Nomenclature PDF
Nomenclature PDF
Nomenclature PDF
Nomenclature
N-2 Nomenclature
Dw wire diameter, in., m FL linear flow function
Da Damköhler number Fmeas fracture development function for measured
data
Damt mass-transfer-limited Damköhler number
Fsim fracture development function for simulated
Darxn reaction-rate-limited Damköhler number
data
De Deborah number
F0 surface flux at time zero
DR damage ratio
g acceleration of gravity, ft/s2, m/s2
E Young’s modulus, psi, bar, Pa
g(∆tD) dimensionless fluid-loss volume function
E´ plane strain modulus, psi, bar, Pa
gf fracture gradient, psi/ft, Pa/m
Eav average Young’s modulus, psi, bar, Pa
g0 fluid-loss volume function
Edyn dynamic Young’s modulus, psi, bar, Pa
G shear modulus, psi, bar, Pa
Ef reaction rate constant
G(∆tD) dimensionless fluid-loss time function
En effect of all previous time steps
G* corrected value of G-function at closure
Es secant Young’s modulus, psi, bar, Pa
G´ elastic storage modulus, psi, bar, Pa
Et tangent Young’s modulus, psi, bar, Pa
G´´ viscous loss modulus, psi, bar, Pa
Et Young’s modulus of a plastic material, psi, bar,
Gc fluid-loss time function G(∆tD) at fracture
Pa
closure
f friction factor
Gdyn dynamic shear modulus, psi, bar, Pa
f elastic influence function
Ge strain energy release rate
faL apparent length fraction
GRAPI gamma ray value
fd drag coefficient
h height, ft, m
ffL ratio of fracture to loss volume during injection
h formation or reservoir thickness, ft, m
fLS volume fraction lost to spurt
h hardening parameter
fp pad volume fraction
h heat transfer coefficient
fpad pad volume fraction
hcp height at the center of perforations, ft, m
fs slurry volume fraction
hD dimensionless height
fv volume fraction
hf fracture height, ft, m
fw water fractional flow
hfD ratio of the leakoff area to the characteristic
fκ spurt fraction length
F fill fraction hfo initial fracture height, ft, m
F formation factor hL permeable or fluid-loss height, ft, m
F force, lbf, N hpay height of the pay zone, ft, m
F fracture development function hs penetration into bounding layer, ft, m
Fb ratio of wellbore width or net pressure hwD dimensionless completion thickness
Fc critical load H depth, ft, m
Fi surface flux at the ith time step i injection rate
N-4 Nomenclature
Kc G-plot slope correction factor for pressure- L horizontal well length, ft, m
dependent leakoff
Lapp apparent of equivalent fracture penetration, ft,
Kd dissociation constant m
Kdyn dynamic bulk modulus Le length to tip, ft, m
Keq effective equilibrium constant Lp productive length, ft, m
Kfoam consistency coefficient for the foam phase Lt length of the fracture tip region, ft, m
Kg mass-transfer coefficient Lv length of filtrate-invaded zone, ft, m
KI stress intensity factor, psi/in.1/2, bar/m1/2 m slope on semilogarithmic straight line,
psi/cycle (oil), psi2/cycle or psi2/cp/cycle (gas)
KIc critical stress intensity factor, psi/in.1/2,
bar/m1/2 m Archie constant
KIceff effective fracture toughness, psi/in.1/2, m linear regression constant
bar/m1/2
m reaction rate order
KIclag critical stress intensity factor in the fluid
m power law turbulence factor
lag region, psi/in.1/2, bar/m1/2
mbf bilinear flow slope, psi/hr1/4, bar/hr1/4
KIc-apparent apparent fracture toughness, psi/in.1/2,
bar/m1/2 mc early-time slope used to compute the wellbore
storage coefficient C
KIl stress intensity factor at bottom fracture
tip, psi/in.1/2, bar/m1/2 mcf linear flow slope in an elongated reservoir
KIu stress intensity factor at top fracture tip, mepr early pseudoradial flow slope
psi/in.1/2, bar/m1/2 mG slope of the G-plot, psi, bar, Pa
Ko coefficient of earth pressure at rest, dimen- mGc slope of the G-plot at fracture closure, psi, bar,
sionless Pa
Kpipe consistency index for pipe flow, lbf-sn/ft2 mhl linear flow slope of a horizontal well
Kr reaction rate mlf linear flow slope, psi/hr1/2, bar/hr1/2
Kr temperature-dependent reaction rate con- mM Mayerhofer et al. (1993) method slope
stant
mn straight-line slope
Ks bulk modulus of the solid constituents, psi,
bar, Pa mN Nolte method slope
Ks solubility constant mp match pressure, psi, bar, Pa
Kslot consistency index for slot flow, lbf-sn/ft2 mpp spherical flow slope
Kv consistency index for a concentric cylinder mrf radial flow slope, psi, bar, Pa
viscometer, lbf-sn/ft2 m3/4 slope of the G-plot at the 3⁄4 point, psi, bar, Pa
l length, ft, in., m Macid moles of acid per unit rock face area
l diverter cake thickness, ft, m Mgel specific density of gel mass in the fluid
ld length of damaged zone, ft, m Mv viscosity average molecular weight, g/mol
lp perforation channel length, ft, m MW molecular weight, g/mol
L length, ft, m n number or order
L fracture half-length, ft, m n index of time step
N-6 Nomenclature
ps pressure at the outer bound of the damaged qD dimensionless flow rate
zone, psi, bar, Pa
qDND dimensionless non-Darcy flow rate
psc standard condition pressure, psi, bar, Pa
qe flow at tip
psep separator pressure, psi, bar, Pa
qf volume rate of storage in a fracture
psim simulated pressure, psi, bar, Pa
qg gas production rate, Mscf/D, m3/d
psurf surface pressure, psi, bar, Pa
qi injection rate, B/D, bbl/min, m3/d, m3/s
ptf tubing flowing pressure, psi, bar, Pa
qi,max maximum injection rate, B/D, bbl/min, m3/d,
ptip net pressure at fracture tip for extension, psi, m3/s
bar, Pa
qL rate of fluid loss, B/D, bbl/min, m3/d, m3/s
pur upstream restriction pressure, psi, bar, Pa
qlast last flow rate, B/D, bbl/min, m3/d, m3/s
pusv pressure upstream of the safety valve, psi,
qL,C rate of fluid loss for reservoir-controlled
bar, Pa
leakoff, B/D, bbl/min, m3/d, m3/s
pvapor fluid vapor pressure, psi, bar, Pa
qn leakoff rate from one wing through two faces,
pw wellbore pressure, psi, bar, Pa B/D, m3/s
pwD dimensionless wellbore pressure qo initial flow rate, B/D, m3/s
pwf bottomhole flowing pressure, psi, bar, Pa qo oil production rate, B/D, m3/s
pwf,ideal ideal bottomhole flowing pressure, psi, bar, Pa qo,max maximum oil production rate at two-phase
flow, B/D, m3/s
pwf,real real bottomhole flowing pressure, psi, bar, Pa
qperf flow entering a perforation
pwfs wellbore sandface flowing pressure, psi, bar,
Pa qRT total reservoir production rate, B/D, m3/d
pwh wellhead flowing pressure, psi, bar, Pa qs damaged flow rate
pws bottomhole shut-in pressure, psi, bar, Pa qT total injection rate
p1 hr pressure on extension of semilogarithmic qtot constant total injection rate
straight line at t = 1 hr, psi, bar, Pa
qw water production rate, B/D, m3/d
p3/4 3
pressure at the G-plot ⁄4 point, psi, bar, Pa
Qp cumulative production, B/D, m3/d
Pe Peclet number
r radial distance, ft, m
PI productivity index, B/D/psi (oil), Mscf/D/psi
r reaction rate
(gas), m3/d/bar
rA rate of reactant consumption, mol/cm2/s
PIs damaged productivity index, B/D/psi (oil),
Mscf/D/psi (gas), m3/d/bar rac stimulation radius, ft, m
PVBT number of pore volumes to breakthrough rb acid bank radius, ft, m
PVinj number of pore volumes injected rbob bob radius
q flow rate, B/D (oil), Mscf/D (gas), m3/d rcup cup radius
qapp apparent flow rate, B/D, bbl/min, m3/d, m3/s rD rate of surface reaction, mol/cm2/s
qave average flow rate, B/D, bbl/min, m3/d, m3/s re reservoir radius, ft, m
qc flow rate in capillary pores reH radius of horizontal drainage ellipse formed
around a horizontal well, ft, m
qc injection rate into core face
RAt rate of reactant consumption at the tip sfs fracture face damage skin effect, dimensionless
Rmf resistivity of the mud filtrate, ohm-m sV vertical skin effect, dimensionless
N-8 Nomenclature
S surface area tDrw′ dimensionless time referenced to the effective
wellbore radius rw′
SF surface area per unit volume of solids for fast-
reacting minerals tDxf dimensionless fracture time
Sg gas-phase fluid saturation, fraction te time at end of pumping or injection, min, s
Si reactive surface area of mineral i tend time of the end of dual-porosity behavior
So oil-phase fluid saturation, fraction texp time of fracture opening and initial fluid
exposure
Soi initial oil saturation, fraction
ti injection time
Sor residual oil saturation, fraction
ti time at the end of the ith step
Sp spurt-loss coefficient, gal/ft2, m3/m2
tknee knee time for the crossing of pressure derivatives
SRE rock embedment strength
tmin minimum time
SS surface area per unit volume of solids for
slow-reacting minerals tn time at the end of step n, s
Sw water saturation, fraction ton time of onset of dual-porosity behavior
Swc connate water saturation, fraction tp producing time, hr
Swi irreducible water saturation, fraction tp pumping or injection time, hr
t time, day, hr, min, s tP compressional wave arrival time
t* reduced time tpss time to pseudosteady state, hr
ta pseudotime tr time at reference point r
taD dimensionless pseudotime tS time of tip screenout or injection without
screenout
tBT time of water breakthrough, hr
tS shear wave arrival time
tc closure time, min
tso time at screenout
tcD dimensionless closure time
tsp spurt time
tD dimensionless time
t0 reference time
tDA dimensionless time referenced to reservoir
drainage area tαD dimensionless ratio of time to pumping time
tDblf dimensionless time at start of formation linear T temperature, °F, °C, K
flow regime
T absolute temperature, °R, K
tDebf dimensionless time at end of bilinear flow
T dimensionless time for after-closure analysis
regime
T constant for tectonic effects on stress
tDefl dimensionless time at which fracture linear
flow behavior ends T wire tension, lbf/ft
tDelf dimensionless time at which formation linear Td dead weight, lbf
flow behavior ends TD dimensionless temperature
tdep time of departure from flow regime trend Tf flowing temperature, °F, °C
tD,knee dimensionless knee time for the pressure Tfl fluid temperature, °F, °C
derivatives
Ti fluid temperature at the fracture mouth, °F, °C
ut terminal settling velocity, ft/s, m/s VL,S fluid-loss component due to spurt, bbl, gal, m3
utip fracture tip velocity, ft/s, cm/s VLs,C volume of fluid lost due to filtration during
shut-in, bbl, gal, m3
uw volumetric flux of water
VM molar volume
u∞ terminal proppant settling velocity, ft/s, m/s
Vmineral volumetric fraction of a mineral
v flow velocity, ft/s, cm/s
Vp pore volume, ft3, m3
v^ specific volume of foam
Vprop bulk proppant volume injected
vA,x Fick’s law for the velocity of species A
Vrp relative proppant volume, lbm/md-ft3
vc damaged zone velocity, ft/s, cm/s
VS volume of slow-reacting minerals
vfall settling rate, ft/s, cm/s
VS volume of fluid lost to spurt, gal/100 ft2
v^ l specific volume of the base liquid
Vwall volume of fluid leaked off at the fracture wall
vL fluid-loss velocity, ft/min
w width, ft, m
vL specific fluid-loss volume
w fracture width, ft, in., m
vm matrix velocity, ft/s, cm/s
we average fracture width at end of pumping, ft,
vx average fluid velocity along the fracture length, m
ft/s, cm/s
N-10 Nomenclature
wetch acid-etched width, ft, m zw standoff from oil-water contact, ft, m
wf fracture width, ft, m zw elevation of midpoint of perforations from the
bottom of the reservoir, ft, m
wL leakoff width, ft, m
zwD dimensionless completion elevation
wlost proppant volume lost to the fracture width
Z gas deviation factor, dimensionless
wmax maximum width, ft, m
wmax,p maximum fracture width at the end of
pumping, ft, m
Symbols
wmax,si maximum fracture width immediately after
shut-in, ft, m α Forscheimer equation coefficient
wp-eff effective propped width, ft, m α exponent of fracture area growth, dimensionless
Ws energy dissipated during propagation of αhl linear flow to a horizontal well constant
a crack αlf linear flow constant
x linear distance, ft, m αp dimensionless pressure constant
xe well drainage dimension, ft, m αpp partial penetration constant
xe,opt optimal well spacing, ft, m αt dimensionless time constant
xf productive fracture half-length, ft, m αT linear thermal expansion coefficient
xfa apparent fracture half-length, ft, m α0 lower bound of area exponent, dimensionless
xfeldspar feldspar volume fraction of a sandstone α1 upper bound of area exponent, dimensionless
xs half-length of the skin effect zone, ft, m αθ perforation-phase-dependent variable
X volumetric dissolving power β dissolving power coefficient related to acid
XC dissolving power of acid strength
zw elevation from reservoir bottom, ft, m βp net pressure or width ratio during injection
Γ(d) Euler gamma function ∆pRC pressure increase in the reservoir beyond
the filtrate region due to Carter-based
Γ(x) gamma function leakoff, psi, bar, Pa
δ dip of the formation (angle with the hori- ∆pRS pressure increase in the reservoir beyond
zontal), degree the filtrate region due to spurt, psi, bar,
∆ rate of deformation tensor Pa
N-12 Nomenclature
∆t shut-in time, hr, min, s η efficiency
∆tae effective pseudotime η diffusivity constant
∆tc closure time ηC efficiency including spurt loss
∆tC compressional wave traveltime ηf fracture hydraulic diffusivity
∆tcD dimensionless closure time ηfD dimensionless fracture hydraulic diffusivity
∆tD dimensionless time difference ηp efficiency at end of pumping
∆tD dimensionless shut-in time ηso efficiency at screenout
∆tDso dimensionless time after a screenout θ angle, degree
∆te effective time θ fluid-loss exponent
∆tma sonic transit time in the rock matrix θ dimensionless time
∆tS shear wave traveltime κ opening-time distribution factor
∆tso time following screenout κ ratio of fracture-opening stress to minimum
stress
∆tsup superposition time function
κ spurt effect factor
∆Tsurf temperature change at the surface, °F, °C
κ thermal diffusivity
∆TBT change in true bed thickness, ft, m
κ overall dissolution rate constant, cm/s
∆TVD change in true vertical depth, ft, m
κso spurt correction at screenout
∆V change in volume
λ interporosity constant
∆ρ density difference, lbm/ft3, g/cm3
λ experimental coefficient for the tortuosity reori-
∆φmax difference in maximum porosity
entation of a fracture path
∆σ stress difference, psi, bar, Pa
λ apparent time multiplier
∆$n incremental revenue
λ characteristic relaxation time
ε introduced error
λrt total mobility
ε ratio of closure time to the time interval
λt multiphase mobility
ε longitudinal strain
Λ length scale corresponding to pore size
εa axial strain
µ viscosity, cp
εe elastic strain
µa apparent viscosity, cp
εf acid front position divided by the linear flow
µbase viscosity of base fracturing fluid, cp
core length
µeff effective viscosity, cp
εh minimum tectonic strain
µfil viscosity of fracturing fluid filtrate, cp
εH maximum tectonic strain
µfluid fluid viscosity, cp
εp plastic strain
µg gas viscosity, cp
εr radial strain
µgi gas viscosity at initial reservoir pressure and
εS specific volume expansion ratio
temperature, cp
εV volumetric strain
µi intrinsic viscosity, cp
η poroelastic stress coefficient
N-14 Nomenclature
σ2 intermediate principal stress, psi, bar, Pa φcake diverter cake porosity, fraction
σ2′ intermediate principal effective stress, psi, bar, φD porosity from density, fraction
Pa
φeff effective porosity, fraction
σ3 minimum principal stress, psi, bar, Pa
φf fracture porosity, fraction
σ3′ minimum principal effective stress, psi, bar, Pa
φi initial porosity, fraction
σθ tangential stress, psi, bar, Pa
φN porosity from neutron, fraction
σθθ circumferential stress, psi, bar, Pa
φp proppant pack porosity, fraction
τ shear stress, psi, bar, Pa
φS porosity from sonic, fraction
τ time of fracture opening
φtotal total porosity, fraction
τ dimensionless slurry time
ϕ angle, degree
τc characteristic time for fracture propagation,
Φ channel flow function
dimensionless
ψ change of angle, degree
τo foam yield stress, lbf/ft2, bar, Pa
Ψ dimensionless hydrofluoric acid concentration
τoct octahedral shear stress, psi, bar, Pa
Ψ dimensionless rock dissolution rate
τw wall shear stress, lbf/ft2, bar, Pa
ω angular velocity, rad/s, rpm
τyp yield point, lbf/ft2, bar, Pa
ω storativity ratio
φ porosity, fraction
Ω stoichiometric coefficient
φ angle of internal friction, degree
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