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    1.3 Kinematic Transport Theorem: ZZZ ZZZ ZZ

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    Ratovoarisoa
    1. The kinematic transport theorem describes how to calculate the rate of change of a fluid property within a control volume. 2. It states that the rate of change equals the integral of the partial time derivative of the property plus the integral of the property times the normal component of velocity over the surface. 3. The theorem can be applied to derive conservation laws, such as the differential form of mass conservation, which is that the partial time derivative of density plus the divergence of the density times velocity is zero.

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    1.3 Kinematic Transport Theorem: ZZZ ZZZ ZZ

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    Ratovoarisoa
    46 views4 pages
    1. The kinematic transport theorem describes how to calculate the rate of change of a fluid property within a control volume. 2. It states that the rate of change equals the integral of the partial time derivative of the property plus the integral of the property times the normal component of velocity over the surface. 3. The theorem can be applied to derive conservation laws, such as the differential form of mass conservation, which is that the partial time derivative of density plus the divergence of the density times velocity is zero.

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    13transthm

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    1. The kinematic transport theorem describes how to calculate the rate of change of a fluid property within a control volume. 2. It states that the rate of change equals the integral of the partial time derivative of the property plus the integral of the property times the normal component of velocity over the surface. 3. The theorem can be applied to derive conservation laws, such as the differential form of mass conservation, which is that the partial time derivative of density plus the divergence of the density times velocity is zero.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    46 views4 pages

    1.3 Kinematic Transport Theorem: ZZZ ZZZ ZZ

    Uploaded by

    Ratovoarisoa
    1. The kinematic transport theorem describes how to calculate the rate of change of a fluid property within a control volume. 2. It states that the rate of change equals the integral of the partial time derivative of the property plus the integral of the property times the normal component of velocity over the surface. 3. The theorem can be applied to derive conservation laws, such as the differential form of mass conservation, which is that the partial time derivative of density plus the divergence of the density times velocity is zero.

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    1

    Lecture Notes on Fluid Dynamics


    (1.63J/2.21J)
    by Chiang C. Mei, MIT

    1-3trans-thm.tex,

    1.3 Kinematic transport theorem


    In particle mechanics, Newton’s second law requires the balance between the rate of change of
    particle momentum and the applied forces. In continuum mechanics, one needs to calculate
    the rate of change in a volume of fluid. Now different choices can be made for the control
    volume, such as a geometric volume fixed in space, or moving in a prescribed manner, or
    a material volume consisting of the same body of fluid. Calculation of the rate can be
    facilitated by the so-called kinematic transport theorem. We first derive a theorem for any
    moving volume V (t) bounded by S(t), see Figure 1.3.1.

    Theorem 1 Let G(x, t) be some fluid property per unit volume, then

    d ZZZ ZZZ
    ∂G ZZ
    G dV = dV + GUn dS (1.3.1)
    dt V V ∂t S

    where Un is the normal component of the velocity of a point on S.

    Note first that


    ZZZ  ZZZ
    G(x, t) dV = G(x, t + dt) dV
    V t+dt V (t+dt)
    " #
    ∂G
    ZZZ
    = G(x, t) + dt + O(dt)2 dV
    V (t+dt) ∂t

    Due to the movement of S(t) the volume change for a surface element dS is Un dt dS, thus
    ZZZ ZZZ ZZZ ZZZ ZZ
    = + = + Un dS dt
    V (t+dt) V (t) ∆V V (t) S(t)

    We then have
    " #
    ∂G
    ZZZ  ZZZ
    G(x, t) dV = G(x, t) + dt + O(dt)2 dV
    V t+dt V (t) ∂t
    " #
    ∂G
    ZZ
    + Un dS dt G(x, t) + dt + O(dt)2 dV
    S(t) ∂t
    "ZZZ #
    ∂G
    ZZZ ZZ
    = G(x, t)dV + dV + Un dS G(x, t) dt + O(dt)2
    V (t) V (t) ∂t S(t)
    2

    Figure 1.3.1: A moving volume in the fluid

    Since
    d
    ZZZ ZZZ  ZZZ
    G dV = G(x, t) dV − G(x, t)dt
    dt V V t+dt V (t)

    (1.3.1) is proven.
    If V (t) is a material volume containing the same moving fluid particles, then, Un = q · n
    and d/dt is the material derivative. We then have as a corollary, the following

    Theorem 2 If V (t) is a material volume,

    D ZZZ ZZZ
    ∂G ZZ
    G dV = dV + Gq · n dS (1.3.2)
    Dt V V ∂t S

    This is the kinematic transport theorem.


    Let us apply this theorem to derive certain differential conservation laws.

    1.3.1 Transport of Mass


    Let G = ρ = density and V (t) be a material volume within which there are no mass sources
    or sinks, then by mass conservation,

    D
    ZZZ
    ρdV = 0
    Dt V (t)
    3

    by mass conservation. Using (1.3.2) we get


    !
    ZZZ
    ∂ρ ZZ ZZZ
    ∂ρ
    + ρq · ndS = + ∇ · (ρq) dV = 0 (1.3.3)
    V ∂t S V ∂t
    Because V is arbitrary the integrand must vanish identically :
    ∂ρ
    + ∇ · (ρq) = 0 (1.3.4)
    ∂t
    This is the differential form of mass conservation law, valid at any point inside the fluid. As
    an alternate form we may write
    ∂ρ dρ
    + q · ∇ρ + ρ∇ · q = + ρ∇ · q = 0 (1.3.5)
    ∂t dt
    For the special case of an incompressible but non homogeneous fluid:
    Dρ ∂ρ
    = + q · ∇ρ = 0 (1.3.6)
    Dt ∂t
    It follows that
    ∇·q=0 (1.3.7)
    which is also known as the continuity equation. If the incompressible fluid is also homoge-
    neous, then (1.3.7) holds and
    ρ = constant (1.3.8)
    replaces (1.3.6). Do avoid the common error of assuming incompressible fluid as being
    homogeneous.

    1.3.2 Transport of any dynamical property


    Let G = ρF where F is some fluid-dynamic property per unit mass, and V is a material
    volume, then,
    D DF
    ZZZ ZZZ
    ρF dV = ρ (1.3.9)
    Dt V V Dt
    Thus, the total derivative can pass through the integral sign and ρ. From (1.3.2)
    D ∂ρF
    ZZZ ZZZ ZZ
    ρF dV = dV + ρF q · ndS
    Dt V V ∂t S
    !
    ∂ρ ∂F
    ZZZ
    = F +ρ + ∇ · (ρqF ) dV
    V ∂t ∂t
    ZZZ ( " # " #)
    ∂ρ ∂F
    = F + ∇ · (ρq) + ρ + q · ∇F dV
    V ∂t ∂t
    ZZZ
    DF
    = ρ
    V Dt
    4

    after using the law of mass conservation (1.3.5).


    As a special case the rate of momentum transport in a fluid volume V is found by taking
    G = ρq, then,
    D Dq
    ZZZ ZZZ
    ρqf dV = ρ dV (1.3.10)
    Dt V V Dt
    which will be used later.

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