence
NB: MeasusedU and
MesururedI must be set to the
same value (ILxILy is calculated
internally)

Operation On/Off
Base values

Leakage reactance of adjacent

winding
Trip pulse length
Alarm in % of operate level
(9000 s ~ 2,5 h)

© ABB Group
September 10, 2015 | Slide 13
 Chapter 07
Overexcitation protection function settings
Characteristic

Base values

Operate level:
- No load and rated frequency
- High level where tMin is used
Trip delay:
- Minimum
- Maximum
Core cooling time constant
Characteristic IEEE/Tailor made
IEEE curve

Tailor made curve

© ABB Group
September 10, 2015 | Slide 14
 Chapter 07
Monitored data

 Test/Functions status/Voltage
protection/overexcitation
(PVPH,24)
 Trip
 Start
 Alarm
 TMTOTRIP – Calculated time to
trip (s)
 VPERHZ – V/Hz (pu)
 THERMSTA – Thermal status in
% of trip level

© ABB Group
September 10, 2015 | Slide 15
 Chapter 07
Monitored data

Time
THERMSTA <100%
tMax

TMTOTRIP=tMax s

THERMSTA >100% (if no trip)

THERMSTA=100% and TMTOTRIP=0

THERMSTA <100%
TMTOTRIP

tMin

V/Hz> V/Hz>>
Under Over
excitation excitation
© ABB Group
September 10, 2015 | Slide 16 VPERHZ=1.100
 Chapter 07

© ABB
SA-TGroup
Training

© SA-T Training
September 10, 2015 | Slide 17