Practising Sociology Through History: The Indian Experience - II

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Practising Sociology through History

The Indian Experience – II


Part 1 of this paper considered those sociologists who used classical texts,
i e, Indological sources, with a view to understanding contemporary social structures,
institutions, and cultural practices. Part II looks at the work of later sociologists, who
make up a different category: Those who take into account and narrate the historical
background of the social reality that constitutes their research. This paper lays stress
on the necessity of a “substantive” use of history for sociological purposes. It takes
particular note of those sociologists who have used history rigorously to arrive
at broader levels of explanation, generalisation and theoretical abstraction, in the
process thereby ensuring a “completion” of their sociological mission. It is this process
that needs to be further exploited by present day sociologists.
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Economic and Political Weekly August 25, 2007 3499


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3500 Economic and Political Weekly August 25, 2007


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3502 Economic and Political Weekly August 25, 2007


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Economic and Political Weekly August 25, 2007 3503


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3504 Economic and Political Weekly August 25, 2007


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of Success’, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol XXIII, No 33, 3DUWKDVDUDWK\ '   Collective Violence in a Provincial City, Oxford
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3DWHO6XMDWD  The Making of Industrial Relations: The Ahmedabad
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±   Peasant Movements in India, c1920-50 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ Change: Malabar 1836-1982 6DJH 1HZ 'HOKL
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±   Traditional Neighbourhood in a Modern City $EKLQDY 5RELQVRQ 5   Christians of India 6DJH 1HZ 'HOKL
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 Economic and Political Weekly August 25, 2007

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