Production: Routes To Thin Films of Cds

Cadmium sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula CdS.
Cadmium sulfide is a yellow

solid.[4] It occurs in nature with two different crystal structures as the rare
minerals greenockite and hawleyite, but is more prevalent as an impurity substituent in the
similarly structured zinc ores sphalerite and wurtzite, which are the major economic sources of
cadmium. As a compound that is easy to isolate and purify, it is the principal source
of cadmium for all commercial applications.[4] Its vivid yellow color led to its adoption as a pigment
for the yellow paint "cadmium yellow" in the 18th century.
Production[edit]
Cadmium sulfide can be prepared by the precipitation from soluble cadmium(II) salts with sulfide
ion. This reaction has been used for gravimetric analysis and qualitative inorganic analysis.[5]
The preparative route and the subsequent treatment of the product, affects the polymorphic form
that is produced (i.e., cubic vs hexagonal). It has been asserted that chemical precipitation
methods result in the cubic zincblende form.[6]
Pigment production usually involves the precipitation of CdS, the washing of the solid precipitate
to remove soluble cadmium salts followed by calcination (roasting) to convert it to the hexagonal
form followed by milling to produce a powder.[7] When cadmium sulfide selenides are required the
CdSe is co-precipitated with CdS and the cadmium sulfoselenide is created during the
calcination step.[7]
Cadmium sulfide is sometimes associated with sulfate reducing bacteria.[8][9]
Routes to thin films of CdS[edit]

Special methods are used to produce films of CdS as components in some photoresistors and
solar cells. In the chemical bath deposition method, thin films of CdS have been prepared
using thiourea as the source of sulfide anions and an ammonium buffer solution to control pH:[10]
Cd2+ + H2O + (NH2)2CS + 2 NH3 → CdS + (NH2)2CO + 2 NH4+
Cadmium sulfide can be produced using metalorganic vapour phase
epitaxy and MOCVD techniques by the reaction of dimethylcadmium with diethyl sulfide:[11]
Cd(CH3)2 + Et2S → CdS + CH3CH3 + C4H10
Other methods to produce films of CdS include
 Sol gel techniques[12]
 Sputtering[13]
 Electrochemical deposition[14]
 Spraying with precursor cadmium salt, sulfur compound and dopant[15]
 Screen printing using a slurry containing dispersed CdS[16]
Reactions[edit]
Cadmium sulfide can be dissolved in acids.[17]
CdS + 2 HCl → CdCl2 + H2S
When solutions of sulfide containing dispersed CdS particles are irradiated with light
hydrogen gas is generated:[18]
H2S → H2 + S ΔHf = +9.4 kcal/mol
The proposed mechanism involves the electron/hole pairs created when incident
light is absorbed by the cadmium sulfide[19] followed by these reacting with water
and sulfide:[18]
Production of an electron hole pair
CdS + hν → e− + hole+
Reaction of electron
2e− + 2H2O → H2 + 2OH−
Reaction of hole
2hole+ + S2− → S
Structure and physical properties[edit]

Cadmium sulfide has, like zinc sulfide, two crystal forms. The more stable
hexagonal wurtzite structure (found in the mineral Greenockite) and the cubic zinc blende
structure (found in the mineral Hawleyite). In both of these forms the cadmium and sulfur atoms
are four coordinate.[20] There is also a high pressure form with the NaCl rock salt structure.[20]
Cadmium sulfide is a direct band gap semiconductor (gap 2.42 eV[19]). The proximity of its band
gap to visible light wavelengths gives it a coloured appearance.[4]
As well as this obvious property other properties result:
 the conductivity increases when irradiated,[19] (leading to uses as a photoresistor)

 when combined with a p-type semiconductor it forms the core component of
a photovoltaic (solar) cell and a CdS/Cu2S solar cell was one of the first efficient cells to be
reported (1954)[21][22]
 when doped with for example Cu+ ("activator") and Al3+ ("coactivator") CdS luminesces
under electron beam excitation (cathodoluminescence) and is used as phosphor[23]
 both polymorphs are piezoelectric and the hexagonal is also pyroelectric[24]
 electroluminescence[25]
 CdS crystal can act as a solid state laser[26][27]
 In thin-film form, CdS can be combined with other layers for use in certain types of solar
cells.[28] CdS was also one of the first semiconductor materials to be used for thin-film
transistors (TFTs).[29] However interest in compound semiconductors for TFTs largely waned after
the emergence of amorphous silicon technology in the late 1970s.
 Thin films of CdS can be piezoelectric and have been used as transducers which can
operate at frequencies in the GHz region.
 Nanoribbons of CdS show a net cooling due annihilation of phonons, during anti-Stokes
luminescence at ~510 nm. As a result, a maximum temperature drop of 40 and 15 K has been
demonstrated when the nanoribbons are pumped with a 514 or 532 nm laser.[30]

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Cadmium sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula CdS.

Cadmium sulfide is a yellow

Routes to thin films of CdS[edit]

Structure and physical properties[edit]

 the conductivity increases when irradiated,[19] (leading to uses as a photoresistor)

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