UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER I1
SESSION 200912010

SUBJECT NAME : HYDROLOGY

SUBJECT CODE : BFC 3092

COURSE : 3 BFF

EXAMINATION DATE : APRILIMAY 2010

DURATION : 2 %HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS : PART A: ANSWER QUESTION 1

PART B: ANSWER ANY THREE (3:

QUESTIONS.

THIS PAPER CONSISTS OF FIFTEEN (15) PAGES

 PART A
Ql (a) Explain briefly
* (i) Aquifer
(ii) Confined aquifer
(iii) Saturated zone
(iv) Transmissivity
(8 marks)

(b) The banks of a stream consist of silty clay of hydraulic conductivity 0.005 mlday
having an average depth of 150 cm. The underlying aquifer of fine sand has an
avenge thickness of 20 m. Given the hydraulic conductivity of fine sand = 3.2
mlday. Determine:

(i) The coefficient of leakage,

(ii) The retardation ccefficient
(iii) The leakage factor
(6 marks)

(c) (i) A well is vumved fmn a confined aauifer at a rate of 0.14 m3/s for a lone.
time. In G o observation wells located100 and 30 m away from the well, the
difference in elevation has been observed as 1.5 m. What is the transmissivity
of the aquifer?
(4 marks)

(ii) A fully penetrating 50 cm diameter main well has its bottom 34.8 m below
c the static water table. A h 24 hr of pumping at 0.09 m3/s, the water level in
the main well stabilizes to 5 m below the static water table. A drawdown of
3.2 m,i: noticed in an observation well 100 m away from the pumped
m ~ e t e r m i n the
e hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer.
(7 marks)
 BFC 3092

PART B

Q2 (a) The Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) has a significant number of dam
projects for water supply. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of a dam project
with respect to hydrologic cycle for water resources development.
(5 marks)

@) An amount of 4.5 cm of water evaporates over a period of two days from a vertical
walled reservoir in a 150 hectare catchment area The reservoir also receives storm
water at a flow rate of 5.5 m3/s during this period. Compute the volume of water
released in hectarean during the M a y s period assuming the water level in the
reservoir remains the same.

(7 marks)

(c) (i) Describe briefly three (3) types of precipitation.

(6 marks)

(i) Estimate the missing precipitation depth (cm) using the quadrant method for
the data tabulated below.

Table Q2: Precipitation Data

Quadrant Gauge Precipitation Depth Coordinates (qy)

(cm)
I A 12.2 6,15
B 11.4 14,8
I1 C 9.9 7,-8
D 10.2 14,-8
IV E 14.2 -9.10
F 10.7 -18,7
G 9.9 -15,19

(7 marks)
 BFC 3092

-
03 ..
(a) Define
(i) evapotranspiration potential
(ii) evapotranspiration actual
(4 marks)

@) Calculate the daily evaporation rate for a stream, assuming the following:

Mean value for air temperature = 85' F

Mean value for water temoerature = 60" F
Average wind speed = 19 mph
Relative humidity = 35%.
Assume c = 0.35

Use the Mayer and Dunne equations and the information given in Appendix 1.
(8 marks)

(cl
.. ..
li) What is Index Q?
(ii) Describe briefly the Horton infiltration model.
(ii) The rainfall intensities durine, each 30 min duration of a 150-min norm over
a 500 km' basin are 5.5, 3; 1, 3.5, and 2 mmihr, respectively. The direct
runoff from the basin is 105 mm'. Determine Q Index.
=
' ===== (13 marks)
./

Q4 (a) Explain briefly the following:

i. Catchment area.
ii Time of concentration
(4 marks)

(b) By referring to Figure Q4@), compute the peak run-off, QQ,, for a 10-year storm using
Rational Method for a drainage basin of 15 kmz and having the following properties:

i. Stream: length 5000 meter; slope 0.4%

.
ii. Run-off coefficient:
Impervious, 3.0 km2;c =0.90,

. Grass, 8.0 km2 ;c = 0.35,

Wooded, 4.0 km2;c = 0.25.

(c) (i) Fxplain f v o (2) fncton affecting surface runoff

(ii) Salt solution ofconcentration 5.7 gll was injected to a swam at a constant rate
of 8.5 mlls. At a sufficient distance down&m. the salt concentration of the
sbeam was measured to be 0.05 m a . Estimate the stream discharge.
(13 marks)

4
QS (a) (i) Define Unit hydrograph (UlQ.
(ii) Explain how watersheds respond as linear systems in unit hydrographs.
(5 marks)

@) Determine the 4 hour unit hydrograph using the d a h in Table QS @) for a watershed
having a drainage area of 200 km2,assuming a constant baseflow of 20 m3/s.

Table Q5 (b): Flow Data

Time 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
Olr)
Flow 20 25 75 175 225 180 100 80 60 40 25 20
(m3/s)
(7 marks)

(c) Derive the 2 hr Snyder unit hydrograph for a 70 km2 catchment where the main
stream is 15 km long and the distance from the catchment outlet to the point on the
stream nearest to the centriod of the catchment is 6 km. Given C , = 0.6 and C,= 1.5.
(13 marks)
06 (a) Table 0 6 (a) shows the annual maximum discharges for a river. Using b e normal
dislribuiion method estimate the cxcecdance pmiahilitiec and return pctiod for a
discharge of 350 m'ls and flood rnagnitudcc for a pmhahility o f 0.01.

Table Q6 (a): Annual maximum discharges (m3/s)

(13 marks)

(b) For the inflow hydrngraph o f a catchment area as indicated in Table Q

a flood muting through a river reach given K = 20 hours and x 11.25.

Table Q6 (b): loflow hydrograph of a river

Time,(hour) 1 12 1 24 1 36 1 48 1 60 1 72 1 84 1 96 1 108 / 120

Inflow,l (m'ls) 1 100 1 300 1 680 1 500 1 400 1 310 1 230 1 180 1 100 1 50
(12 marks)
BAHAGIAN A

SI (a) Dengan ringkas,terangkan

(i) Akuifer
(ii) Akuifer terkurung
(iii) Zon tepu
(iv) Transmissiviti
(8 marks)

(b) Tebing sebuah sungai pada bahagian dasamya mengandungi tanah liat berkelodak
dengan nilai pekali kebolehtelapan ialah 0.005 mhari serta mempunyai purata
kedalaman 150 cm. Lapisan akuifer pasir halus di bawahnya mempunyai purata
ketebalan 20 m. Diberi pekali kebolehtelapan untuk pasir halus = 3.2 mhari.
Kenalpasti

(i) pekali kebocoran,

(ii) pekali pembantutan
(iii) faktor kebocoran
(6 marks)

(c) (i) Scbuah tclaga dipam dari akuifer tcrkurung pada kadar 0.14 m31s uuntuk sahl
-dan- 30masa
ianeka vane lama. Pada dua buah telaea -
- .Deneawasan vane terletak 100
m dari <la@, perubahan aras dikenalpasti seban;aki.5 m antara
keduaduanya. Apakah transmissiviti untuk akuifa itu?
(4 markah)

(ii) Sebuah tclaga utama yang hcrdiamecr 50 cm mcmpunyai jarak kctinggian

34.8 m di bawah aras uatik air bawah tanah. Setclah 24jam dipam pada kadar
- 0.09 m1 s. aras air bawah tanah di dalam telaea utama mcniadi nabil kenada 5
m di hawah aras natik air bawah tanah. Surutan scbanyak 3.2 cm dikcnalpani
di lelaga pemerhatian yane tcrlaak 100 m dari telaea
. yanfllFJk~.Kenalpaiti
oekalikebolehtela~an"ntikakuifer itu.
(7 markah)
 BFC 3092

SZ (a) Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran (.IFS') terlibat dengan pelbagai projek-projek
empangan untuk bekalan air. Terangkan kelebihan dan kekumngan sebuah projek
empangan terhadap kitamn hidrologi untuk pembangunan sumber air.
(5 markah)

@) Sejumlah 4.5 cm air tersejat dalam masa dua hari dari takungan yang mempunyai
struktur dinding menegak, berkeluasan 150 hektar. Takungan tenebut juga . .
mncrima hujanribut wbsnyak 5.5 m3/s sepanjang tempoh tcrwh~t.Kirakan isipadu
air yang dilcpaskan dalsm hectare-cm bagi tcmpoh itu jika arac air di dalam
takungan adalah sama pada permulaan dan pengakhiran tempoh

(7 markah)

(c) (i) Terangkan s m ringkas tiga (3) jenis kerpasan.

(6 markah)

(iii) Anggarkan kedalaman kerpasan (dalam cm) yang hilang menggunakan

kaedah sukuan bag; taburan data yang berikut.

Jadoal S2: Data taburan kerpasan

Sukuan Tolok Kedalaman kerpasan Kwrdinat (qy) (cm)

I A 12.2 6,15
B 11.4 14,8
I1 C 9.9 7;s
D 10.2 14;8
N E 14.2 -9,lO
F 10.7 -18,7
G 9.9 -15,19

(7 markah)
 BFC 3092

S3 (a) Definisikan
(i) sejatpeluhan potensi
(ii) seiatpeluhan sebenar

(b) Kira kadar penyejatan harian untuk sebuah sungai dengan andaian yang krikut:

Purata suhu udara = 85" F

Purata suhu air = 60" F
Purata halaju angin = 19 batu/jam
Kelembapan relative = 35%.

Gunakan persamaan Mayer and Dunne s e a maklumat yang diberikan di Appendix

1.
(8 markah)

(c) (i) Apakah Q, indeks?

(ii) Huraikan secara ringkas model penyusupan Horion.
(iii) Keamatan hujan untuk setiap sela masa 30 min bagi ribut krtempoh 150-min
untuk kawasan seluas 500 km2 adalah 5.5,3, 1, 3.5, and 2 cmhr masing-
masing. Air larian terus dari tadahan adalah sebanyak @ m e n a l p a s t i Q
w
indeks.
X (13 markah)

S4 (a) Terangkan secara ringkas:

i. Kawasan tadahan.
ii Masa penumpuan
(4 markah)

(b) Dengan merujuk Figure Q4 (b), kira kadar alir puncak Q,, bagi ribut berkala kembali
10 tahun menggunakan Kaedah Rasional untuk keluasan kawasan 15 km2 dan
mempunyai parameter-parametertersebut:

i.)Sungai: panjang 5000 meter; kecerunan 0.4%

ii.)Pekali air larian:
Tidak telap, 3.0 km2 ;c = 0.90,
Berumput, 8.0 km2 ;c = 0.35,
Hutan, 4.0 km2;c = 0.25.

(c) (i) Terangkan don (2) faktor yang mempengaruhi air larian permukaan.
(ii) Larutan garam yang mempunyai kepekatan 5.7 gfi telah dimasukkan ke dalam
sungai pada kadar malar iaitu 8.5 mlls. Pada satu jarak tertentu di hilir sungai,
kepekatan garam tersebut diukur dan didapati nilainya 0.05 mgil. Anggarkan
kadar alir sungai tersebut.
(13 markah)
 BFC 3092

S5 (a) (i) Defmisikan hidrograf unit (UH).

(ii) Terangkan bagaimana kawasan tadahan krfungsi seperti sistem linear di
dalam hidrograf unit.
(5 markah)

(h) Knalpa\ti hidrograf unit kriempoh 4 jam mcnggllnakan data di Jadmsl SS bagi
kawavan tadahan berkcluaran 200 km' dengan mcnganggapkan alinn dasar adalah
malar iaihl20 m3/s.

Jadual SS: Data Jumlah Alirau

(c) Terbitkan Unit hidrograf Snyder bertempoh 2 jam untuk kawasan tadahan
krkeluasan 70 km2 di mana panjang sungai utama adalah 15 km dan jarak dari
luahan tadahan ke titik paling hampir dengan seneiod tadahan adalah 6 km. D i k r i
q = 0 . 6 and G = 1.5.
(13 markah)
 BFC 3092

S6 (a) Jadual S6(n) menunjukkan hujan tahunan maksimum untuk vbuah sungai.
Menwunakan kaedah taburan xragam, anggarkan kehwrngkalian melehihi dan Lala
-
kemblli blei aliran 350 ml/r dan maenilud baniir -
" haai keharanekalian 0.01. - -
(13 markah)

Jadual S6 (a): Alimn maksimum tahunao (m3/s)

@) Untuk hidrograf masukan bagi kawasan tadahan seperti yang dinyatakan dalam
Jadual S6(b), lakukan penghalaan banjir bagi muara sungai itu dengan diberi K =
20 jam dan x = 0.25.

Jadual S6(b): Hidrograf masukao uotuk suogai

Masdiam) 1 12 1 24 1 36 1 48 1 60 1 72 1 84 1 96 1 108 1 120

Aliranmasuk, 100 300 680 500 400 310 230 180 100 50
1(m3/s)
(12 markah)
 BPC 3092

APPENDIX I

FINAL EXAMlNATION
SEmSTERI SESSION : SEM 2 12W9!2010 COURSE : 3BFF
SUBJECT :HYDROLOGY SUBJECT CODE : BPC 3092

Table Q3 (b)(i) : Properties of Water in Traditional U.S. Units

Temperature Vapor pressure

(OF) in Hg mb psi
-32 0.18 6.1 1 1 0.09
-
- 8.36 -2
- 12.19 -8
- U.SZ 17.51 !6
-
70 0.74 24.79 0.36
80 1.03 34.61 0.51
90 1.42 47.68 0.70
100 1.94 64.88 0.95

Table Q3 (b(ii) : Properties ofwater in SI Units

Temperatore Vapor pressore

(OC) mm Hg mb 1 g/cm2
n I d <R I 611 I
 BFC 3092

APPENDIX 2
FINAL EXAhllNATION
SEMESTER I SESSION : SEM 2 1 2 0 0 9 ~ 0 1 0 COURSE : 3BFF
SUBJECT : HYDROLOGY SUBJECT CODE : BFC 3W2

5m

o = 0.032

,........ 1..
b- 4m 4

FIGURE 04(bMi) :Cmss seetion of stream

5
4.5

- 4
3.5

-
B
0
.-
n
2.5

2
8 1.5
7

L
0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 50 65

Duration (minutes)

FIGURE 04fbMii): loteositv-Duration-Freameoo curve

 BFC 3092

APPENDIX 3

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER 1 SESSION :SEM 2 /2009/2010 COURSE : 3BFF
SUBJECT :HYDROLOGY SUBlECT CODE : BFC 3092

Table: Values of probability of standard normal deviate, r for a normal distribution (exceedance
probability)

z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.M

-3.4 m03 ,3333 .WO3 OW3 W03 W03 W03 W03 ,3203 OW2
-3.3 W05 ,3335 .0005 ,0004 ,3334 W04 W04 W04 W04 W03
-3.2 W07 W07 .0006 .OWB W06 ,2006 ,2006 .W05 ,3205 OW5
3.1 .MI0 .W09 .W09 .OW9 W08 ,0338 ,0338 W08 0007 W07
3.0 ,2013 ,0013 .W13 0012 W12 ,2011 ,2011 ,2011 0010 ,2010

-2.9 W19 ,2018 .W18 .W17 W16 W16 W15 W15 ,2014 0014
-2.8 W26 ,3325 .W24 .W23 ,3323 ,3322 W21 .W21 ,3320 0019
-2.7 ,3335 W34 0033 .W32 W31 ,2030 ,3329 ,3328 ,3327 0026
-2.6 0347 0045 ,0044 .w43 ,2041 ,0040 ,0339 ,2038 0037 0036
-2.5 W62 W60 ,0059 .On57 W55 ,2054 ,2052 W51 0049 ,0048

-2.4 W82 0000 ,3378 .W75 W73 ,3371 W69 W68 W66 ,0064
-2.3 0107 ,0104 0102 0099 ,3396 W94 0091 ,3389 ,3387 0084
-2.2 0139 0136 .0132 .0129 0125 0122 0119 0116 ,0113 0110
-2.1 0179 0174 0170 .0166 0162 0158 0154 0150 0146 0143
-2.0 0228 0222 0217 .0212 0207 0202 0197 0192 0188 0183

-1.9 ,0287 0281 ,0274 .0268 0262 0256 0250 0244 ,0239 0223
-1.8 0359 ,0351 0544 3336 0320 0322 ,0314 0307 0301 0294
-1.7 ,0446 0436 0427 .MI8 ,0409 ,0401 0392 0384 0375 0367
-1.6 ,0548 ,0537 0526 .0516 0505 ,0495 0485 0475 0465 ,0455
-1.5 ,0668 ,0655 ,0643 .0630 0618 ,0606 0594 0582 ,0571 ,0559

-1.4 ,0808 0793 3778 .0764 0749 0735 0721 0708 0694 0681
-1.3 0968 0951 .W34 .3918 0901 ,0885 0869 0853 0638 ,0823
-1.2 1151 1131 .I112 .I093 1075 ,1056 ,1038 1020 .1W3 ,0985
-1.1 1357 1335 .I314 .I292 1271 ,1251 ,1230 ,1210 ,1190 ,1170
-1.0 1587 1562 .I539 .I515 1492 1469 1446 1423 ,1401 ,1379

4.9 ,1841 ,1814 ,1788 .I762 1736 ,1711 1685 ,1660 ,1635 1611
4.8 2119 ,2090 2061 .2033 2W5 ,1977 1949 ,1922 ,1894 1867
-0.7 2420 .238Q .2358 .2327 2296 2266 2236 2206 ,2177 ,2148
-0.6 ,2743 2709 .2676 243 2611 2578 2546 ,2514 ,2483 ,2451
4.5 ,3085 3050 .3015 2981 .2946 ,2912 ,2877 2843 ,2810 ,2776
-0.4 3446 3400 3372 3336 .3300 3261 ,3228 3192 3156 .3121
0 3 ,3821 3783 3745 3707 3669 3632 ,3594 3557 3520 .3483
-0.2 4207 .A168 ,4129 4090 .A052 .a13 ,3974 3936 ,3897 ,3859
0.1 .A602 4562 4522 4483 .A443 .a04 4361 4325 A286 .4247
0.0 SO00 .4960 4920 4880 .A540 .A801 ,4761 4721 .4681 .a41

14
 APPENDIX 4

I FINAL EXAMINATION
SLMESTER I SESSIOS : SEM 2 /201K)/20111 CCKJRSL- : 3 BFF
S I IRJEC'T : HYI>ROI.~XIL' SUltJtC I I OnE : RFC 3092

Equations:
1

I
pr =-xC'xixA [For SI Unit)
3.6

Index i =--
P -R

z = -x - x
S