Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 97 views

    Pollen Grain: The Pollen Grains Represent The Male Gametophytes

    Uploaded by

    sachin saku
    Pollen grains are spherical structures that measure 25-50 micrometers in diameter. They have a tough outer wall called the exine made of sporopollenin, which allows pollen grains to withstand heat, acids, and bases. The exine has pores that allow pollen tube growth. Inside is a thin intine wall and cytoplasm containing a large vegetative cell and a smaller generative cell or cells that will form sperm. Pollen grains can cause allergies but are also used as food supplements in some cultures. They remain viable from 30 minutes to months depending on species. Stored pollen can be used for plant breeding programs similarly to seed banks.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Pollen Grain: The Pollen Grains Represent The Male Gametophytes

    Uploaded by

    sachin saku
    97 views6 pages
    Pollen grains are spherical structures that measure 25-50 micrometers in diameter. They have a tough outer wall called the exine made of sporopollenin, which allows pollen grains to withstand heat, acids, and bases. The exine has pores that allow pollen tube growth. Inside is a thin intine wall and cytoplasm containing a large vegetative cell and a smaller generative cell or cells that will form sperm. Pollen grains can cause allergies but are also used as food supplements in some cultures. They remain viable from 30 minutes to months depending on species. Stored pollen can be used for plant breeding programs similarly to seed banks.

    Original Description:

    Neet

    Original Title

    BIOLOGY

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Pollen grains are spherical structures that measure 25-50 micrometers in diameter. They have a tough outer wall called the exine made of sporopollenin, which allows pollen grains to withstand heat, acids, and bases. The exine has pores that allow pollen tube growth. Inside is a thin intine wall and cytoplasm containing a large vegetative cell and a smaller generative cell or cells that will form sperm. Pollen grains can cause allergies but are also used as food supplements in some cultures. They remain viable from 30 minutes to months depending on species. Stored pollen can be used for plant breeding programs similarly to seed banks.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    97 views6 pages

    Pollen Grain: The Pollen Grains Represent The Male Gametophytes

    Uploaded by

    sachin saku
    Pollen grains are spherical structures that measure 25-50 micrometers in diameter. They have a tough outer wall called the exine made of sporopollenin, which allows pollen grains to withstand heat, acids, and bases. The exine has pores that allow pollen tube growth. Inside is a thin intine wall and cytoplasm containing a large vegetative cell and a smaller generative cell or cells that will form sperm. Pollen grains can cause allergies but are also used as food supplements in some cultures. They remain viable from 30 minutes to months depending on species. Stored pollen can be used for plant breeding programs similarly to seed banks.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 6

    DAY-6 DATE- 14.04.

    2020

    Pollen grain: The pollen grains represent the male gametophytes.

    Pollen grains are generally spherical measuring about 25-50 micrometers in diameter.

    It has a prominent two-layered wall.

    The hard outer layer called the exine is made up of sporopollenin which is one of the most resistant
    organic material known.

    It can withstand high temperatures and strong acids and alkali. No enzyme that degrades
    sporopollenin is so far known.

    Pollen grain exine has prominent apertures called germ pores where sporopollenin is absent.

    Pollen grains are well preserved as fossils because of the presence of sporopollenin.

    The exine exhibits a fascinating array of patterns and designs.


    The inner wall of the pollen grain is called the intine.

    It is a thin and continuous layer made up of cellulose and pectin.

    The cytoplasm of pollen grain is surrounded by a plasma membrane. When the pollen grain is
    mature it contains two cells, the vegetative cell and generative cell .

    The vegetative cell is bigger, has abundant food reserve and a large irregularly shaped nucleus

    The generative cell is small and floats in the cytoplasm of the vegetative cell. It is spindle shaped
    with dense cytoplasm and a nucleus.

    In over 60 per cent of angiosperms, pollen grains are shed at this 2-celled stage. In the remaining
    species, the generative cell divides mitotically to give rise to the two male gametes before pollen

    grains are shed (3-celled stage).


    Pollen grains of many species cause severe allergies and bronchial afflictions in some people often
    leading to chronic respiratory disorders– asthma, bronchitis, etc. It may be mentioned that
    Parthenium or carrot grass that came into India as a contaminant with imported wheat, has become
    ubiquitous in occurrence and causes pollen allergy

    Pollen grains are rich in nutrients. It has become a fashion in recent years to use pollen tablets as
    food supplements. In western countries, a large number of pollen products in the form of tablets
    and syrups are available in the market. Pollen consumption has been claimed to increase the
    performance of athletes and race horses.

    When once they are shed, pollen grains have to land on the stigma before they lose viability if they
    have to bring about fertilisation. The period for which pollen grains remain viable is highly variable
    and to some extent depends on the prevailing temperature and humidity. In some cereals such as
    rice and wheat, pollen grains lose viability within 30 minutes of their release, and in some members
    of Rosaceae, Leguminoseae and Solanaceae, they maintain viability for months.

    You may have heard of storing semen/ sperms of many animals including humans for artificial
    insemination. It is possible to store pollen grains of a large number of species for years in liquid
    nitrogen (-1960C). Such stored pollen can be used as pollen banks, similar to seed banks, in crop
    breeding programmes.

    The Pistil, Megasporangium (ovule) and Embryo sac

    gynoecium represents the female reproductive part of the flower.

    gynoecium may consist of a single pistil (monocarpellary)

    or may have more than one pistil (multicarpellary). When there are more than one, the pistils may

    be fused together (syncarpous) or may be free (apocarpous)


    Each pistil has three parts ,the stigma, style and ovary.

    The stigma serves as a landing platform for pollen grains. The style is the elongated slender part
    beneath the stigma. The basal bulged part of the pistil is the ovary. Inside the ovary is the ovarian
    cavity (locule). The placenta is located inside the ovarian cavity.

    Arising from the placenta are the megasporangia, commonly called ovules.

    The number of ovules in an ovary may be one (wheat, paddy, mango) to many (papaya, water
    melon, orchids).

    The Megasporangium (Ovule) :

    The ovule is a small structure attached to the placenta by means of a stalk called funicle. The body of
    the ovule fuses with funicle in the region called hilum. Thus, hilum represents the junction between
    ovule and funicle. Each ovule has one or two protective envelopes called integuments. Integuments
    encircle the ovule except at the tip where a small opening called the micropyle is organised.
    Opposite the micropylar end, is the chalaza, representing the basal part of the ovule.
    Enclosed within the integuments is a mass of cells called the nucellus. Cells of the nucellus have
    abundant reserve food materials. Located in the nucellus is the embryo sac or female gametophyte.
    An ovule generally has a single embryo sac formed from a megaspore through reduction division.

    Megasporogenesis : The process of formation of megaspores from the megaspore mother cell is
    called megasporogenesis.

    Ovules generally differentiate a single megaspore mother cell (MMC) in the micropylar region of the
    nucellus . It is a large cell containing dense cytoplasm and a prominent nucleus. The MMC undergoes
    meiotic division. Meiosis results in the production of four megaspores

    Female gametophyte : In a majority of flowering plants, one of the megaspores is functional while
    the other three degenerate. Only the functional megaspore develops into the female gametophyte
    (embryo sac).

    WORKSHEET

    1. It is the tissue in the ovary on which the ovules develop and are attached to the ovary wall .Name
    this tissue located inside the ovarian cavity.

    2 With a neat, labelled diagram, describe the parts of a typical angiosperm ovule.

    3.Identify A&B and write their fate.

    4. (a) "The microspore is haploid while that of microspore mother cell is diploid". Comment.
    (b) How many male gametes and female gametes are produced by-

    (i) Five microspore mother cells (ii) Five megaspore mother cells

    5. Comment on the following diagrams-

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy