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    Sums & Products: C. F. Gauss

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    Alireza Kafaei

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    Sums & Products: C. F. Gauss

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    Alireza Kafaei
    43 views4 pages

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    43 views4 pages

    Sums & Products: C. F. Gauss

    Uploaded by

    Alireza Kafaei

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    C. F.

    Gauss

    Sums & Products

    Picture source: http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/PictDisplay/Gauss.html

    Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.1 Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.2

    Sum for Children Sum for Children


    89 + 102 + 115 + 128 + 141 + Nine-year old Gauss saw
    154 + ··· + 30 numbers each 13 greater

    193 + ··· +
    than the previous one.

    232 + ··· +
    323 + ··· + (So the story goes.)

    414 + ··· + 453 + 466


    Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.3 Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.4

    Sum for Children Sum for Children


    1st + 30th = 89+466 = 555 Sum of kth term and (31−k)th term
    2nd + 29th = is invariant!
    (1st+13) + (30th−13) = 555 Total = 555 ⋅ 15
    3rd + 28th = = (1st + last) ⋅ (# terms/2)
    (2nd+13) + (29th−13) = 555 = ((1st +last)/2) ⋅ (# terms)

    Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.5 Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.6

    1
    Sum for Children Geometric Series

    Example: Gn ::= 1 + x + x 2 +" + x n−1 + x n


    xGn = x + x 2 + x3 + " + x n + x n+1
    1 + 2 + ··· + (n−1) + n =
    (1 + n)n

    Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.7 Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.8

    Geometric Series Geometric Series

    Gn ::= 1 + x + x 2 + " + x n−1 + x n Gn ::= 1 + x + x 2 + " + x n−1 + x n


    xGn = x + x 2 + x3 + " + x n + x n+1 xGn = x + x 2 + x3 + " + x n + x n+1
    Gn−xGn= 1 − xn+1 Gn−xGn= 1− xn+1

    1 − x n +1
    Gn =
    1− x
    Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.9 Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.10

    Geometric Series Infinite Geometric Series


    1 − x n +1 1− x n+1
    Gn = Gn =
    1− x 1− x
    Consider the infinite sum (series) 1 − lim n→∞ x n+1 1
    lim Gn = =
    ∞ n→∞ 1− x 1− x
    1+ x + x 2 + " + x n−1 + x n + " + = ∑ xi
    i=0

    Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.11 Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.12

    2
    Infinite Geometric Series Team Problem
    ∞
    1
    ∑x n
    =
    1− x
    Problem 1
    n=0

    for x < 1

    Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.13 Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.14

    The future value of $$ The future value of $$


    My bank will pay me 3% interest.
    I will promise to pay you $100
    Define bankrate:
    in exactly one year,
    b ::= 1.03
    if you will pay me $X now.
    -- the factor by which bank will
    increase my holdings in 1 year.

    Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.15 Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.16

    The future value of $$ The future value of $$

    If I deposit your $X for a year,


    • $1 in a year is worth $ 0.9709 today
    I will have $(b⋅X).
    • $n is worth $nr a year earlier,
    So I won’t lose money as long as
    where r ::= 1/b.
    bX ≥ 100.
    • So $n paid in two years is worth
    X ≥ $100/1.03 ≈ $97.09
    $nr paid in one year, and is worth
    $nr2 today.
    Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.17 Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.18

    3
    The future value of $$ Annuities
    I will pay you $100/year for 10 years
    $n paid k years from now if you will pay me $Y now.
    is worth $nrk today I can’t lose if you pay me
    100r +100r2 +100r3 + … +100r10
    where r ::= 1/bankrate. =100r(1+ r + … + r9)
    = 100r(1−r10)/(1−r) = $853.02

    Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.19 Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.20

    Annuities
    Manipulating Sums
    I will pay you $100/year for 10 years
    d n
    1− x n+1
    if you will pay me $853.02 now.
    ∑ x =
    1− x
    i

    QUICKIE: If bankrates unexpectedly


    dx i=0

    increase in the next few years,


    n
    1 n i d ⎛ 1 − x n+1 ⎞
    A. I come out ahead
    ∑ ix
    i=0
    i−1
    = ∑ ix = ⎜
    x i=1 dx ⎝ 1 − x ⎠
    ⎟
    B. You come out ahead
    C. The deal stays fair
    Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.21 Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.22

    Manipulating Sums Team Problem

    n x-(n+1)xn+1+nxn+2
    ∑ ixi =
    i=1 (1-x)2 Problems
    2,3
    Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.23 Copyright © Albert R. Meyer and Ronitt Rubinfeld, 2005. October 26, 2005 L8-2.24

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