Computer Networks And Internet

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Mrs. Poonam Gupta PRIYA PATHRIYA
Faculty, MBA Roll No.
MBA 2nd Sem

St. Thomas Institute of Management

Jahangirpur, Jhajjar

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Contents

Introduction To Computers ..................................................................................................................... 2

BASICS OF COMPUTERS ...................................................................................................................... 3
Characteristics of Computer ............................................................................................................... 5
Capabilities of Computer System ........................................................................................................ 6
Limitations of Computer Systems ....................................................................................................... 8
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER WITH DESCRIPTION ....................................................................... 9
FUNCTIONAL UNITS: ......................................................................................................................... 11
INTERNET BASICS ............................................................................................................................ 16
COMPUTER NEWORK ...................................................................................................................... 26
Characteristics of a Computer Network...................................................................................................... 26
POWERPOINT PRESENTATION ON E-COMMERCE COMPANY ............................................... 38

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Introduction To Computers
To understand the digital world, the best place to begin is the device you are using
right now—the computer. In this section, you will learn a bit about the history of
computers, the four essential components of a computer, and the differences
between your brain and a computer.

Throughout time, humans have invented ingenious calculating machines. One of

the earliest was the abacus. It's about 5,000 years old. Mechanical calculators that
could add and multiply (but not subtract!) were invented in the 1600s. It was
Charles Babbage though, in the early 1800s, who designed mechanical
calculating machines that were the true ancestor of today's computers. Ada Byron
King (Countess of Lovelace) was his programmer and today is considered the
mother of computer programming. What made modern computers possible was
the invention of something that could do calculations and other information
processing with no moving parts and do it very fast. That something
was electronic components. With electronic components, a fast and efficient
machine such as Babbage proposed could be built with all four components
essential to modern computing.

Conventionally, a modern computer consists of at least one processing

element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory.
The processing element carries out arithmetic and logical operations, and a
sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in
response to stored information.
A computer is a multipurpose electronic device that can receive, process and store
data. They are used as tools in every part of society together with the Internet.
Computers nowadays are complex; there are a lot of different components inside
them, and they all serve different purposes. They all need to work together for the
computer to work.

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BASICS OF COMPUTERS

Computer a computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of

instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data (input), process the
data according to specified rules, produce information (output), and store the
information for future use.

A computer system has three main components: hardware, software, and people.
The equipment associated with a computer system is called hardware. Software is
a set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. People, however, are the
most important component of a computer system - people use the power of the
computer for some purpose.
Functionalities of a computer

Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms:

 Takes data as input

 Stores the data/instructions in its memory and use them when required
 Processes the data and converts it into the useful information
 Generates the output.
 Controls all above 4 steps
PROCESSING

Software is actually a computer program. To be more specific, a program is a set

of step-by-step instructions that directs the computer to do the tasks you want it
to do and to produce the results you want. A computer programmer is a person
who writes programs. Most of us do not write programs, we use programs written
by someone else. This means we are users - people who purchase and use
computer software.

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Basic parts of a computer are as follows −

 Input Unit − Devices like keyboard and mouse that are used to input data
and instructions to the computer are called input unit.

 Output Unit − Devices like printer and visual display unit that are used to
provide information to the user in desired format are called output unit.

 Control Unit − As the name suggests, this unit controls all the functions of
the computer. All devices or parts of computer interact through the control
unit.

 Arithmetic Logic Unit − this is the brain of the computer where all
arithmetic operations and logical operations take place.

 Memory − All input data, instructions and data interim to the processes are
stored in the memory. Memory is of two types – primary
memory and secondary memory. Primary memory resides within the CPU
whereas secondary memory is external to it.

Control unit, arithmetic logic unit and memory are together called the central
processing unit or CPU. Computer devices like keyboard, mouse, printer, etc.
that we can see and touch are the hardware components of a computer. The set
of instructions or programs that make the computer function using these
hardware parts are called software. We cannot see or touch software.

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Characteristics of Computer

To understand why computers are such an important part of our lives, let us look
at some of its characteristics −

 Speed − typically, a computer can carry out 3-4 million instructions per
second.

 Accuracy − Computers exhibit a very high degree of accuracy. Errors that

may occur are usually due to inaccurate data, wrong instructions or bug in
chips – all human errors.

 Reliability − Computers can carry out same type of work repeatedly

without throwing up errors due to tiredness or boredom, which are very
common among humans.

 Versatility − Computers can carry out a wide range of work from data
entry and ticket booking to complex mathematical calculations and
continuous astronomical observations. If you can input the necessary data
with correct instructions, computer will do the processing.

 Storage Capacity − Computers can store a very large amount of data at a

fraction of cost of traditional storage of files. Also, data is safe from
normal wear and tear associated with paper.

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Capabilities of Computer System

Capabilities of a computer system are the qualities of the computer that put it in
a positive light and make the user experience more efficient.

Speed

Speed means the duration computer system requires in fulfilling a task or

completing an activity. It is well-known that computers need very little time than
humans in completing a task. Generally, humans take into account a second or
minute as a unit of time.

Nevertheless, computer systems have such fast operation capacity that the unit of
time is in fractions of a second. Today, computers are capable of doing 100
million calculations per second and that is why the industry has developed
Million Instructions per Second (MIPS) as the criterion to classify different
computers according to speed.

Accuracy

Accuracy means the level of precision with which calculations are made and tasks
are performed. One may invest years of his life in detecting errors in computer
calculations or updating a wrong record. A large part of mistakes in Computer
Based Information System(CBIS) occurs due to bad programming, erroneous
data, and deviation from rules. Humans cause these mistakes.

Errors attributable to hardware are generally distinguished and corrected by the

computer system itself. The computers rarely commit errors and do all types of
tasks precisely.

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Reliability

Reliability is the quality due to which the user can stay dependable on the
computer. Computers systems are well-adjusted to do repetitive tasks. They never
get tired, bored or fatigued. Hence, they are a lot reliable than humans. Still, there
can be failures of a computer system due to internal and external reasons.

Any failure of the computer in a highly automated industry is disastrous. Hence,

the industry in such situations has a backup facility to take over tasks without
losing much of the time.

Adaptability

Adaptability of computer system means the quality of it to complete a different

type of tasks: simple as well as complex. Computers are normally versatile unless
designed for a specific operation. Overall, a daily purpose computer is used in
any area of application: business, industry, scientific, statistical, technological
and so on

A general purpose computer, when introduced in a company, can replace the jobs
of multiple specialists due to its flexibility. A computer system can replace the
functions of all these specialists because of being very versatile.

Storage

Storage is the ability of the computer to store data in itself for accessing it again
in future. Nowadays, apart from having instantaneous access to data, computers
have a huge ability to store data in a little physical space.

A general computer system has a capacity of storing and providing online

millions of characters and thousands of pictures. It is obvious from the above
discussion that computer capabilities outperform the human capabilities.
Therefore, a computer, when used rightfully, will tenfold the effectiveness of an
organization.

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Limitations of Computer Systems

Limitations are the drawbacks of the computer system in which humans

outperform them.

Lack of common-sense

This is one of the major limitations of computer systems. No matter how efficient,
fast and reliable computer systems might be but yet do not have any common
sense because no full-proof algorithm has been designed to programme logic into
them. As computers function based on the stored programme(s), they simply lack
common sense.

Zero IQ

Another of the limitations of computer systems is that they have zero Intelligence
Quotient (IQ). They are unable to see and think the actions to perform in a
particular situation unless that situation is already programmed into them.
Computers are programmable to complete each and every task, however small it
may be.

Lack of Decision-making

Decision-making is a complicated process involving information, knowledge,

intelligence, wisdom, and ability to judge. The computer system does not have
the ability to make decisions on their own because they do not possess all the
essentials of decision-making.

They can be programmed to take such decisions, which are purely procedure-
oriented. If a computer has not been programmed for a particular decision
situation, it will not take a decision due to lack of wisdom and evaluation
faculties. Human beings, on the other hand, possess this great power of decision-
making.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER WITH DESCRIPTION

1 Input: This is the process of entering data and programs in to the computer
system. You should know that computer is an electronic machine like any other
machine which takes as inputs raw data and performs some processing giving out
processed data. Therefore, the input unit takes data from us to the computer in an
organized manner for processing.

2. Storage: The process of saving data and instructions permanently is known as

storage. Data has to be fed into the system before the actual processing starts. It
is because the processing speed of Central Processing Unit (CPU) is so fast that
the data has to be provided to CPU with the same speed. Therefore the data is
first stored in the storage unit for faster access and processing. This storage unit
or the primary storage of the computer system is designed to do the above
functionality. It provides space for storing data and instructions.

The storage unit performs the following major functions:

• All data and instructions are stored here before and after processing.

• Intermediate results of processing are also stored here.

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3. Processing: The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical
operations is called processing. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) takes data
and instructions from the storage unit and makes all sorts of calculations based
on the instructions given and the type of data provided. It is then sent back to the
storage unit.

4. Output: This is the process of producing results from the data for getting
useful information. Similarly the output produced by the computer after
processing must also be kept somewhere inside the computer before being given
to you in human readable form. Again the output is also stored inside the
computer for further processing.

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5. Control: The manner how instructions are executed and the above operations
are performed. Controlling of all operations like input, processing and output are
performed by control unit. It takes care of step by step processing of all operations
inside the computer.

FUNCTIONAL UNITS:

In order to carry out the operations mentioned in the previous section the
computer allocates the task between its various functional units. The computer
system is divided into three separate units for its operation. They are

Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU)

Logical Unit: After you enter data through the input device it is stored in
the primary storage unit. The actual processing of the data and instruction are
performed by Arithmetic Logical Unit. The major operations performed by the
ALU are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, logic and comparison.
Data is transferred to ALU from storage unit when required. After processing the
output is returned back to storage unit for further processing or getting stored.

Control Unit (CU): The next component of computer is the Control Unit, which
acts like the supervisor seeing that things are done in proper fashion. Control Unit
is responsible for coordinating various operations using time signal. The control
unit determines the sequence in which computer programs and instructions are
executed. Things like processing of programs stored in the main memory,
interpretation of the instructions and issuing of signals for other units of the
computer to execute them. It also acts as a switch board operator when several
users access the computer simultaneously. Thereby it coordinates the activities of
computer’s peripheral equipment as they perform the input and output.

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Central Processing Unit (CPU): The ALU and the CU of a computer system are
jointly known as the central processing unit. You may call CPU as the brain of
any computer system. It is just like brain that takes all major decisions, makes all
sorts of calculations and directs different parts of the computer functions by
activating and controlling the operations.

OPERATING SYSTEM WITH THEIR TYPES

An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer

hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer
programs.

Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and
may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass
storage, printing, and other resources.

For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the
operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer
hardware,[1][2] although the application code is usually executed directly by the
hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS function or is interrupted
by it. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer –
from cellular phones and video game consoles to web
servers and supercomputers.

The dominant desktop operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market

share of around 82.74%. macOS by Apple Inc. is in second place (13.23%), and
the varieties of Linux are collectively in third place (1.57%).

Single- and multi-tasking

A single-tasking system can only run one program at a time, while a multi-
tasking operating system allows more than one program to be running in
concurrency. This is achieved by time-sharing, where the available processor

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time is divided between multiple processes. These processes are each interrupted
repeatedly in time slices by a task-scheduling subsystem of the operating system.
Multi-tasking may be characterized in preemptive and co-operative types. In
preemptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates
a slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating systems, such
as Solaris and Linux—as well as non-Unix-like, such as AmigaOS—support
preemptive multitasking. Cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each
process to provide time to the other processes in a defined manner. 16-bit versions
of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-tasking. 32-bit versions of both
Windows NT and Win9x, used preemptive multi-tasking.

Single- and multi-user

Single-user operating systems have no facilities to distinguish users, but may

allow multiple programs to run in tandem.[6] A multi-user operating system
extends the basic concept of multi-tasking with facilities that identify processes
and resources, such as disk space, belonging to multiple users, and the system
permits multiple users to interact with the system at the same time. Time-sharing
operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also
include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage,
printing, and other resources to multiple users.

Distributed operating system

A distributed operating system manages a group of distinct computers and makes

them appear to be a single computer. The development of networked computers
that could be linked and communicate with each other gave rise to distributed
computing. Distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine.
When computers in a group work in cooperation, they form a distributed system.6

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Templated operating system

In an OS, distributed and cloud computing context, templating refers to creating

a single virtual machine image as a guest operating system, then saving it as a
tool for multiple running virtual machines. The technique is used both
in virtualization and cloud computing management, and is common in large
server warehouses.[8]

Embedded operating system

Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer

systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less
autonomy. They are able to operate with a limited number of resources. They are
very compact and extremely efficient by design. Windows CE and Minix 3 are
some examples of embedded operating systems.

Real-time operating system

A real-time operating system is an operating system that guarantees to process

events or data by a specific moment in time. A real-time operating system may
be single- or multi-tasking, but when multitasking, it uses specialized scheduling
algorithms so that a deterministic nature of behavior is achieved. An event-driven
system switches between tasks based on their priorities or external events while
time-sharing operating systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts.

For example, scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control

systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control systems, etc.

Network operating System

A Network Operating System runs on a server and provides the server the
capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other
networking functions. The primary purpose of the network operating system is
to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network,
typically a local area network (LAN), a private network or to other networks.

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Examples of network operating systems include Microsoft Windows Server
2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell
NetWare, and BSD.

Library operating system

A library operating system is one in which the services that a typical operating
system provides, such as networking, are provided in the form of libraries and
composed with the application and configuration code to construct a unikernel: a
specialized, single address space, machine image that can be deployed to cloud
or embedded environments.

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INTERNET BASICS
The Internet is an increasingly important part of everyday life for people around
the world. The Interstate system consists of roads that connect different states,
allowing travellers to access different points across the United States. The
traveller has many opportunities to enter and exit the Interstate system at any
given point and time. The Internet is similar to the Interstate system since both
are designed for high-speed travel and have the potential for easy access and
successful navigation.

The Internet is a worldwide telecommunications system that provides

connectivity for millions of other, smaller networks; therefore, the Internet is
often referred to as a network of networks. It allows computer users to
communicate with each other across distance and computer platforms.

The Internet began in 1969 as the U.S. Department of Defence’s Advanced

Research Project Agency (ARPA) to provide immediate communication within
the Department in case of war. Computers were then installed at U.S. universities
with defense related projects. As scholars began to go online, this network
changed from military use to scientific use. As ARPAnet grew, administration of
the system became distributed to a number of organizations, including the
National Science Foundation (NSF). This shift of responsibility began the
transformation of the science oriented ARPAnet into the commercially minded
and funded Internet used by millions today.

The Internet acts as a pipeline to transport electronic messages from one network
to another network. At the heart of most networks is a server, a fast computer
with large amounts of memory and storage space. The server controls the
communication of information between the devices attached to a network, such
as computers, printers, or other servers.

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An Internet Service Provider (ISP) allows the user access to the Internet through
their server. Many teachers use a connection through a local university as their
ISP because it is free. Other ISPs, such as America Online, telephone companies,
or cable companies provide Internet access for their members.

You can connect to the Internet through telephone lines, cable modems, cell
phones and other mobile devices.

The Internet is a global collection of computer networks that are linked together
by devices called routers and use a common set of protocols for data transmission
known as TCP/IP (transmission control protocol / Internet protocol). The primary
purpose of the Internet is to facilitate the sharing of information. There are many
different tools used on the Internet to make this possible. Some of the more
common tools include email, listservs, newsgroups, telnet, gopher, FTP, and the
World Wide Web. Probably the most popular of all Internet tools is the World
Wide Web.

You can do all of this by connecting a computer to the Internet, which is also
called going online. When someone says a computer is online, it's just another
way of saying it's connected to the Internet.

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What is the Web?

The World Wide Web—usually called the Web for short—is a collection of
different websites you can access through the Internet. A website is made up of
related text, images, and other resources. Websites can resemble other forms of
media—like newspaper articles or television programs—or they can be
interactive in a way that's unique to computers.

The purpose of a website can be almost anything: a news platform, an

advertisement, an online library, a forum for sharing images, or an educational
site like us!

Once you are connected to the Internet, you can access and view websites using
a type of application called a web browser. Just keep in mind that the web browser
itself is not the Internet; it only displays websites that are stored on the Internet.

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How does the Internet work?

Internet is a global network of physical cables, which can include copper

telephone wires, TV cables, and fiber optic cables. Even wireless connections like
Wi-Fi and 3G/4G rely on these physical cables to access the Internet.

When you visit a website, your computer sends a request over these wires to
a server. A server is where websites are stored, and it works a lot like your
computer's hard drive. Once the request arrives, the server retrieves the website
and sends the correct data back to your computer.

Other things you can do on the Internet

One of the best features of the Internet is the ability to communicate almost
instantly with anyone in the world. Email is one of the oldest and most universal
ways to communicate and share information on the Internet, and billions of
people use it. Social media allows people to connect in a variety of ways and
build communities online.

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There are many other things you can do on the Internet. There are thousands of
ways to keep up with news or shop for anything online. You can pay your
bills, manage your bank accounts, meet new people, watch TV, or learn new
skills. You can learn or do almost anything online.

What Can You Do Online?

There's almost no limit to what you can do online. The Internet makes it possible
to quickly find information, communicate with people around the world, manage
your finances, shop from home, listen to music, watch videos, and much, much
more.

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Finding information online

With billions of websites online today, there is a lot of information on the

Internet. Search engines make this information easier to find. All you have to do
is type one or more keywords, and the search engine will look
for relevant websites.

For example, let's say you're looking for a new pair of shoes. You could use a
search engine to learn about different types of shoes, get directions to a nearby
shoe store, or even find out where to buy them online!

There are many different search engines you can use, but some of the most
popular include Google, Yahoo! and Bing.

Email

Short for electronic mail, email is a way to send and receive messages across the
Internet. Almost everyone who uses the Internet has their own email account,

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usually called an email address. This is because you'll need an email address to
do just about anything online, from online banking to creating a Facebook
account.

Social networking

Social networking websites are another way to connect and share with your
family and friends online. Rather than sharing with just a few people over email,
social networks make it easier to connect and share with many people at the same
time. Facebook is the world's largest social networking site, with more than 1
billion users worldwide.

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Chat and instant messaging

Chat and instant messaging (IM) are short messages sent and read in real time,
allowing you to converse more quickly and easily than email. These are generally
used when both (or all) people are online, so your message can be read
immediately. By comparison, emails won't be seen until recipients check their
inboxes.

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Examples of instant messaging applications include Yahoo
Messenger and Google Hangouts. Some sites, like Gmail and Facebook, even
allow you to chat within your web browser.

Online media

There are many sites that allow you to watch videos and listen to music. For
example, you can watch millions of videos on YouTube or listen to Internet radio
on Pandora. Other services, like Netflix and amazon prime, allow you to watch
movies and TV shows. And if have a set-top streaming box, you can even watch
them directly on your television instead of a computer screen.

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Everyday tasks

You can also use the Internet to complete many everyday tasks and errands. For
example, you can manage your bank account, pay your bills, and shop for just
about anything. The main advantage here is convenience. Rather than going from
place to place, you can do all of these tasks at home!

And a whole lot more!

Remember, these are just a few of the things you'll be able to do online. Keep
working through this tutorial to learn more about connecting to the Internet and
using the Web!

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COMPUTER NEWORK
A computer network is a system in which multiple computers are connected to
each other to share information and resources.

Characteristics of a Computer Network

 Share resources from one computer to another.

 Create files and store them in one computer, access those files from the
other computer(s) connected over the network.

 Connect a printer, scanner, or a fax machine to one computer within the

network and let other computers of the network use the machines available
over the network.

Following is the list of hardware's required to set up a computer network.

 Network Cables
 Distributors
 Routers
 Internal Network Cards
 External Network Cards

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Network Cables

Network cables are used to connect computers. The most commonly used cable
is Category 5 cable RJ-45.

Distributors

A computer can be connected to another one via a serial port but if we need to
connect many computers to produce a network, this serial connection will not
work.

The solution is to use a central body to which other computers, printers, scanners,
etc. can be connected and then this body will manage or distribute network
traffic.

Router

A router is a type of device which acts as the central point among computers and
other devices that are a part of the network. It is equipped with holes called ports.
Computers and other devices are connected to a router using network cables.

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Now-a-days router comes in wireless modes using which computers can be
connected without any physical cable.

Network Card

Network card is a necessary component of a computer without which a computer

cannot be connected over a network. It is also known as the network adapter or
Network Interface Card (NIC). Most branded computers have network card pre-
installed. Network cards are of two types: Internal and External Network Cards.

Internal Network Cards

Motherboard has a slot for internal network card where it is to be inserted.

Internal network cards are of two types in which the first type uses Peripheral
Component Interconnect (PCI) connection, while the second type uses Industry
Standard Architecture (ISA). Network cables are required to provide network
access.

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External Network Cards

External network cards are of two types: Wireless and USB based. Wireless
network card needs to be inserted into the motherboard, however no network
cable is required to connect to the network.

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

USB card is easy to use and connects via USB port. Computers automatically
detect USB card and can install the drivers required to support the USB network
card automatically.

TYPES OF NETWORK
The Network allows computers to connect and communicate with different
computers via any medium. LAN, MAN and WAN are the three major types of
the network designed to operate over the area they cover. There are some

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similarities and dissimilarities between them. One of the major differences is the
geographical area they cover, i.e. LAN covers the smallest area; MAN covers
an area larger than LAN and WAN comprises the largest of all.

LOCAL AREA NETWORK

LANs) connect computers within a building or small group of buildings.

A LAN may be configured as (1) a bus, a main channel to which nodes or

secondary channels are connected in a branching structure, (2) a ring, in which
each computer is connected to two neighbouring computers to form a closed
circuit, or (3) a star, in which each computer is linked directly to a central
computer and only indirectly to one another. Each of these has advantages,
though the bus configuration has become the most common.

Local area networks (LANs) Simple bus networks, such as Ethernet, are
common for home and small office configurations. The most common ring
network is IBM's Token Ring, which employs a “token” that is passed around
the network to control which location has sending privileges. Star networks are
common in larger commercial networks since a malfunction at any node
generally does not disrupt the entire network.

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Even if only two computers are connected, they must follow rules, or protocols,
to communicate. For example, one might signal “ready to send” and wait for the
other to signal “ready to receive.” When many computers share a network,
the protocol might include a rule “talk only when it is your turn” or “do not talk
when anyone else is talking.” Protocols must also be designed to handle
network errors.
The most common LAN design since the mid-1970s has been the bus-
connected Ethernet, originally developed at Xerox PARC. Every computer or
other device on an Ethernet has a unique 48-bit address. Any computer that
wants to transmit listens for a carrier signal that indicates that a transmission is
under way. If it detects none, it starts transmitting, sending the address of the
recipient at the start of its transmission. Every system on the network receives
each message but ignores those not addressed to it.

The first Ethernet had a capacity of about 2 megabits per second, and today 10-
and 100-megabit-per-second Ethernet is common, with gigabit-per-second
Ethernet also in use. Ethernet transceivers (transmitter-receivers) for PCs are
inexpensive and easily installed.

A recent standard for wireless Ethernet, known as Wi-Fi, is becoming common

for small office and home networks. Using frequencies from 2.4 to 5 gigahertz
(GHz), such networks can transfer data at rates up to 600 megabits per second.
Early in 2002 another Ethernet-like standard was released. Known as Home
Plug, the first version could transmit data at about 8 megabits per second
through a building’s existing electrical power infrastructure. A later version
could achieve rates of 1 gigabit per second.

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WIDE AREA NETWORK

Wide area networks (WANs) span cities, countries, and the globe, generally
using telephone lines and satellite links. The Internet connects multiple WANs;
as its name suggests, it is a network of networks. Its success stems from early
support by the U.S. Department of Defense, which developed
its precursor, ARPANET, to let researchers communicate readily and share
computer resources. Its success is also due to its flexible communication
technique. The emergence of the Internet in the 1990s as not only a
communication medium but also one of the principal focuses of computer use
may be the most significant development in computing in the past several
decades. For more on the history and technical details of Internet
communication protocols, see internet.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) –

MAN or Metropolitan area Network covers a larger area than that of a LAN and
smaller area as compared to WAN. It connects two or more computers that are
apart but resides in the same or different cities. It covers a large geographical
area and may serve as an ISP (Internet Service Provider). MAN is designed for
customers who need a high-speed connectivity. Speeds of MAN ranges in terms
of Mbps. It’s hard to design and maintain a Metropolitan Area Network.
The fault tolerance of a MAN is less and also there is more congestion in the
network. It is costly and may or may not be owned by a single organization. The
data transfer rate and the propagation delay of MAN is moderate. Devices used
for transmission of data through MAN are: Modem and Wire/Cable. Examples
of a MAN are the part of the telephone company network that can provide a
high-speed DSL line to the customer or the cable TV network in a city.

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INTRODUCTION TO HTML
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is used to design web pages
using markup language. HTML is the combination of Hypertext and Markup
language. Hypertext defines the link between the web pages. Markup language
is used to define the text document within tag which defines the structure of
web pages. This language is used to annotate (make notes for the computer) text
so that a machine can understand it and manipulate text accordingly. Most of
markup (e.g. HTML) languages are human readable. Language uses tags to
define what manipulation has to be done on the text.
HTML is a markup language which is used by the browser to manipulate text,
images and other content to display it in required format. HTML was created by
Tim Berners-Lee in 1991. The first ever version of HTML was HTML 1.0 but
the first standard version was HTML 2.0 which was published in 1999.

HTML VERSION YEAR

HTML 1.0 1991

HTML 2.0 1995

HTML 3.2 1997

HTML 4.01 1999

XHTML 2000

HTML 5 2014

A web page is an "HTML Document". This is a file format which usually uses
the extension ".html" or ".htm". For example, if you use Microsoft Word, you

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will usually save your files with the extension ".doc". However you can also
save your files with many other extensions such as ".txt" etc. Amongst the
options is ".html".

This is what a very simple HTML document looks like:

<html>
<head>
<title>A Simple Web Page</title>
</head>
<body>
This is about as simple as a web page can get.
</body>
</html>

To view an HTML document, you must use a browser (or similar software).
The browser opens the HTML document in the background and "decodes" it
before showing it to you. Whasst you see is your browser's interpretation of how
the web page should look (note: this is actually an important point - it's why you
should test your site using a variety of browsers).

Tags and Page Structure

HTML uses a system of "tags" to record instructions on how the page should be
displayed.

The most important tags are <html> and </html> - the entire document is
contained within these two tags. The instruction here is simply "This is an
HTML document".

Within the document, there are two parts: the "head" and the "body". The head
is contained within the tags <head> and </head>, the body is contained within

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the tags <body> and </body>. The head includes information about the
document, and is not displayed by the browser. The body contains all the
contents for the page, and is what the browser displays.

Let's have another look at our example HTML document. To make things easier
to see we've coloured the HTML tags blue and separated the head and body
with an empty line (empty space between tags is ignored). The tags also don't
have to be on new lines, in fact the entire document could all be on one line - it
would still be displayed the same.

<html>

<head>
<title>A Simple Web Page</title>
</head>

<body>
This is about as simple as a web page can get.
</body>

</html>

The first and last tags identify this as an HTML document, so your browser or
other software knows what to do with it. The head contains the "title" tags
which identify the name of this document (we'll talk more about that later). The
body contains one line of text, which is what you see when you open this
document in a browser. To see what this example document looks like, click
here

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 More Tags

Although the example above is a valid web page, it's not very exciting. To make
the page more interesting it needs to be formatted. To arrange the text and other
elements on your page, there is an array of HTML tags available. The rest of
this page includes a quick look at a few important tags, then we'll get into more
detail on the following pages. Here are a few to get started:

 <p></p> : Beginning and end of a paragraph (puts a space between

paragraphs).
 <br> : Single line break.
 <b></b> : Bold text.
 <i></i> : Italics.
 <center></center> : Centre everything between these tags
 <hr> : Horizontal line.

<html>

<head>
<title>A Simple Web Page</title>
</head>

<body>
<center>
<p><b>A Simple Web Page</b></p>
<p><i>This is still a simple web page, but it has a bit more to
it.</i></p>
</center>
</body>

</html>

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Images

Here's a very important thing to understand: HTML doesn't actually contain any
graphical content. Instead, graphic files are created and stored separately (we'll
explain it more later). Image tags look like this:

<img src="myimage.jpg">

Note: Image files must be in one of two formats: ".gif" or ".jpg".

Summary

To finish this section,

<html>

<head>
<title>A Simple Web Page</title>
</head>

<body>
<center>
<p>It's nice to be able to add <b>bold text</b> and <i>italics.</i></p>
<a href="webdesign04.html">Click here</a> to return to the
tutorial.<br>
<img src="logo.gif">
</center>
<hr>
</body>

</html>

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POWERPOINT PRESENTATION ON E-
COMMERCE COMPANY

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